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The prevailing conceptual model for Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) posits that obsessions drive compulsive rituals that serve to control or reduce obsessional distress. In recent years, an alternative hypothesis to explain the symptoms of OCD was suggested — the 'habit-driven' hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, compulsions are the result of aberrant dysregulation of stimulus-response habit learning and obsessions are post hoc rationalizations of otherwise unexplained compulsive behaviors. In this article, we describe this hypothesis and briefly review data presented to support it. Next, we raise four questions about this hypothesis to explore how it fits the complex phenotype of OCD: (i) What are the deficits in the goal-directed system in OCD? (ii) How should we define and measure habits in humans? (iii) Are compulsions habits in the technical sense? and (iv) Are obsessions caused by compulsions? We conclude that how an imbalance in goal-directed versus habit behaviors might contribute to the complex phenotype of OCD is yet to be revealed.

Psychiatry research, 2001

Ž. Ž. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome GTS and obsessive᎐compulsive disorder OCD share obsessive᎐compulsive phenomena. The aims of this study were to compare the OC symptom distribution between GTS and OCD and to investigate whether a subdivision of these phenomena into obsessions, compulsions and 'impulsions' is useful in Ž. distinguishing GTS and OCD patients. Thirty-two GTS, 31 OCD 10 with tics, 21 without tics and 29 control subjects were studied using the Leiden repetitive behaviors semi-structured interview to assess GTS as well as OCD-related behaviors. Each reported repetitive thought or action was evaluated on the presence of anxiety and on goal-directedness. This information was used to define whether the behavior was an obsession, compulsion, or 'impulsion'. Both the GTS and OCD study groups showed higher scores than control subjects on rating scales measuring depression, OC behavior and anxiety. In GTS, Y᎐BOCS severity scores and trait anxiety were lower than in the OCD groups. Furthermore, GTS patients differed from OCD patients in the distribution of symptoms. Aggressive repetitive thoughts, contamination worries and washing behaviors were reported more frequently by tic-free OCD, while Ž. mental play, echophenomena, touching and self-injurious behaviors were reported more frequently by GTS. OCD individuals with tics were intermediate, but closer to tic-free OCD. GTS individuals reported significantly more 'impulsions' and fewer obsessions and compulsions than OCD individuals with and without tics. Factor analysis

Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2014

This study aimed to investigate the phenomenology of obsessiveecompulsive disorder (OCD), addressing specific questions about the nature of obsessions and compulsions, and to contribute to the World Health Organization's (WHO) revision of OCD diagnostic guidelines. Data from 1001 patients from the Brazilian Research Consortium on ObsessiveeCompulsive Spectrum Disorders were used. Patients were evaluated by trained clinicians using validated instruments, including the Dimensional Yalee Brown ObsessiveeCompulsive Scale, the University of Sao Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale, and the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale. The aims were to compare the types of sensory phenomena (SP, subjective experiences that precede or accompany compulsions) in OCD patients with and without tic disorders and to determine the frequency of mental compulsions, the co-occurrence of obsessions and compulsions, and the range of insight. SP were common in the whole sample, but patients with tic disorders were more likely to have physical sensations and urges only. Mental compulsions occurred in the majority of OCD patients. It was extremely rare for OCD patients to have obsessions without compulsions. A wide range of insight into OCD beliefs was observed, with a small subset presenting no insight. The data generated from this large sample will help practicing clinicians appreciate the full range of OCD symptoms and confirm prior studies in smaller samples the degree to which insight varies. These findings also support specific revisions to the WHO's diagnostic guidelines for OCD, such as describing sensory phenomena, mental compulsions and level of insight, so that the world-wide recognition of this disabling disorder is increased.

