Independent Sacramental Bishops

apocryphile press

BERKELEY, CA

Apocryphile Press

1700 Shattuck Ave #81

Berkeley, CA 94709

www.apocryphile.org

© 2010 by Rob Angus Jones

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 978-1-933993-83-6

eISBN 978-1-937002-23-7 (Kindle)

eISBN 978-1-937002-60-2 (ePub)

Ebook version 2

The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, Anglicized Edition, copyright 1989, 1995 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America, and are used by permission. All rights reserved.

Dedication

FOR MY PARTNER DAVID, who has supported this project with love and encouragement, even when he did not have the slightest idea what I was going on about.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

THIS BOOK WOULD SIMPLY NOT BE POSSIBLE without the generosity of time and the sharing of information and insights among my episcopal colleagues:

John Plummer, of the Mission Episcopate of the Theophany, has been a great friend and supporter of my own journey in ministry for years. We have spent many cherished hours by email and in person discussing and reflecting on the challenges and possibilities of the ISM. I am grateful to John for sharing his lines of succession with me. This book owes its publication to John’s encouragement, and his editorial suggestions.

Craig Bettendorf, of the Evangelical Anglican Church in America, who first set me on the study of episcopal lineage. I am humbled to have received ordination as a Deacon and a Priest at his hands.

Dr. Joseph Vredenburgh of the Federation of St. Thomas Christians ordained and consecrated me a Bishop. As a fellow cradle Congregationalist, Papa Joe made my ordination an especially unique and precious event.

Darrel Hockley, of the Old Protestant Episcopal Church, one of the most dedicated researchers of Independent Episcopal history I know. I am in his debt for his many contributions of obscure dates and participant details in particular consecrations.

Philip Garver, of l’Eglise Gnostique, for his tireless efforts and contributions to public knowledge of the French Gnostic Tradition. His generosity in sharing and discussing the fruits of his researches with me has been invaluable.

Bertil Persson, of the Apostolic Episcopal Church, has a legendary repository of Independent Bishop data, and never failed to offer a quick response and warm greetings to even my most obscure questions.

Peter Paul Brennan, of the Ecumenical Catholic Diocese of the Americas, generously provided corrections and additional information on several lines of succession.

Sherrie Albrecht and Deborah Beach Giordano have each prompted me to find ways of explaining the concepts and issues that have become this book, as I have consecrated and welcomed them into the universal College of Bishops.

I have also been truly blessed with conversation over the years with the following bishops, whose perspectives have enriched this book: Rusty Clyma, Tim Cravens, Carlos Florido, John Kersey, Rosamonde Miller, Rusty Smith, Alexis Tancibok, Steven Trivoli-Johnson (of blessed memory), and Wynn Wagner.

And finally an expression of great gratitude to John Mabry for his enthusiasm and encouragement for this project, and seeing it through to publication.

In the final product, this book bears the positive imprints of all these good people. Any mistakes of fact and interpretation are solely my own.

Contents

Introduction

Sacramental Ordination and Episcopal Authority

1. What is a Bishop?

2. Christian Initiation

3. Who is a Real Bishop?

4. Game Changers

Episcopal Succession and Lineage

5. Discovering Lineage

6. Charting Succession and Lineage: The Rules of the Road

Proposal for an Authentic Way Forward

ISM Sucession and Lineages Illustrated

7. Apostolic Lineages of Independent Bishops

The Ancient British/Celtic Churches in Ireland and Wales

Anglican: Episcopal Church in the USA (WM. M. Brown)

Anglican: Reformed Episopal Church in the US (Cummins)

Anglican: Free Protestant Episcopal Church (Checkemian)

Anglican: Philippine Independent Church (Pagtakhan)

Anglican: The Methodist Church (Wesley)

Old Catholic: Union of Utrecht (Gul)

Old Catholic Church of Great Britain and Ireland (Mathew)

Old Catholic: Mariavite Catholic (Kowalski)

Old Catholic: Liberal Catholic (Wedgwood)

Roman Catholic: Mexian National Catholic Church

Roman Catholic: Brazil (Duarte Costa)

Roman Catholic: Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Thuc)

Orthodox Church of Albania (Noli)

American Orthodox Catholic (Ofiesh)

Orthodox Church in America

Orthodox Church of Cyprus

Greek Orthodox: Old Calendar Synod

Russian Orthodox Church (Kleefisch)

Russian Orthodox Church in America (Wendland)

American Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church (Fedtshenkov)

Russian Orthodox: The Living Church (Klimovicz)

Russian Orthodox: The Living Church (Vvedensky)

Slavonic Orthodox (Prazsky)

Syrian Orthodox Jacobite Church of Antioch (Ferrette)

Mar Thoma (Malabar) Churches of India (Vilatte)

African Orthodox Church (McGuire)

Assyrian Church of the East (Soares)

Greek Melkite Catholic Church of Antioch (Aneed)

Chaldean Church of Babylon (Lefberne)

