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Open Access Publications from the University of California

Scholarly Works (116 results)

  • Article
Reports on Industry Activity from Outside UCSF (1994)

TOBACCO USE IN CALIFORNIA DETAILED FINDINGS SUMMARIZED BY CHAPTER Chapter 4. ASSESSING PROGRESS TOWARD PROGRAM GOALS 1. Between 1990 and 1993, the proportion of California children and nonsmoking workers who were protected from ETS exposure increased substantially. 2. Cigarette consumption in California declined by an estimated 13.7% following the passage of Proposition 99 and the mandated increase in excise tax on cigarette products. This accelerated decline in consumption lasted approximately 5 months after the imposition of the 25-cent tax. 3. The introduction of Tobacco Control Program interventions was associated with an increase in the rate of decline in cigarette consumption. 4. Between 1988 and 1993, we observed a 27% decrease in per capita tobacco consumption and a 28% decline in smoking prevalence. Based on mUltiple surveys, the best estimate of smoking prevalence in 1993 among California adults is 19.1 %. 5. Following the passage of Proposition 99, smoking prevalence declined at twice the rate observed before Proposition 99. However, this new rate of decline must be increased by a further 50% in order to achieve the Program goal of a 75% reduction in prevalence by 1999. 6. Smoking prevalence among 16- to 18-year-old Californians appeared to be increasing sharply following the introduction of the "Joe Camel" tobacco advertising campaign. We were unable to identify a decline in prevalence associated with the imposition of the excise tax. No further increases in adolescent smoking prevalence were observed following the introduction of the Tobacco Control Program. 7. The decline in tobacco consumption and smoking prevalence in California appears to result from increases in successful smoking cessation among adults. 8. Popular support for a further increase in the excise tax on tobacco has grown. In 1993, 60% of Californians indicated support for an additional increase in the excise tax of at least 50 cents, provided that the money would be used for antitobacco and other health programs. Under these conditions, two thirds of current smokers favored an increase of at least 25 cents in the tobacco tax.

Chapter 5. THE IMPACT OF THE ANTITOBACCO MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN IN CALIFORNIA 1. A period of accelerated decline in per capita cigarette consumption in California began in April 1990, coinciding with the start of the mass media campaign. During a 12-month period, consumption declined by 12%. At this time, the media campaign was the only major tobacco control intervention in the field. 2. The proportion of Californians who attempted to quit smoking for more than 1 day increased whenever the mass media campaign was in the field and decreased during the period when the campaign was withdrawn. 3. More than half of California adults and more than two thirds of adolescents recalled seeing the antitobacco mass media campaign. 4. Adults who saw the media campaign were more likely than adults who did not see the campaign to believe that ETS is harmful to nonsmokers, especially to children. 5. Adults who saw the media campaign were more likely than adults who did not see the campaign to ask someone not to smoke. Almost 60% of smokers reported that they had been asked not to smoke on at least one occasion. 6. Half of Californians had voluntarily made their homes smokefree by 1993. The number of smokers reporting a smokefree home increased substantially between 1992 and 1993. Smokers who had young children in the home were more likely than smokers living without children to report a smokefree home. 7. Smokefree home policies were more likely if adults believed in the danger ofETS to nonsmokers. The spread of smokefree homes in California may be an indirect effect of the media campaign.

Chapter 6. TOBACCO MARKETING AND SMOKING IN SCHOOLS AS BARRIERS TOEFFECTIVE ADOLESCENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS 1. Adolescents appear to be the most receptive audience for tobacco advertising. Awareness and liking of cigarette advertisements is higher among adolescents than among adults in California. Liking and awareness of the "Joe Camel" cigarette campaign was highest in the youngest agegroup studied (12 to 14 years). 2. Two thirds of adolescents have a favorite cigarette ad, and one quarter are willing to use products promoting tobacco.