The British Journal for the History of Science, 2023

This article historicizes a single stage in how the contemporary obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) category was built. Starting from the position that the two central components which make up OCD are 'obsessions' and 'compulsions', it illustrates how these concepts were taken apart by a small group of clinical psychologists working at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital in south London in the early 1970s, and why compulsions were investigated whilst obsessions were ignored. The decision to distinguish the previously undifferentiated symptoms is attributed to the commitment amongst psychologists at the Maudsley, most notably Stanley Rachman, to an empirical conception of science which emphasized observability. Two aspects of this are discussed. First, compulsions were deemed 'visible' through their correspondence with animal behaviour. Second, the symptom was seen as open to an experimental modification procedure which privileged visible outcomes. Ultimately, the article concludes that the historical division between 'obsessions' and 'compulsions', and the extensive investigation of the latter, has had substantial implications for the development of OCD as a category centred on visible behaviours and treated through behavioural means. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a significant mental health diagnosis in the twenty-first century. The World Health Organisation (WHO) lists OCD as one of the ten most 'disabling' illnesses of any kind in terms of loss of earning and reduced quality of life, and it is frequently cited as the fourth most common 'mental disorder' globally after depression, substance abuse and social phobia. 1 Contemporary definitions of OCD are constituted around two key concepts: obsessions and compulsions. Clinical guidelines in Britain define 'obsessions' as 'unwanted, intrusive thoughts and images that repeatedly enter a person's mind'often violent or sexual in contentand 'compulsions' as 'repetitive behaviours that a person feels driven to perform'such as checking a door is locked or repeated handwashing. 2 In order to receive a diagnosis of OCD an individual must present with obsessions and compulsions which are 'excessive, time consuming, distressing, and interfering with their lives'. 3 The category of OCD as made of up of these two

PsycCRITIQUES, 2006

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2009

A complete characterization detailing the intricate and complex response of geomaterials remains a challenging task that can only be realized on a partial basis via a careful drilling and sampling program coupled with detailed laboratory testing and comprehensive series of in-situ tests and field geophysics. As now evidenced from results reported from over 60 international geotechnical experimentation sites at worldwide locations, such extensive efforts directed at a particular soil formation take decades of time and considerable funding for completion. For a practical approach in routine site characterizations, the minimal standard of work should be seismic piezocone tests (SCPTu) or seismic flat dilatometer tests (SDMT), as up to 5 separate measurements of soil behavior are captured during a single sounding. These results should be supplemented with sampling and laboratory testing directed at defining parameters within a rational effective stress framework, and in particular, critical state soil mechanics (CSSM). Even then, a number of challenges remain, including the appreciation of rate effects, fabric, particle breakage, weathering, and diagenesis. Furthermore, nontextbook geomaterials (e.g., silty sands, carbonate clays, diatomaceous earth, peats, organic silts) will require a considerably higher level of testing and investigative effort because of greater uncertainty in understanding their anomalous behavior. Also, the characterization of geosynthetics, often used to complement or replace the function of earthen materials in many structures (e.g., reinforcement, drainage) requires the characterization of product-specific hydraulic, mechanical, and rheological properties. RÉSUMÉ Une caractérisation complète des géomatériaux devrait inclure toutes les complexités de leur comportement. Cela reste un défi, qui ne peut être réalisé que partiellement, et seulement si un programme de carottage et un programme d'essais en laboratoire, in-situ et géophysiques, sont tous suivis, sans exclusion et avec soin. On a maintenant la preuve, grâce aux données de plus de soixante sites géotechniques internationaux distribués dans le monde entier, que de tels efforts, plutôt consacrés à aune formation géologique particulière, demandent des dizaines d'années et des fonds considérables pour aboutir. En pratique, un programme minimal d'essais pour une caractérisation in-situ devrait comprendre des essais au sismopiézocone ou des essais sismiques au dilatomètre plat, où jusqu'à cinq mesures séparées de la réponse du sol sont capturées pendant un seul sondage. Ces données devraient être supplémentées de carottage et essais en laboratoire afin de définir les paramètres pour un modèle rationnel de contrainte effective, et en particulier le modèle à l'état critique de Cambridge. Même ces essais de routine posent des problèmes ; par exemple il faut savoir apprécier les effets de taux de chargement, de fabrique du sol, de fracture des grains, de détérioration et de diagenèse sur la réponse du sol. De plus, pour les géomatériaux atypiques tels que les sables limoneux, argiles carbonatées, diatomées, tourbe, limons organiques, on a besoin d'un niveau d'essai et d'effort d'investigation bien plus élevé, à cause des incertitudes nombreuses liées à leur comportement hors norme. Enfin, l'utilisation dans beaucoup de structures de géosynthétiques, pour complémenter ou remplacer les sols naturels, par exemple pour le renforcement du sol ou les barrières hydrauliques, demande une caractérisation appropriée et spécialisée des interfaces sol-géosynthétique.