8. When is a Lineage Not a Lineage?

Roman Catholic Line from +Sanchez y Camacho

Order of Corporate Reunion

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Coptic Orthodox/Ethiopian Orthodox Lines…

…through +Gabre Michael Kristos

…through +John Hickerson

…through +van Assendelft-Atland

Armenian Catholic Church through +Leon Checkemian

Methodist Lineages

9. Inner Priesthood Lineages Among Independent Bishops

Catholic Apostolic Church (Irvingites)

Pre-Nicene Gnostic Catholic (De Palatine)

Guild of the Master Jesus/Church of the Graal (Dion Fortune)

Eglise Catholique Gallicane (Houssay)

L’Eglise Johannite des Chretiens Primitifs & Knights Templar

Oeuvre de le Misericorde/Eglise de Mont Carmel (Vintras)

Eglise Gnostique (Doinel)

Ancient Gnostic Church of Eleusis (Peithman)

Gnostische Katholische Kirche, G. K. K. (Reuss)

Eglise Gnostique Universelle (Bricaud/Chevillon)

Ecclesia Gnostica Mysteriorum (Rosamonde Miller)

The Sacred King & Priestess Queen Inner Priesthood (W.G. Gray)

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Smith)

Holy Order of Mans (Blighton)

The Graal Church [Ecclesia Gradális] (Jones)

Select Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

THIS BOOK IS, ABOVE ALL ELSE, A LABOR OF LOVE, and a personal and pastoral exploration of a secluded corner of Christianity. I am an apostolic bishop, shepherding a tiny church, and part of the larger Independent Sacramental Movement (ISM)¹—sometimes historically called the Independent Catholic churches.

Who are these churches in the Independent Sacramental Movement? We are Churches in that we are self-identified as teaching and celebrating the centrality of Jesus as the Christ, however this is specifically defined in each community. We are sacramental in that we embrace an understanding of Christian life that cherishes the sacraments as channels of grace: baptism, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, Eucharist (communion), anointing the sick and reconciliation (confession)—though we may differ from each other in how many of these sacraments we each practice, and how we understand them. We tend to hold to a 3-fold model of ordained clergy: deacons, priests, and bishops. We are Independent in that we do not belong to one of the more familiar organizations, such as Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or the Anglican Communion—nor do they recognize us as part of them.

Some of us Independent bishops look more like servant leaders; some look more like princes of the church; some look no different from our mainline denominational colleagues; some look a good deal more exotic. We follow a variety of approaches in understanding the exercise of episcopacy, and these approaches together tend to echo the full 2000 years of Church history.

The roots of this book trace to 1998, when the Rt. Rev. Craig Bettendorf asked me to revise and reprint his small apostolic succession brochure. I was a new priest in the Evangelical Anglican Church in America, and working as +Craig’s communications director. He gave me his existing Succession brochure, and a small folder of loose papers—some photocopied pages from out-of-print books containing historical lineage information, and some old typed and handwritten notes. He pointed me towards the standard resource books (see Bibliography), and turned me loose on the project.

I was born and raised a Congregationalist, and am by formal education and avocation a historian; this was a whole hidden new world for me. I was utterly unprepared for the humbling visionary passion, the embarrassing venal behaviors, the saintly dedication to ministry, and the unbridled wackiness that I was to encounter among the histories of the bishops of the Independent Sacramental Movement, and their sometimes unsettling fixation on their episcopal lineages. But the more I worked on this research, the more I had a sense of brushing up against a profound and sometimes elusive spiritual reality that these bishops struggled to protect and preserve and rightly pass on, whether they could articulate it or not.

Alongside this elusive spiritual reality, I was fascinated equally by what I can only describe as a pervasive anxiety in the ISM world that casts a shadow over our thoughts and actions, a mocking bogeyman. This bogeyman objects to the possibility that we ISM clergy and communities might just be valid (a technical word meaning real) and authentic on our own terms, on our own journeys.

In its subtler form, this bogeyman sits on our shoulder as we find ourselves explaining how we’re not Roman Catholic but we’re still Catholic, or we’re not part of the Anglican Communion but we’re Anglican, or we’re not SCOBA Orthodox but we’re Orthodox nonetheless. It’s the defensive fallback of "we’re not them, but we’re like them." As an Anglican priest trying to build up a parish in the San Francisco area, I faced this one with tiring regularity—how was I different? Why did the tiny progressive jurisdiction I belonged to need to exist—especially in the progressive San Francisco Bay Area? Why did we need a new parish when the Episcopalians had fine parishes nearby—with buildings and paid staff—and the same message of inclusion? Lurking within this was the usually non-spoken question (with its best bogeyman voice): how are you real compared to the other guys with buildings and paid clergy and comfy pews and programs? Where’s your building?

In its aggressive form, this bogeyman gets in our face with the written and verbal dismissals and condemnations by mainline sacramental leaders and faithful: that we ISM clergy are not valid and so our churches are not authentic. But at this level, the intent is to frighten the unwitting laity away from us, our ministries, and our efforts to share the Good News.

