m-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "m", and mu-

Translingual

Prefix

m-

(SI prefix) Abbreviation of milli-.

English

Prefix

m-

(organic chemistry) meta-

Albanian

Alternative forms

n-

Etymology

Attested earlier as ëm- (Buzuku), from Proto-Albanian *an-, prefixation of Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).^[1]^[2]

Prefix

m-

do-, on-, upon-

Derived terms

Category Albanian terms prefixed with m- not found

References

^ Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174

Basque

Etymology

Compare the expressive prefix ma-.

Prefix

m-

Non-productive expressive prefix.

Usage notes

Usually, this prefix takes the form /ma/, /mi/, /mu/, followed by a velar or coronal plosive, followed by any vowel, followed by a liquid. For example: mozkor (“drunk”), mutur (“snout, end”), makur (“crooked”).

References

“m-” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk

Egyptian

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *m- (nominal prefix).^[1]

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ma-/, /mi-/, /mV-/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /mɛ/
- Conventional anglicization: me-

Prefix

forms masculine abstract nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure /ˈmiCCiC/
forms agent nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure /ˈmaCCaC/ or /mVCˈCiCVw/ if masculine and /maCˈCaːCit/ or /mVCˈCiCwVt/ if feminine
forms instrumental nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure /ˈmaCCaC/ or /mVCˈCiCVw/ if masculine and /maCˈCaːCit/ or /mVCˈCiCwVt/ if feminine
forms passive nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure /miˈCuːCiC/ if masculine and /miˈCuCCit/ if feminine
forms nouns from other nouns with no apparent change in meaning, with the resulting root structure unchanged but for the addition of /ma-/ and the loss of final -w in masculine nouns
forms nomina loci from verbs and nouns

Alternative forms

If followed by a labial consonant, this prefix dissimilated to n- in prehistoric times.

Derived terms

Egyptian terms prefixed with m-

References

Gundacker, Roman (2011) “On the Etymology of the Egyptian Crown Name mrsw.t*: An “Irregular” Subgroup of m-Prefix Formations” in Lingua Aegyptia, volume 19, page 41–44

^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1

Kamba

Alternative forms

mu-

Prefix

m-

you plural (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Maquiritari

Alternative forms

(allomorph before a consonant) mi-

Prefix

m-

Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person agent/subject.
Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument as having a second-person argument/subject.

Usage notes

The form m- is used with stems that start with a vowel; mi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, mi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-¹						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	n-, ni-	n-, ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 180–181

Northern Ndebele

Prefix

m-

him, her, it; class 1 object concord; form of mu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Old Irish

Prefix

m- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers lenition)

me

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with m-

Southern Ndebele

Prefix

m-

him, her, it; class 1 object concord; form of mu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Swahili

Alternative forms

mu- (both etymologies)
mw- (both etymologies)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

m- (plural wa-)

The prefix for noun class 1 denoting humans.
1. Forms the name of somebody who does something, has a certain characteristic, or is from a certain place.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

m- (plural mi-)

The prefix for noun class 3 denoting plants and inanimate natural things.
1. Forms the name of a plant from its fruit.

Swazi

Prefix

m-

him, her, it; class 1 object concord; form of mu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

m-

him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Zulu

Etymology 1

Prefix

m-

Class 1 simple noun prefix; form of mu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 2

Prefix

ḿ-

him, her, it; class 1 object concord; form of mu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 3

Prefix

m-

Class 3 simple noun prefix; form of mu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 4

Prefix

m-

Class 9 simple noun prefix; form of n- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “m-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “m-”

[1] Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN

[2] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174

[3] Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1

[1]

[2]

[1]

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
Person	Class A	Class B	Class C	Suffixed
1 sing.	m-^L	dom-^L, dam-^L		-um
2 sing.	t-^L	dot-^L, dat-^L, dut-^L, dit-^L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-^N, e-^N	d-^N	id-^N, did-^N, d-^N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-^(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-^L, e-^L	d-^L	id-^L, did-^L, d-^L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-^(N)	da-		-us
^L means this form triggers lenition. ^N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) ^(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

m-

Translingual

Prefix

English

Prefix

See also

Albanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

References

Basque

Etymology

Prefix

Usage notes

References

Egyptian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Alternative forms

Derived terms

References

Kamba

Alternative forms

Prefix

Maquiritari

Alternative forms

Prefix

Usage notes

Inflection

References

Northern Ndebele

Prefix

Old Irish

Prefix

Derived terms

See also

Southern Ndebele

Prefix

Swahili

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

See also

Swazi

Prefix

Xhosa

Etymology

Prefix

Zulu

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Etymology 4

Prefix

References

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