Wiktionary:About Chinese/Xiang

Wiktionary uses the following system to transcribe Changsha dialect (old- and new-styles) of Xiang Chinese. See Module:hsn-pron for the codes.

Initials

IPA	Transcription	Example	Notes
/p/	b	巴
/pʰ/	p	趴
/m/	m	媽
/ɸ/	f	花
/t/	d	打
/tʰ/	t	他
/l̃/	l	拿
/t͡s/	z	渣	merged with /t͡ɕ/ before /i/ in new-style
/t͡sʰ/	c	叉	merged with /t͡ɕʰ/ before /i/ in new-style
/s/	s	沙	merged with /ɕ/ before /i/ in new-style
/t͡ʂ/	zh	遮	merged with /t͡s/ in new-style
/t͡ʂʰ/	ch	畬	merged with /t͡sʰ/ in new-style
/ʂ/	sh	賒	merged with /s/ in new-style
/ʐ/	r	惹
/t͡ɕ/	j	佳
/t͡ɕʰ/	q	喫
/n̠ʲ/	ny	黏
/ɕ/	x	蝦
/k/	g	家
/kʰ/	k	抲
/ŋ/	ng	椏
/x/	h	蝦

Rhymes

IPA	Transcription	Example	Notes
/z̩/	r	資	only after /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/
/ʐ̩/	r	知	only after /t͡ʂ/, /t͡ʂʰ/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/
/i/	i	衣
/u/	u	烏
/y/	y	淤
/a̠/	a	阿
/ia̠/	ia	鴉
/ua̠/	ua	蛙
/ya̠/	ya	噦
/o/	o	窩
/io/	io	喲
/ɤ̞/	e	兒
/ie̞/	ie	椰
/uɤ̞/	ue	國
/ye̞/	ye	抈
/ai/	ai	哀
/uai/	uai	歪
/yai/	yai	衰
/e̞i/	ei	欸
/ue̞i/	uei	威
/ye̞i/	yei	銳
/ɒu/	au	熬
/iɒu/	iau	腰
/əu/	ou	猴
/iəu/	iou	優
/õ/	onn	完
/ə̃/	enn	占
/iẽ/	ienn	煙
/yẽ/	yenn	冤
/ən/	en	恩
/in/	in	因
/uən/	un	溫
/yn/	yn	暈
/an/	an	安
/iæn/	ian	秧
/uan/	uan	彎
/yæn/	yan	霜
/ʊŋ/	ong	翁	merged into /ən/ in new-style
/iʊŋ/	iong	雍	merged into /in/ in new-style
/m̩/	m	姆
/n̩/	n	你

Tones

Tone name	Tone value	Transcription	Example
dark level	33	1	詩
light level	13	2	時
rising	41	3	使
dark departing	45	4	世
light departing	21	5	是
checked	24	6	食
neutral		(unmarked)	猴子

Tone sandhi

• ${\text{light level }}[13]+{\text{dark departing }}[45]\to [{\text{close to 24, still distinguishable from checked}}]+{\text{dark departing }}[45]$
• (in quick speech) ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{dark level }}[33]\\{\text{light level }}[13]\\{\text{checked }}[24]\end{Bmatrix}}+{\text{checked }}[24]\to {\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{dark level }}[33]\\{\text{light level }}[13]\\{\text{checked }}[24]\end{Bmatrix}}+[44]$

References

• 鮑厚星等《長沙方言研究》
• 鮑厚星等《長沙方言詞典》
• 李永明《長沙方言》
• 鮑厚星《湘方言概要》