漸

See also: 渐

漸 U+6F38, 漸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F38 ← 漷 [U+6F37] CJK Unified Ideographs 漹 → [U+6F39]

Translingual

Han character

漸 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 水十十中 (EJJL), four-corner 3212₁, composition ⿰氵斬)

Derived characters

• 壍(𰊢) 嬱 聻(𫆏) 䤔 魙
• 𡽻 𦾶(𬞋) 𭟌 𣋫 𥜙 𨮜 𩉍(𬰣) 𩟗(𫗚)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 647, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18179
• Dae Jaweon: page 1057, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1717, character 3
• Unihan data for U+6F38

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (斬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
慚	*zaːm
慙	*zaːm
鏨	*zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ
槧	*zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ
暫	*zaːms
蹔	*zaːms
斬	*ʔsreːmʔ
獑	*zeːm, *zaːm
嶃	*zreːmʔ, *zaːm
覱	*ʔsraːms
摲	*sʰraːms
漸	*ʔsam, *zamʔ
塹	*sʰams
壍	*sʰams
嬱	*sʰams
螹	*zam, *zamʔ
蔪	*zamʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsam, *zamʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		漸
simp.		渐

Compare Khmer ជាំ (cŏəm, “wet; soaked; steeped”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zim⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): diam⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): qien⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhiam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): qiam⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): jie³
• Northern Min (KCR): cīng
• Eastern Min (BUC): ciêng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chiām / chiǎm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ziam⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zhi
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zienn⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zim⁶
    • Yale: jihm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzim⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: jim⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siːm²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: diam⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiam³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: qien⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiam
    • Hakka Romanization System: qiam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: qiam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯am⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: qiam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰiam⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jie³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cīng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ciêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siɛŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiām
    • Tâi-lô: tsiām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciam
    • IPA (Jinjiang): /t͡siam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siam³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siam²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiǎm
    • Tâi-lô: tsiǎm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siam²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ziam⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiăm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siam³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zhi
    • MiniDict: zhi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³xxi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑi²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: zienn⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡si̯ẽ⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 漸
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡siã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡sian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡sã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡sã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕiɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕiɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡sien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʑi²³/
	Suzhou	/ziɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ji²²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰe²²/
	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡siẽ⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/t͡siẽ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰiam⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰiɑm¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sim²²/
	Nanning	/t͡sim²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sim²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡siam²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sieŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡siŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡siam³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/t͡siam³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzjemX

Rime
Character	漸
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	慈染切
Baxter	dzjemX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziᴇmX/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ziɛmX/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjæmX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ziamX/
Li Rong	/d͡ziɛmX/
Wang Li	/d͡zĭɛmX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi̯ɛmX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zim6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]amʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*zamʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	漸
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ dzjemX ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]amʔ/
English	gradually; advance
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	漸
Reading #	2/2
No.	16811
Phonetic component	斬
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	漸
Old Chinese	/*zamʔ/

Definitions

漸

1. ^† Qiantang River
2. ^† to advance gradually

   • 善漸於惡，惡化於善，成為性行 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     善渐于恶，恶化于善，成为性行 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE

     shàn jiàn yú è, è huà yú shàn, chéngwéi xìngxíng [Pinyin]

     It is by the transition of virtue into wickedness and of wickedness into virtue that the characters are formed.

3. ^† gradual process
4. ^† (of an illness) to aggravate; to worsen
5. ^† to dredge; to open a path
6. ^† omen
7. ^† condition; prerequisite
8. ^† sequence; order
9. gradually

   • 滿而後漸者，其水乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     满而后渐者，其水乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE

     Mǎn ér hòu jiàn zhě, qí shuǐ hū? [Pinyin]

     That which fills up and then flows out gradually, is it not water?

10. ^† just when
11. ^† immediately; soon after
12. ^† when; until
13. 53rd hexagram of the I Ching
14. a surname

Compounds

• 不漸／不渐
• 北漸／北渐
• 即漸／即渐
• 循序漸進／循序渐进 (xúnxùjiànjìn)
• 慎防杜漸／慎防杜渐
• 杜漸防微／杜渐防微
• 杜漸防萌／杜渐防萌
• 杜漸除微／杜渐除微
• 沉漸剛克／沉渐刚克
• 浸漸／浸渐 (jìnjiàn)
• 漸入佳境／渐入佳境 (jiànrùjiājìng)
• 漸弱／渐弱 (jiànruò)
• 漸強／渐强 (jiànqiáng)
• 漸快／渐快 (jiànkuài)
• 漸悟／渐悟
• 漸慢／渐慢 (jiànmàn)
• 漸教／渐教
• 漸有起色／渐有起色
• 漸次／渐次 (jiàncì)
• 漸漸／渐渐 (jiànjiàn)
• 漸漸之石／渐渐之石
• 漸至佳境／渐至佳境
• 漸趨式微／渐趋式微
• 漸近／渐近 (jiànjìn)
• 漸通人事／渐通人事
• 漸進／渐进 (jiànjìn)
• 漸進法／渐进法
• 積漸／积渐
• 積裡漸裡／积里渐里
• 西風東漸／西风东渐
• 逐漸／逐渐 (zhújiàn)
• 防微杜漸／防微杜渐 (fángwēidùjiàn)
• 防萌杜漸／防萌杜渐
• 鴻漸／鸿渐

 

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiān, jiàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ, ㄐㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zim¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): diam¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jian
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹
    • Yale: jyān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zim¹
    • Yale: jīm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzim¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: jim¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siːm⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: diam¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiam³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsjem

Rime
Character	漸
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	子廉切
Baxter	tsjem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siᴇm/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɛm/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sjæm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡siam/
Li Rong	/t͡siɛm/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭɛm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ɛm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zim1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]am/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsam/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	漸
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjem ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]am/
English	moisten
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	漸
Reading #	1/2
No.	16804
Phonetic component	斬
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	尖
Old Chinese	/*ʔsam/

Definitions

漸

1. ^† to flow into
2. ^† to bedew
3. ^† to soak
4. ^† to moisten
5. ^† to influence
6. ^† to cheat

Compounds

• 日漸月染／日渐月染
• 東漸／东渐
• 東漸西被／东渐西被
• 漸染／渐染 (jiānrǎn)
• 漸洳／渐洳
• 蘭芷漸滫／兰芷渐滫
• 西學東漸／西学东渐 (xīxuédōngjiān)
• 遏漸防萌／遏渐防萌

 

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 漸 – see 潛 (“to go under water; to move under water; to hide; to conceal; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 潛).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 漸 – see 巉 (“precipitous; steep; jagged; towering; overlapping”). (This character is a variant form of 巉).

Etymology 4

trad.		漸
simp.		渐
alternative forms		暫／暂 佔／占

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): ziam²

---

• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ziam²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiám
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siam⁵²/

Definitions

漸

1. (Teochew) just; just now

Japanese

Kanji

漸

(Jōyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: せん (sen)、ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: せん (sen)
• Kan’yō-on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
• On: ざん (zan)
• Kun: すすむ (susumu, 漸む)、ようやく (yōyaku, 漸く)

Korean

Hanja

漸 • (jeom, cham) (hangeul 점, 참, revised jeom, cham, McCune–Reischauer chŏm, ch'am, Yale cem, cham)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

漸: Hán Nôm readings: tiệm, tràn, tiêm, tiềm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.