史: difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 10:18, 24 September 2024

See also: 吏 and 更

史	U+53F2, 史 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F2

← 叱
[U+53F1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

右 →
[U+53F3]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

史 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中大 (LK), four-corner 5000₆, composition ⿻口乂)

Derived characters

㳏, 鉂, 駛(驶), 𫢓, 𫩢, 𡶈, 𣐳, 𥑏, 𭨮, 𧲬, 𩰡, 𪗧, 𫙓, 𮍸, 𭨡, 𪀎, 𨽄, 𩂝, 𣬐, 𭉅, 𪠷, 𭆾
𰁈, 𰓐, 𰥶, 𰶽, 𰛘, 𰝓, 𰑗

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 173, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3249
Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 571, character 2
Unihan data for U+53F2

Chinese

simp. and trad.		史
alternative forms		㕜

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 史
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (史) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
吏	*rɯs
倳	*ʔsrɯs
剚	*ʔsrɯs
事	ʔsrɯs, zrɯs
史	*srɯʔ
使	srɯʔ, srɯs
駛	srɯʔ, srɯs

Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a fountain pen resembling 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs)

Etymology

"to send, to employ, to cause": Causative derivation of 理 (OC rəʔ) "envoy (Zuo)" , "jail-official" (Guanzi), "marriage go-between", which is perhaps the same word as 理 (OC rəʔ) "to administer" (Schuessler 2007); the sense "scribe, historian" is derived from this.

"scribe, historian": Possibly from Austroasiatic; Schuessler (2007) compared 理 (OC *rɯʔ), 吏 (OC *rɯs, “official”), 史 (OC *srɯʔ, “scribe, historian”), and 使 (OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs, “ambassador”) to Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-.; Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): shǐ (shi³)

(Zhuyin): ㄕˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сы (sɨ, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): si²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhu²
Gan (Wiktionary): si³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sṳ́

(Meixian, Guangdong): si³
Jin (Wiktionary): si²
Northern Min (KCR): sǔ
Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̄
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): sú / sír / sí / sái

(Teochew, Peng'im): se² / su²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵sy
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
  - Wade–Giles: shih³
  - Yale: shř
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
  - Palladius: ши (ši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сы (sɨ, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: si²
  - Yale: sí
  - Cantonese Pinyin: si²
  - Guangdong Romanization: xi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬu⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: si³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
  - Hakka Romanization System: sii^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: si³
  - Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: si³
  - Sinological IPA: /sz̩³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: si²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̄
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sy³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sú
  - Tâi-lô: sú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: suo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /su⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sír
  - Tâi-lô: sír
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí
  - Tâi-lô: sí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sie
  - IPA (Philippines): /si⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sái
  - Tâi-lô: sái
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sae
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sai⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sai⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sai⁴¹/

Note:

sír/sú/sí - literary;
sái - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: se² / su²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ́ / sú
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯ⁵²/, /su⁵²/

Note: su2 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵sy
  - MiniDict: sy^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²sr
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sz̩³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: shr³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʂʐ̩⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /sz̩⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: sriX

Rime
Character	史
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	踈士切
Baxter	sriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ʃiə^X/
Wang Li	/ʃĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʂi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*srɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	史
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ sri^X ›
Old Chinese	/*s-rəʔ/
English	scribe
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	史
Reading #	1/1
No.	11487
Phonetic component	史
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	史
Old Chinese	/*srɯʔ/

Definitions

史

history
歐洲史／欧洲史 ― Ōuzhōu shǐ ― European history

近代史 ― jìndàishǐ ― modern history

史無前例／史无前例 ― shǐwúqiánlì ― unprecedented (literally, “no precedent in history”)
(historical) court historian; scribe
- 動則左史書之，言則右史書之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  动则左史书之，言则右史书之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Dòng zé zuǒshǐ shū zhī, yán zé yòushǐ shū zhī. [Pinyin]
  His actions were written down by the recorder of the Left, and his utterances by the recorder of the Right.
- 董狐，古之良史也，書法不隱。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Dǒng Hú, gǔ zhī liángshǐ yě, shūfǎ bù yǐn. [Pinyin]
  Dong Hu was a good historiographer of old time:—his rule for writing was not to conceal.
historical record; book recording history
正史 ― zhèngshǐ ― official historical records

《二十四史》 ― “èrshísìshǐ” ― Twenty-Four Histories
a surname
史可法 ― Shǐ Kěfǎ ― Shi Kefa

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji in this term
史
Grade: 5

Kanji

史

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

record, recording
history

Readings

Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
On: じ (ji)
Kun: ふひと (fuhito, 史)、ふびと (fubito, 史)、ふみ (fumi, 史)、さかん (sakan)

Proper noun

史(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)

a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 史 (MC sriX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[1]	ᄉᆞ〯긧〮 (Yale: sǒkúy-s)	ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

史

Wikisource

史 (eumhun 사기(史記) 사 (sagi sa))

hanja form^? of 사 (“history”) [noun, suffix]

Compounds

역사 (歷史, yeoksa)
사상 (史上, sasang)
사적 (史跡, sajeok)
사적 (史的, sajeok)
사학 (史學, sahak)
국사 (國史, guksa)
역사 (歷史, yeoksa)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]