2016

AIAA Journal, 1973

AIR FORCE-7.?.75. Joo wmm ■l"'UI U I. IKIHJll WWiMIHIPlI"'^'-Unclasslfled SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGECHTian Oaf« Bnlmnd) over flat plates and cones have been compared with the theories of Van Driest II Spalding and Chi, and Eckert. The Van Driest II method is in best overall agreement with the measurements. From 50 to 100 boundary layer thicknesses are required downstream of transition before the turbulent boundary layer approaches an equilibrium behavior. Measurements over a wide range of Reynolds numbers have demonstrated a reversal in the trend of incipient separation with Reynolds numbers. This result can be explained in terms of characteristic changes in the character of the wall layer resulting from the non-equilibrium and subsequent equilibrium development downstream of transition. Correlations of the measurements are presented to enable the occurrence and the salient features of shockand wedge-induced separated flows to be predicted.

2013

This research considers land use and transport accessibility drawing on international practice from the UK, Europe, USA and Australia. An objective of the research was to define accessibility and propose a methodology for how accessibility could be measured and quantified in New Zealand, both at a neighbourhood or a wider area such as a suburb, city or region. The result of the research was an understanding of other countriesr experiences developing and setting accessibility policy and the success of those approaches. This is important because if New Zealand chooses to set explicit accessibility policy, the research explains how that might be best achieved. A second result of the research was the development of a new methodology for calculating accessibility that draws on overseas and improved practice. The new methodology quantitatively measures accessibility taking into consideration different modes of travel (walk, cycle, private motor vehicle etc), travel behaviour (ideally usin...

Applied Surface Science, 2019

At the end of a rush lasting over half a century, in which CMOS technology has been experiencing a constant and breathtaking increase of device speed and density, Moore's law is approaching the insurmountable barrier given by the ultimate atomic nature of matter. A major challenge for 21st century scientists is finding novel strategies, concepts and materials for replacing silicon-based CMOS semiconductor technologies and guaranteeing a continued and steady technological progress in next decades. Among the materials classes candidate to contribute to this momentous challenge, oxide films and heterostructures are a particularly appealing hunting ground. The vastity, intended in pure chemical terms, of this class of compounds, the complexity of their correlated behaviour, and the wealth of functional properties they display, has already made these systems the subject of choice, worldwide, of a strongly networked, dynamic and interdisciplinary research community. Oxide science and technology has been the target of a wide four-year project, named Towards Oxide-Based Electronics (TO-BE), that has been recently running in Europe and has involved as participants several hundred scientists from 29 EU countries. In this review and perspective paper, published as a final deliverable of the TO-BE Action, the opportunities of oxides as future electronic materials for Information and Communication Technologies ICT and Energy are discussed. The paper is organized as a set of contributions, all selected and ordered as individual building blocks of a wider general scheme. After a brief preface by the editors and an introductory contribution, two sections follow. The first is mainly devoted to providing a perspective on the latest theoretical and experimental methods that are employed to investigate oxides and to produce oxide-based films, heterostructures and devices. In the second, all contributions are dedicated to different specific fields of applications of oxide thin films and heterostructures, in sectors as data storage and computing, optics and plasmonics, magnonics, energy conversion and harvesting, and power electronics. M. Cuoco and J. van den Brink 3. Perspectives for applications of ultimate (atomic) control of oxide films using PLD G. Koster, M. Huijben, G. Rijnders 4. Oxide MBE and the path to creating and comprehending artificial quantum materials D. G. Schlom and K.M. Shen 5. Nanoscale patterning of complex-oxide materials A. Kalaboukhov and H. Boschker 6. Epitaxial oxide films on semiconductor substrates F. Sánchez and M. Spreitzer 7. Recent achievements and challenges in atomic layer deposition of complex oxides for heterostructures M. Napari and J.L. Macmanus-Driscoll 8. Structure solving and refining, and strain gradients mapping in epitaxial thin films by X-ray diffraction techniques C. Frontera 9. Characterization of point defects in functional oxide thin films D.J. Keeble 10. Developments in electron microscopy of exotic states at oxide interfaces: cryogenic imaging and advanced detectors I. El Baggari and L.F. Kourkoutis Applications 11. Resistive switching oxides for data storage R. Dittmann 12. Oxides for data storage and processing: Ferroelectric tunnel junctions V. Garcia and M. Bibes 13. Oxides for data storage: Ferroelectric RAMs U. Schröeder and T. Mikolajick 14. Alternative logic concepts using oxide-based electronic devices S. Menzel and A. Siemon 15. High-k dielectrics for CMOS and emerging logic devices M. Fanciulli 16. Oxide nano-electronics for neuromorphic computing J. Grollier 17. Possible future quantum technologies based on correlated nanoelectronics G. Cheng and J. Levy 18. Epitaxial oxide barriers for magnetic tunnel junctions H. Sukegawa and K. Hono 19. Magnetically ordered insulators for advanced spintronics M. Althammer, S.T.B. Goennenwein and R. Gross 20. Functional oxides in photonic integrated devices G. Herranz and P. Sanchis 21. Recent concepts and future opportunities for oxides in solar cells A. Hagfeldt and M. Lira-Cantu 22. All-oxide heterojunction solar cells R. Tamayo and A. Calleja 23. Photoferroelectrics I. Fina, C. Paillard and B. Dkhil 24. Progress of indium-free transparent conducting oxides S. Panigrahi, R. Martins and E. Fortunato 25. Electrochromic and thermochromic oxide materials G.A. Niklasson and C.G. Granqvist 26. Ionotronics and nanoionics in energy devices: current status and future of μ-SOFC S. Sanna and N.

