View source for stifle

{{also|štifle}}
==English==
{{was wotd|2021|March|27}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈstaɪfl̩/|a=RP}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈstaɪf(ə)l/|a=GA}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stifle.wav|a=Southern England}}
* {{rhymes|en|aɪfəl|s=2}}
* {{hyphenation|en|stif|le}}

===Etymology 1===
The {{glossary|verb}} is derived from Late {{inh|en|enm|stuflen|t=to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown}}{{nb...|stifil, stuffle, stufle|otherforms=1}};<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=stuflen|pos=v|id=MED43454}}</ref> further etymology uncertain, perhaps from {{m|enm|stuffen|t=to kill by suffocation; to stifle from heat; to extinguish, suppress (body heat, breath, humour, etc.); to deprive a plant of the conditions necessary for growth, choke}} + {{m|enm|-el-|pos=derivational {{glossary|infix}} in {{glossary|verb}}s, often denoting diminutive, intensive, or repetitive actions or events}}.<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=-el-|pos=''suf.''(3)|noformat=1|id=MED13192}}</ref> {{m|enm||Stuffen}} is derived from {{der|en|fro|estofer}}, {{m|fro|estouffer|t=to choke, strangle, suffocate; (''figuratively'') to inhibit, prevent}}{{nb...|estofiier, estoufer, estufer|otherforms=1}} (modern {{cog|fr|étouffer}}),<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=stuffen|pos=''v.''(2)|noformat=1|id=MED43450}}</ref><ref name="OED">{{R:OED Online|pos=''v.''{{sup|1}}|noformat=1|id=190225|date=December 2020|nodot=1}}; {{R:Lexico|alt=stifle{{sup|1}}|pos=v}}</ref> a variant of {{m|fro|estoper}}, {{m|fro|estuper|t=to block, plug, stop up; to stiffen, thicken}} (modern {{cog|fr|étouper|t=to caulk}}), influenced by {{m|fro|estofer|t=to pad, stuff; to upholster}} (modern {{cog|fr|étoffer}}). {{m|fro||Estoper}} is derived from {{der|en|VL.|*stuppāre}}, from {{der|en|la|stuppa|t=coarse flax, tow}} (as a stuffing material; from {{der|en|grc|στύπη}}, {{m|grc|στύππη}} (compare {{m|grc|στυππεῖον}}); probably from {{der|en|qsb-grc}}) + {{m|la|-āre}}. According to the ''{{w|Oxford English Dictionary}}'' a derivation from {{noncog|non|stífla|t=to dam; to choke, stop up}} “appears untenable on the ground both of form and sense”.<ref name="OED"/>

The {{glossary|noun}} is derived from the verb.<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=''n.''{{sup|2}}|noformat=1|id=190224|date=December 2020}}</ref>

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|transitive|also|figuratively}} To [[make#Verb|make]] (an [[animal]] or [[person]]) [[unconscious]] or [[cause#Verb|cause]] (an animal or person) [[death]] by [[prevent]]ing [[breathing#Noun|breathing]]; to [[smother#Verb|smother]], to [[suffocate#Verb|suffocate]].
#: {{syn|en|asphyxiate|burke|scomfish|strangle|suffocate}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1708|author=w:Jonathan Swift|title=[[s:The Battle of the Books and Other Short Pieces/Accomplishment of the First Prediction|Accomplishment of the First Prediction]]
|passage=I took my leave, being half '''stifled''' with the closeness of the room.}}
#* {{RQ:Dryden Metamorphoses|book=XII|section=The Story of Cyllarus and Hylonome|page=425|passage=And while her Hand the ſtreaming Blood oppos'd; / Join'd Face to Face, his Lips with hers ſhe clos'd. / '''Stifled''' with Kiſſes, a ſweet Death he dies; / She fills the Fields with undiſtinguiſh'd Cries: [...]}}
# {{lb|en|transitive|hyperbolic}} To cause (someone) [[difficulty]] in breathing, or a [[choke#Verb|choking]] or [[gag#Verb|gagging]] [[feeling#Noun|feeling]].
#: {{syn|en|choke|gag|strangle|throttle}}
#: {{ux|en|The heat was '''stifling''' the children.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive|also|figuratively}} To [[prevent]] (a [[breath#Noun|breath]], [[cough#Noun|cough]], or [[cry#Noun|cry]], or the [[voice#Noun|voice]], etc.) from being [[release#Verb|released]] from the [[throat#Noun|throat]].
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To make (something) [[unable]] to be [[hear]]d by [[block#Verb|blocking]] it with some [[medium#Noun|medium]].
#: {{syn|en|gag|muffle|Thesaurus:make silent}}
# {{lb|en|transitive|figuratively}}
## {{lb|en|transitive}} To [[keep#Verb|keep]] in, [[hold back]], or [[repress]] (something).
##: {{synonyms|en|hinder|restrain|smother|suppress|throttle|Thesaurus:curb}}
##: {{ux|en|The army '''stifled''' the rebellion.}}
##* {{quote-book|en|year=1723|author=w:Daniel Waterland|title=A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity|passage=I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or '''stifled'''.}}
##* {{RQ:Maxwell Mirror and the Lamp|chapter=15|passage=Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack '''stifled''' him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew's cap and bells.}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|date=October 29, 2011|author=Neil Johnston|work=BBC Sport|title= [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/15413656.stm Norwich 3-3 Blackburn]|passage=In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to '''stifle''' the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.}}
## {{lb|en|transitive}} To prevent (something) from being [[reveal#Verb|revealed]]; to [[conceal]], to [[hide#Verb|hide]], to [[suppress]].
##: {{syn|en|cover up|hide away|occult|secrete|veil}}
# {{lb|en|transitive|agriculture|_|([[sericulture]])}} To [[treat#Verb|treat]] (a [[silkworm]] [[cocoon]]) with [[steam#Noun|steam]] as [[part#Noun|part]] of the [[process#Noun|process]] of [[silk#Noun|silk]] [[production]].
# {{lb|en|intransitive}} To [[die#Verb|die]] of [[suffocation]].
#: {{syn|en|asphyxiate|choke|scomfish|suffocate}}
#: {{ux|en|Two firemen tragically '''stifled''' in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.}}
# {{lb|en|intransitive|hyperbolic}} To smother; to make [[breathe|breathing]] [[difficult]].
#: {{syn|en|choke|gag}}
#: {{ux|en|This heat is '''stifling'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2012|author=Ken Catran|title=Letters from the Coffin-Trenches|publisher=Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited|isbn=9781775530732
|text=Nobody has shaved or changed clothes for a week, the heat '''stifles''' and the flies are everywhere. There is little water but we do not expect to be here long. This is not much of a letter, Jess. The mailbag goes down our trench once a day. I must finish because it stops for no one.}}<!-- fiction in the style of a 1915 letter from Harry Allan Wainwright to Jessica Collingwood from the trenches at Gallipolli -->