    Cover page: Tobacco Use in California: An Evaluation of the Tobacco Control Program, 1989-1993. A Report to the California Department of Health Services
    • Article
    • Peer Reviewed
    UC Berkeley Previously Published Works (2018)
    We report the demonstration of a low-power pixelated readout system designed for three-dimensional ionization charge detection and digital readout of liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) . Unambiguous 3D charge readout was achieved using a custom-designed system-on-a-chip ASIC (LArPix) to uniquely instrument each pad in a pixelated array of charge-collection pads. The LArPix ASIC, manufactured in 180 nm bulk CMOS, provides 32 channels of charge-sensitive amplification with self-triggered digitization and multiplexed readout at temperatures from 80 K to 300 K . Using an 832-channel LArPix-based readout system with 3 mm spacing between pads, we demonstrated low-noise (0<50 e- RMS equivalent noise charge) and very low-power (<100 μW/channel) ionization signal detection and readout . The readout was used to successfully measure the three-dimensional ionization distributions of cosmic rays passing through a LArTPC, free from the ambiguities of existing projective techniques. The system design relies on standard printed circuit board manufacturing techniques, enabling scalable and low-cost production of large-area readout systems using common commercial facilities. This demonstration overcomes a critical technical obstacle for operation of LArTPCs in high-occupancy environments, such as the near detector site of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) .
      Cover page: LArPix: demonstration of low-power 3D pixelated charge readout for liquid argon time projection chambers
      • Article
      • Peer Reviewed
      UC San Diego Previously Published Works (2014)
      We report a series of observations of the interstellar scintillation (ISS) of the double pulsar J0737-3039 over the course of 18 months. As in earlier work, the basic phenomenon is the variation in the ISS caused by the changing transverse velocities of each pulsar, the ionized interstellar medium (IISM), and the Earth. The transverse velocity of the binary system can be determined both by very long baseline interferometry and timing observations. The orbital velocity and inclination is almost completely determined from timing observations, but the direction of the orbital angular momentum is not known. Since the Earth's velocity is known, and can be compared with the orbital velocity by its effect on the timescale of the ISS, we can determine the orientation Ω of the pulsar orbit with respect to equatorial coordinates (Ω = 65 ± 2°). We also resolve the ambiguity (i = 88.°7 or 91.°3) in the inclination of the orbit deduced from the measured Shapiro delay by our estimate i = 88.°1 ± 0.°5. This relies on the analysis of the ISS over both frequency and time, and provides a model for the location, anisotropy, turbulence level, and transverse phase gradient of the IISM. We find that the IISM can be well-modeled during each observation, typically of a few orbital periods, but its turbulence level and mean velocity vary significantly over the 18 months. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
        Cover page: INTERSTELLAR SCINTILLATION OF THE DOUBLE PULSAR J0737−3039
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        • Peer Reviewed
        Fast radio bursts are a new class of transient radio phenomena currently detected as millisecond radio pulses with very high dispersion measures. As new radio surveys begin searching for FRBs a large population is expected to be detected in real-time, triggering a range of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger telescopes to search for repeating bursts and/or associated emission. Here we propose a method for disseminating FRB triggers using Virtual Observatory Events (VOEvents). This format was developed and is used successfully for transient alerts across the electromagnetic spectrum and for multi-messenger signals such as gravitational waves. In this paper we outline a proposed VOEvent standard for FRBs that includes the essential parameters of the event and where these parameters should be specified within the structure of the event. An additional advantage to the use of VOEvents for FRBs is that the events can automatically be ingested into the FRB Catalogue (FRBCAT) enabling real-time updates for public use. We welcome feedback from the community on the proposed standard outlined below and encourage those interested to join the nascent working group forming around this topic.
          Cover page: VOEvent Standard for Fast Radio Bursts
          • Article
          • Peer Reviewed
          UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works (2014)
          RadioAstron space-ground very long baseline interferometry observations of the pulsar B0950+08, conducted with the 10 m Space Radio Telescope in conjunction with the Arecibo 300 m telescope and the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope at a frequency of 324 MHz were analyzed in order to investigate plasma inhomogeneities in the direction of this nearby pulsar. The observations were conducted at a spacecraft distance of 330, 000 km, resulting in a projected baseline of 220, 000 km, providing the greatest angular resolution ever achieved at meter wavelengths. Our analysis is based on fundamental behavior of structure and coherence functions. We find that the pulsar shows scintillation on two frequency scales, both much less than the observing frequency, but modulation is less than 100%. We infer that the scattering is weak, but a refracting wedge disperses the scintillation pattern. The refraction angle of this "cosmic prism" is measured as θ0 = 1.1-4.4 mas, with the refraction direction being approximately perpendicular to the observer velocity. We show that the observed parameters of scintillation effects indicate that two plasma layers lie along the line of sight to the pulsar, at distances of 4.4-16.4 pc and 26-170 pc, and traveling in different directions relative to the line of sight. Spectra of turbulence for the two layers are found to follow a power law with the indices γ1 = γ2 = 3.00 ± 0.08, significantly different from the index expected for a Kolmogorov spectrum of turbulence, γ = 11/3.
            Cover page: RADIOASTRON STUDIES OF THE NEARBY, TURBULENT INTERSTELLAR PLASMA WITH THE LONGEST SPACE–GROUND INTERFEROMETER BASELINE
            • Article
            • Peer Reviewed
            UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works (2016)