Low-income and vulnerable populations that suffer most in natural disasters are females, children, elderly, disabled, and ethnic minorities This dissertation explores the association between natural disaster and poverty conditions among socially disadvantaged subgroups within the social, economic, and political contexts of the disaster affected regions in the Gulf Coast States. It argues that poverty conditions increase the negative impacts of disaster for socially vulnerable populations. This dissertation advocates incorporating the vulnerabilities of the marginalized population in each phase of disaster management planning, from mitigation to recovery. The study uses correlation and regression analyses to find the association between disaster impacts and different poverty conditions. The study of 534 counties of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas reveals that people living in poverty have a significant positive association with disaster fatalities and property damage, which demonstrates that natural disasters are likely to increase poverty. Moreover, the counties with more socially disadvantaged groups are more vulnerable to disaster. In conclusion, the author proposes that integration of vulnerabilities of socially disadvantaged groups into disaster mitigation policies can fundamentally reduce the loss of human life and economic loss of a society from natural disaster.

Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments, 2011

Over 70 academic papers attempt to explain why foreigners invest in US securities. All ignore the vital role of the US broker-dealer. Macroeconomic factors like a trade balance or corporate governance may guide foreign investors toward certain markets. But US broker-dealers provide information to foreign investors and execute the actual trades. We hypothesize that particular foreign investors under-invest in US securities because of a lack of relational capital with US broker-dealers. We find that broker-dealer marketing intensity in foreign markets partly explains foreigners’ decisions to invest in US securities. We also estimate “pent-up” demand for US securities in developing countries – like China, Argentina, Turkey and Russia –equals roughly half-a-trillion dollars. Such pent-up demand – represented as a convergence gap with investment-to-GDP ratios in highly developed capital markets – helps predict which markets these broker-dealers are likely to invest marketing effort in the future. As such, broker-dealers interested in assisting foreign investors find the right securities for their portfolios should not focus on big, rich economies. They should focus on economies with the largest convergence gaps. We also find that broker-dealers must take in account the effect their marketing effort has on the typical variables (like relative returns, risks, asymmetric shocks and communication with the US) when they use these screening variables in deciding where to build their relational capital (and place their sales effort) in any year.

IOE Graduate Conference, 2019

This research work is an attempt to understand how public transportation is inefficient in Kathmandu and the ways to improve the service. The focus of the research lies in the social dimension of Sustainability in public transportation. The research is problem driven, with an aim to understand different smart infrastructure that makes the Public Transportation (PT) sustainable and the smart solution to the existing problem in PT in Kathmandu. The component of analysis of smart infrastructure for Sustainable PT are Bus, Bus stop, IoT and System. With the ontological claim that the development in smart infrastructure will aid in making PT sustainable, a methodology was prepared to find the epistemological reasoning. Nature of the research is exploratory with inductive approach. The research uses mixed method falling under sequential exploratory design. Data collection was done by interviews, questionnaire and participant observation. The data analysis helped in identifying intervening and extraneous variable in the ontological claim.

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