=====Alternative forms=====
* {{l|en|stifil}} {{qualifier|obsolete, 16th c.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col3|en
|stifle-burn
|[[stifled]] {{qualifier|adjective}}
|stifler
|[[stifling]] {{qualifier|adjective|noun}}
|stiflingly
}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|душа}}, {{t+|bg|задушавам}}, {{t+|bg|удушавам}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|dusit}}, {{t+|cs|udusit}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|kvæle}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|verstikken}}, {{t+|nl|versmoren}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|tukehduttaa}}
* French: {{t+|fr|étouffer}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|sufocar}}, {{t|gl|esganar}}
* German: {{t+|de|erdrücken}}, {{t+|de|ersticken}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|megfojt}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|plúch}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|soffocare}}, {{t+|it|boccheggiare}}
* Japanese: {{qualifier|a person}} {{t+|ja|窒息|tr=ちっそくさせる, chissoku saseru|alt=窒息させる}}, {{qualifier|an activity or desire}} {{t+|ja|抑圧|tr=よくあつする, yokuatsu suru|alt=抑圧する}}, {{qualifier|a flame}} {{t+|ja|消す|tr=けす, kesu}}. {{qualifier|a sound}} {{t+|ja|静める|tr=しずめる, shizumeru}}, {{qualifier|a rumor}} {{t|ja|もみ消す|tr=もみけす, momikesu}}
* Khmer: {{t|km|បន្ថប់}}
* Latin: {{t|la|suffōcō}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|tāmi}}, {{t|mi|tātāmi}}
* Occitan: {{t|oc|sufocar}}
* Ottoman Turkish: {{t|ota|بوغمق|tr=boğmak}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|sufocar}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|души́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|задуши́ть|pf}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|dusiť}}, {{t|sk|udusiť}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|sofocar}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|stävja}}, {{t+|sv|kväva}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|bastırmak}}, {{t+|tr|boğulmak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|задушавам}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|dusit|impf}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|esganar}}, {{t|gl|asfixiar}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|потискам}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|potlačit|pf}}, {{t|cs|zadusit|pf}}, {{t|cs|přemoci|pf}}, {{t+|cs|dusit|impf}}
* French: {{t+|fr|étouffer}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|sufocar}}, {{t+|gl|reprimir}}
* German: {{t+|de|unterdrücken}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|заглушавам}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|potlačit|pf}}, {{t|cs|zadusit|pf}}, {{t|cs|zahlušit|pf}}
* French: {{t+|fr|étouffer}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|потушавам}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|potlačit}}
* Danish: {{t-needed|da}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|onderdrukken}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|tukahduttaa}}, {{t+|fi|vaimentaa}}
* French: {{t+|fr|réprimer}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|reprimir}}, {{t+|gl|sufocar}}, {{t+|gl|afogar}}
* German: {{t+|de|unterdrücken}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|elfojt}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|soffocare}}, {{t+|it|reprimere}}, {{t+|it|trattenere}}, {{t+|it|affogare}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|抑える|tr=おさえる, osaeru}}, {{t|ja|噛み殺す|tr=かみころす, kamikorosu}} {{qualifier|a yawn}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|រារាំង|tr=rie reaŋ}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|nanati}}, {{t|mi|nati}}, {{t|mi|whakakōmau}}, {{t|mi|whakapongere}}, {{t|mi|tāmoe}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|reprimir}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|reprimir}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|подавля́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|подави́ть|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|reprimir}}, {{t+|es|sofocar}}, {{t+|es|afogar}}, {{t+|es|suprimir}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|dämpa}}, {{t+|sv|stävja}}, {{t|sv|tillbakahålla}}, {{t+|sv|undertrycka}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tutmak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-see|to prevent (something) from being revealed|conceal|hide|suppress}}

