Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the reviewed local and foreign literature and studies related to the present study. These literatures and studies are related to the study since these also deal with Foreign Literature The USGS has launched the new USGS Map Locator and Downloader, a Web tool designed to deliver topographic maps easier, faster and less expensively than before. Using open source software and the Google Maps programming interface, the Map Locator and Downloader allows customers to find the topographic maps they need, by searching zip code, address, or navigating on an interactive map. Users can pan, zoom, change the map to see satellite imagery or a seamless USGS topographic map view, order printed maps or download a scanned map image in GeoPDF® format. An example of a navigation style is the free mobile phone Java application called “Google Maps for Mobile” launched by Google. The application includes GPS (Global Positioning System) like location service which makes possible to identify the location of the user without using GPS receivers, where the location information is derived through the nearest wireless networks and cell sites. The software is used to search for the known wireless networks and cell sites databases to localize the user and also technique of signal strength triangulation from cell antennas is utilized where the location of the antennas are used to supplement the location discovery. The order of services utilized for location finding in the application is as follows: GPS-based services, WLAN- or WiFi- based services and at last the cell triangulation-based services (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011b). Besides the enhanced location finding services the application includes various services supporting car and pedestrian navigation such as Navigation (Beta), Places with Hotpot, 3D Maps, Compass Mode, Offline Reliability, Latitude, Street View, Traffic, etc. (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a). The Navigation service is providing turn-by-turn GPS navigation service combined with voice assistance for both cars and pedestrians. The Place with Hotpot service is provides an easy method of search for POIs (Point of Interest) and even provides the personalized advices from Google. The 3D Maps service provides 3D map view functionality, with enhanced twist with two finger functionality. The Compass Mode service is rotating the maps to direct the user. The Latitude service is supplying the application with location sharing functionality which helps to find the friends and allow friends to find own position. The Street View service provides the service for enhancing the place finding by providing street-level images and also helps the user to find one's bearings on the ground. The Traffic service provides online traffic situation and aids to find the fastest route (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a). All these services collectively are providing advance navigation functionality to the user and as it was mentioned Offline Reliability and further Offline Rerouting are assisting the user in the case of connection failure; however the Internet connection is required to exhaust all the services of the application (Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a). The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses a set of satellites and ground receivers to determine the location of a GPS-enabled device. A GPS's receiver location is calculated by comparing time signals from several satellites, of which each has to have a direct line of sight to the receiver. At least three satellites are necessary to determine the receiver's two-dimensional location (i.e. latitude and longitude). To achieve additional and more accurate information, for example altitude, four or more satellite signals are required. The 24 satellites orbit the earth twice a day, transmitting radio signals from approximately 12,000 miles above the Earth. The satellite system, based on spy satellites utilised during the Cold War, was originally developed by the USA Department of Defence to help troops and missiles locate themselves on maps. In the 1980s, the US government made the system available for civilian use. Once a GPS receiver has been acquired, the location identifying service is free to use and accurate to an average of 15 metres. However, the drawbacks for GPS receivers that have been integrated into mobile phone handsets are that GPS receivers consume a considerable amount of battery power, are fairly expensive, and location positioning does not tend to work from inside buildings as a direct line of sight with satellites is needed. In addition, in urban areas the GPS signal can bounce of building walls and distort the result (Monmonier, 2002; Lyon, 2005). Local Literature Foreign Studies With the location tracking capabilities of global positioning system (GPS) devices, we may gather more detailed information on adolescents' travel. In addition, GPS-enabled devices such as cell phones allow a mode of contact with the study participant in several ways – monitoring study compliance, troubleshooting problems with the device or data collection, and collecting additional information pertaining to health-risk behaviors. This is a unique application of GPS-enabled cell phones and addresses several key limitations in research relating to contextual determinants of health. In a population where it is often difficult to assess accurate and reliable information on behaviors, GPS offers a timely, objective, and potentially more acceptable method of evaluating contextual exposure. GPS technology has been used in a variety of applications to measure exposures or activities. GPS technology has greatly expanded the scope of space-time analyses by allowing the recording of not only trip origins and destinations, but also the routes traveled. Traditionally, GPS technology has been used for business and leisure applications: e.g. guiding agricultural machinery for planting and pesticide application.(Holton,2000) According to Mr. Eric Groves, director of Development, PLNU, the idea of using the Vital-Signz system grew out of the school’s desire to recognize the efforts and contributions of the benefactors that made construction of the facility possible. Interactive Touch Screen Vital Visitor Center from Vital Signz helps university fundraising programs add high-tech touch to donor recognition. “We were thrilled when it was suggested to us that we could profile each Smeehall honoree with a photo and biography, complete with scrolling names and rotating photo,” Mr. Groves recalled. “The dynamic screen and layout draws the attention of students and visitors and invites them to interact and discover what the graphic artists, and photographers in which creates a rich experience for both tourists unfamiliar with the area art sense of recognition and pride in residents.” Mr. Corwin stated. “The use of our technology at Point Loma Nazareno University highlights the exciting possibilities that the Vital-Signz Virtual Visitor Center brings to public touch-screen kioks.” Krones has introduced a new system called Checkmat 753 HF that it claims offers simple-to-use fill level inspection for bottles through touch screen technology. The company says that the unit inspects up to 72,000 bottles per hour with maximized accuracy. It accepts bottles of any size, shape or colour and even paper or plastic labels will not affect the measurements. However, the technology can not be used for cans. It describes the system as offering “accurate, safe inspection coupied with an outstanding price-performance ratio and simple, user-friendly operator control.” A spokesperson for Krones said the main advantage of the Checkmat 753 HF for producers is the simplicity of its operation through the touch screen. He also said it was relatively inexpensive, but did not confirm the price. The touch screen on the new Krones xPanel terminal is said to allow user-friend operator control of the unit. Local Studies Synthesis Bibliography Holton W: Farming from a new perspective: remote sensing comes down to earth. Environ Health Perspect. 2000, 108: A130-A133. 10.2307/3454428. Mark Monmonier(2002) Google Maps for Mobile, 2011a Google Maps for Mobile, 2011b Linda rano 2006