To do this, we state null and alternative hypotheses. These are two competing statements. The null hypothesis (called H0) usually follows the format that “there is no difference between these numbers” ...

This means the probability (p) of obtaining our observed sample is less than 0.001 (or less than 0.1% if you prefer) given that the null hypothesis is true. We would normally report this as p < 0. ...

In the decades since its introduction, the neutral theory of evolution has become central to the study of evolution at the molecular level, in part because it provides a way to make strong ...

The first thing any scientist does before performing an experiment is to form a hypothesis about the experiment's outcome. This often takes the form of a null hypothesis, which is a statistical ...