{{trans-top|to treat a silkworm cocoon with steam as part of the process of silk production}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to die of suffocation}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|задушавам се}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|udusit se}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|stikken}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|tukehtua}}
* French: {{t+|fr|suffoquer}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|asfixiarse}}
* German: {{t+|de|ersticken}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|megfullad}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|asfissiare}}, {{t+|it|soffocare}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|窒息|tr=ちっそくする, chissoku suru|alt=窒息する}}
* Khmer: {{t|km|ថប់ដង្ហើមស្លាប់}}
* Occitan: {{t|oc|sufocar}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|sufocar}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|задыха́ться|impf}}, {{t+|ru|задохну́ться|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|asfixiarse}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|kvävas}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|boğulmak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to feel smothered}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|задъхвам се}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|tukahtua}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|boccheggiare}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|窒息|tr=ちっそくしそう, chissoku shisou|alt=窒息しそう}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|ថប់}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|задыха́ться|impf}}, {{t+|ru|задохну́ться|pf}}
{{trans-bottom}}

=====See also=====
* [[Thesaurus:die]]

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|rare}} An [[act#Noun|act]] or [[state#Noun|state]] of being [[stifle#Verb|stifled]].

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|act or state of being stifled}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
{{multiple images
|direction = vertical
|image1 = Diseases of domestic animals and poultry; (1915) (20778978330).jpg
|caption1 = The stifle ''(sense 1)'' is indicated as number 27 in this [[drawing#Noun|drawing]] of a [[horse#Noun|horse]].{{ref|group=n|name=n1|From {{cite-book|author=C[harles] J[ames] Korinek|author2=A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek|chapter=Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment|title=Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment|location=Portland, Or.|publisher=Korinek Remedy Company|year=1915|page=10|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/diseasesofdomest00kori/page/10/mode/1up|oclc=17424821}}.}}
|image2 = Anatomy dog.png
|caption2 = A [[dog#Noun|dog]]’s stifle ''(sense 1)'' is indicated as number 12 in the above illustration.
}}

The {{glossary|noun}} is derived from {{inh|en|enm|stifle|t=joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped}}{{nb...|stiful|otherforms=1}}; further etymology {{uncertain|en|nocap=1}}, probably derived from {{der|en|xno|estive|t=leg}}, and {{der|en|fro|estive|t=leg}} (compare {{cog|fro|estival|t=boot, shoe}}).<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=stifle|pos=''n.''(1)|noformat=1|id=MED42919|nodot=}}; compare {{R:OED Online|pos=''n.''{{sup|1}}|noformat=1|id=MED42919|date=December 2020|passage=Of obscure origin|nodot=1}}; {{R:Lexico|alt=stifle{{sup|1}}|pos=n}}</ref>

The {{glossary|verb}} is derived from the noun.<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=''v.''{{sup|2}}|noformat=1|id=190226|date=March 2021}}</ref>

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|zootomy}} The [[joint#Noun|joint]] between the [[femur]] and [[tibia]] in the [[hind leg]] of various [[four-legged]] [[mammal]]s, especially [[horse#Noun|horses]], corresponding to the [[knee#Noun|knee]] in [[human#Noun|humans]].
#: {{synonyms|en|stifle joint}}
# {{lb|en|veterinary medicine}} A [[bone#Noun|bone]] [[disease#Noun|disease]] of this [[region]].

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|stifle bone}}
* {{l|en|stifle joint}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|polvi}}, {{t|fi|takapolvi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|grasset|m}}
* Italian: {{t|it|grassella}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|curvejão|m}}, {{t+|pt|jarrete|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|bone disease of this region}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|transitive}} To [[cause#Verb|cause]] (a [[dog#Noun|dog]], [[horse#Noun|horse]], or other [[four-legged]] [[mammal]]) to [[dislocate]] or [[sprain#Verb|sprain]] its [[stifle#Noun 2|stifle]] [[joint#Noun|joint]].

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|stifling|pos=noun}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|to cause (a four-legged mammal) to dislocate or sprain its stifle joint}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Notes===
<references group="n"/>

===References===
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{pedia|asphyxia}}
* {{pedia|stifle joint}}
* {{R:Online Etymology Dictionary}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=efilst|flites|elfist|filets|fistle|itself|fliest|it self}}

{{C|en|Animal body parts|Horses}}