Sadly, many of us in the ISM have never questioned the right of outsiders to our communities to criticize us as lacking validity; instead we have accepted this criticism and questioning and derision as proper and accurate, and so have made a home for the bogeyman among us. The results are the tragic-comical efforts among us to prove how we’re successors of this or that ancient jurisdiction, quivering just a hair’s breadth away from being welcomed home. We spend hours and pages defending our authenticity in terms of those jurisdictions—never in our own right and on our own terms. We rob time and energy from actual ministry to joust with the bogeyman in order to prove our worth and authenticity.

This book is an effort to start a new conversation among us about what it means to be real/valid Christian communities, real/valid sacramental clergy, and real/authentic witnesses to the Good News. We ISM leaders must discover how to change the game and exorcise the bogeyman. The alternative is to stay as dogs beneath the dinner table, waiting for crumbs that will never fall.

Nobody should feel that I am writing the last word on the subject. Or for that matter, that I represent the views of every bishop in the movement. My goal is simply to think out loud in these pages about what it means to be Christian bishops who have chosen to exercise our ministries and shepherd our communities in alternative ways outside the mainline jurisdictions.

In my years as ISM clergy what has impressed me most is how powerful this validity bogeyman is. As I have reflected on how our colleagues have fretted over this loaded term, I have come to identify three overlapping but distinct themes that tend to get tangled up into the loaded term valid. I hope in this book to untangle these three issues so we may recognize them clearly and address them properly:

The Sacrament of Ordination—this is the only place the consideration of validity legitimately comes into play. The issue here is: was a particular ISM bishop properly ordained? Who owns the ability to determine this for a particular bishop? Why does this matter?

Authority to act as a bishop within a community—this is typically where we ISM folks fight amongst ourselves, as bishops of particular jurisdictions gather to ordain a new bishop for his/her own mission. Who owns the ability to authorize a bishop to provide leadership for a jurisdiction? How do we understand bishops ordained to create communities? Can bishops ever presume leadership in a jurisdiction just because their consecrator(s) lead that jurisdiction?

Episcopal Lineage—the topic that started my journey; a gift of the Holy Spirit to the ISM, this topic creates clouds of confusion over the other two issues, but is a unique and wondrous matter which we’ll explore in this book. What—if anything—does it mean for how we proclaim the Good News?

This book will address each of these three issues in turn so that we may better understand what is at stake, and why each matters. Part One will look at the evolution of the concept of bishops, and what it means for a bishop to be properly ordained. We’ll turn then to the matter of a bishop’s authority, and its sources. Part Two will look at the matter of successions and lineages of bishops, and I will describe Rules of the Road for proper understanding and conveyance of ordinations and consecrations. Part Three will bring into a sharp focus the three themes, and propose a way forward.

Part Four of this book will shift to an examination of the apostolic and inner priesthood lineages in the ISM. In the interest of full disclosure—because I use my own lineage information as the illustrations:

I was consecrated for the episcopacy of the newly formed Free Episcopal Church on 26 July 2001, at a public celebration of the Eucharist at Bishop’s Chapel, Watsonville, California. My primary consecrator was Patriarch Maran Mar Joseph Vredenburgh of the Federation of St. Thomas Christians. Mart’a Virginia Vredenburgh and Bishop Joseph Eaton, also of the Federation of St. Thomas Christians, assisted Mar Joseph as co-consecrators. The consecration was according to the Anglican rite. Presenting delegates for the Free Episcopal Church were Rev. Fr. Michael Bonacci, and Mr. David Kerr.

On 16 June 2002, I was privileged to share and merge my lines of apostolic succession in a mutual exchange of consecrations at Saint Brighid’s Oratory in Oakland, CA with the Most Rev. John Paul Plummer, of the Mission Episcopate of the Theophany.

On 6 May 2006 I was privileged to share and merge my lines of apostolic succession during a public celebration of the Eucharist at Saint Mychal Judge Old Catholic parish in Dallas, Texas, with John Paul Plummer, of the Mission Episcopate of the Theophany; and James Bryant, of the Holy Orthodox Catholic Church of America, Diocese of Texas.

A note on bishops’ names: throughout the following chapters, for those bishops from non-Germanic and non-Romance languages and cultures, I have tried to use the spelling of the bishops’ name most closely reflecting their spelling and pronunciation in their native languages. For me, this is a simple matter of respect, and part of engaging these traditions and clergy in their own contexts. I have relied on the presentation of these names in Lords Temporal, Lords Spiritual for the majority of these spellings. I have attempted to list in parentheses the common Western name analogs as a point of reference to the standard histories, such as Brandreth, Anson, Pruter/Melton and Independent Bishops: An International Directory.

¹ This term, popularized by John Plummer in his book The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement, has also been used in variant forms by Richard Smoley in his book Inner Christianity, and by the Christengemeinschaft community. In the 1970s there was also a pioneering Synod of Independent sacramental Churches. This term (ISM) refers to a highly complex and largely undocumented phenomenon that exists in the shadows of the mainline churches. Small Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, and Methodist bodies, as well as more unique communities—all of whom have received and preserve the historic episcopacy—live