It was 5 January 1965 when I left on the Greyhound bus from my home reservation of the Shoshone and Bannock tribes to go to San Francisco. I was a participant in the Bureau of Indian Affairs Relocation Program, which sent tribal members from their reservations into the major cities of the nation to get work or learn a trade. There were no jobs on the reservation, and the “No Indians or Dogs Allowed” signs had barely been taken down in my home town of Blackfoot, Idaho. Poverty, hardship, and despair had grown to be the way of life on the reservation. As a result of governmental rule, our reservation and people were suffering. I was raised from childhood in an environment of tribal politics. My father was the tribal chairman for a number of years. His resistance to the government’s attempts to steal our water and lands through the Shoshone Nation Land Claims put our whole family in jeopardy. I would help my father write letters to officials to get assistance for our reservation, and it was in this way that I began to understand about the continuing war against our people. It was a very hard time for us all; the 1960s did not bring change. When the BIA offered relocation to the city, I took the opportunity, along with many others who left their reservations. We were not aware that the federal government’s plan to “drop us off” in the cities was another insidious method of depriving us of our reservation lands and membership in our tribes. Some of us knew that non-Indians were exerting intense political pressures to gain more of our lands for their economic benefit.

A practice common to professionals who have direct interaction with individual clients is the maintenance of a file for each client. Physicians, dentists, accountants, architects, and psychoanalysts maintain client files. These begin with the first professional encounter and are updated with subsequent visits. The practice is so common that we rarely think of it except when someone loses our file or when we ask that it be forwarded to another professional.

The TMT first light Adaptive Optics (AO) facility consists of the Narrow Field Infra-Red AO System (NFIRAOS) and the associated Laser Guide Star Facility (LGSF). NFIRAOS is a 60 x 60 laser guide star (LGS) multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) system, which provides uniform, diffraction-limited performance in the J, H, and K bands over 17-30 arc sec diameter fields with 50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole, as required to support the TMT science cases. NFIRAOS includes two deformable mirrors, six laser guide star wavefront sensors, and several low-order, infrared, natural guide star wavefront sensors within each client instrument. The first light LGSF system includes six sodium lasers required to generate the NFIRAOS laser guide stars. In this paper, we will provide an update on the progress in designing, modeling and validating the TMT first light AO systems and their components over the last two years. This will include the final design activities for NFIRAOS, preliminary design activities for the LGSF, final design and prototyping activities for the deformable mirrors, final design and fabrication for the visible detectors, preliminary design activities for the NFIRAOS visible cameras, preliminary design activities for the NFIRAOS Real Time Controller (RTC) and development and tests of prototype candidate lasers. Comprehensive and detailed AO modeling is also continuing to support the design and development of the first light AO facility.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Historically, PD has been considered a strictly neuronal disease; however, clinical observations and evidence from animal models suggest inflammation may contribute to disease progression. It remains controversial whether glial activation, and the resulting inflammatory cascade, is a result or a cause of neuronal death. Towards resolving this distinction, I established cultures of human embryonic stem cell derived dopaminergic neurons, and primary human astrocytes and microglia. These neural cells are used to investigate the glial inflammatory response to extracellular insults, and the neuronal response to pro- inflammatory mediators. I established that these cells are a robust model of neuro-inflammation, found that the glial derived pro-inflammatory response can be serially propagated between astrocytes and microglia following a single inflammatory insult, and that glial derived inflammatory factors are neurotoxic. Using these assays, I identified the anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective effects of flavonoid apigenin, an inducer of orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1, whose dual role as both neuro- protective and anti-inflammatory renders it an ideal target for therapeutic intervention in PD. The purpose of this project is to elucidate the role of inflammation in PD and identify key molecular events involved at early stages in PD to exploit as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. These results are important because they establish an in vitro model that enables investigation into the inflammatory contribution to the pathological development of PD, and identification of novel therapeutic compounds

Proliferation of hardware and software sensors and our desire to determine relationships between the near-real- time data from multiple publishers motivates our introduction of Internet-scale context-awareness (ISCA). Content-based publish/subscribe (CBPS) seems the most natural substrate for ISCA because it provides the right separation of concerns, efficient event distribution, extensibility, and scalability. However, our evolving information environment is different from that for which CBPS was designed. Attempting to use the black-box style transparency afforded by CBPS precludes efficiently detecting data relationships for publication as context- aware events and leads to information glut and device saturation. We overcome these problems by recognizing that any component-based system is an ecology for which we can achieve global efficiencies by providing top-down and bottom-up context and collaboration. We extend CBPS with an open implementation approach to enable subscribers to inject domain-specific knowledge into the network in the form of first-class publish/subscribe agents. Agents are distributed algorithms that observe and transform data, dynamically manage bounding region filters, and exchange data only on an as-needed basis to eliminate useless event traffic at the sensor-edges of the network. Filtering at the network edge reduces bottlenecks in the network core to increase the scalability of the system. Content-based routing mechanisms are leveraged to allow the user to control where code is deployed, to develop complex relationship hierarchies, and to construct one-to-one conversations by leveraging existing network knowledge without flooding the network with either advertisements or subscriptions. We are programming the network. We add dynamic contextual message filtering and distributed memoization to minimize re-computation at downstream nodes. Combining open implementation, distributed processing, content-addressability, and distributed memoization satisfies the required increases in expressiveness, efficiency, and scalability necessary to achieve our Internet-scale context-awareness vision. Our algorithm detecting the proximity of mobile buddies reduced event traffic from O (events) to an expectation of about ln (movement) event-hops. Complex traffic-route monitoring used eight times fewer events than basic CBPS and reduced aggregation enhanced CBPS load imbalances by distributing relationship computations over the event- entry edge-brokers. Our algorithms are scalable with increased reporting rates because they measure data movement