            We discovered fine-scale structure within the scattering disk of PSR B0329+54 in observations with the RadioAstron ground-space radio interferometer. Here, we describe this phenomenon, characterize it with averages and correlation functions, and interpret it as the result of decorrelation of the impulse-response function of interstellar scattering between the widely-separated antennas. This instrument included the 10-m Space Radio Telescope, the 110-m Green Bank Telescope, the 14x25-m Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, and the 64-m Kalyazin Radio Telescope. The observations were performed at 324 MHz, on baselines of up to 235,000 km in November 2012 and January 2014. In the delay domain, on long baselines the interferometric visibility consists of many discrete spikes within a limited range of delays. On short baselines it consists of a sharp spike surrounded by lower spikes. The average envelope of correlations of the visibility function show two exponential scales, with characteristic delays of $\tau_1=4.1\pm 0.3\ \mu{\rm s}$ and $\tau_2=23\pm 3\ \mu{\rm s}$, indicating the presence of two scales of scattering in the interstellar medium. These two scales are present in the pulse-broadening function. The longer scale contains 0.38 times the scattered power of the shorter one. We suggest that the longer tail arises from highly-scattered paths, possibly from anisotropic scattering or from substructure at large angles.
              Cover page: PSR B0329+54: STATISTICS OF SUBSTRUCTURE DISCOVERED WITHIN THE SCATTERING DISK ON RADIOASTRON BASELINES OF UP TO 235,000 km
              • Article
              • Peer Reviewed
              UC San Diego Previously Published Works (2021)
              Continued timing observations of the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039A/B, which consists of two active radio pulsars (A and B) that orbit each other with a period of 2.45 h in a mildly eccentric (e=0.088) binary system, have led to large improvements in the measurement of relativistic effects in this system. With a 16-yr data span, the results enable precision tests of theories of gravity for strongly self-gravitating bodies and also reveal new relativistic effects that have been expected but are now observed for the first time. These include effects of light propagation in strong gravitational fields which are currently not testable by any other method. In particular, we observe the effects of retardation and aberrational light bending that allow determination of the spin direction of the pulsar. In total, we detect seven post-Keplerian parameters in this system, more than for any other known binary pulsar. For some of these effects, the measurement precision is now so high that for the first time we have to take higher-order contributions into account. These include the contribution of the A pulsar's effective mass loss (due to spin-down) to the observed orbital period decay, a relativistic deformation of the orbit, and the effects of the equation of state of superdense matter on the observed post-Keplerian parameters via relativistic spin-orbit coupling. We discuss the implications of our findings, including those for the moment of inertia of neutron stars, and present the currently most precise test of general relativity's quadrupolar description of gravitational waves, validating the prediction of general relativity at a level of 1.3×10-4 with 95% confidence. We demonstrate the utility of the double pulsar for tests of alternative theories of gravity by focusing on two specific examples and also discuss some implications of the observations for studies of the interstellar medium and models for the formation of the double pulsar system. Finally, we provide context to other types of related experiments and prospects for the future.
                Cover page: Strong-Field Gravity Tests with the Double Pulsar
                • Article
                LBL Publications (2000)
                  Cover page: Bottom production
                  • Article
                  • Peer Reviewed
                  UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2013)
                  The Daya Bay reactor antineutrino experiment is designed to make a precision measurement of the neutrino mixing angle θ13, and recently made the definitive discovery of its non-zero value. It utilizes a set of eight, functionally identical antineutrino detectors to measure the reactor flux and spectrum at baselines of ∼ 300-2000 m from the Daya Bay and Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plants. The Daya Bay antineutrino detectors were built in an above-ground facility and deployed side-by-side at three underground experimental sites near and far from the nuclear reactors. This configuration allows the experiment to make a precision measurement of reactor antineutrino disappearance over km-long baselines and reduces relative systematic uncertainties between detectors and nuclear reactors. This paper describes the assembly and installation of the Daya Bay antineutrino detectors. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl.
                    Cover page: Assembly and Installation of the Daya Bay Antineutrino DetectorsCreative Commons 'BY' version 4.0 license
                    • Article
                    • Peer Reviewed
                    UC San Diego Previously Published Works (2020)
                    We have constructed a new time-scale, TT(IPTA16), based on observations of radio pulsars presented in the first data release from the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA). We used two analysis techniques with independent estimates of the noise models for the pulsar observations and different algorithms for obtaining the pulsar time-scale. The two analyses agree within the estimated uncertainties and both agree with TT(BIPM17), a post-corrected time-scale produced by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). We show that both methods could detect significant errors in TT(BIPM17) if they were present. We estimate the stability of the atomic clocks from which TT(BIPM17) is derived using observations of four rubidium fountain clocks at the US Naval Observatory. Comparing the power spectrum of TT(IPTA16) with that of these fountain clocks suggests that pulsar-based time-scales are unlikely to contribute to the stability of the best time-scales over the next decade, but they will remain a valuable independent check on atomic time-scales. We also find that the stability of the pulsar-based time-scale is likely to be limited by our knowledge of solar-system dynamics, and that errors in TT(BIPM17) will not be a limiting factor for the primary goal of the IPTA, which is to search for the signatures of nano-Hertz gravitational waves.
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