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    Mahavakya of the Upanishads
    Mahavakya of the Upanishads
    Mahavakya of the Upanishads
    Ebook391 pages6 hours

    Mahavakya of the Upanishads

    By Ajai Kumar Chhawchharia

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    In this book we shall read about the great Spiritual Truths, known as the ‘MAHAVAKYAS’ (pronounced as “MAHĀVĀKYAS”; Mahaa-vaakyaas), that are enunciated, expounded, elucidated and proclaimed by the magnificent great scriptures of India known as the Upanishads which have been inspiring the seekers of the Truth and the Reality of life and existence since the dawn of civilization.

                This book has three Chapters—(a) Chapter 1 is titled ‘What are the Upanishads’, and it introduces the reader to the Upanishads, their importance and import, a knowledge which is essential as the Mahavakyas are an integral part of them.

    (b) Chapter 2 is titled ‘Mahavakyas of the Upanishads’, and is divided into five Sections. Since there are five divisions of the Vedas, and since the Upanishads and their Mahavakyas are parts of these Vedas, this format helps to bring together all the Upanishads of one particular Veda and their Mahavakyas under one Section. The relevant Upanishads and their Mahavakyas are narrated in simple English with explanatory commentary.

    (c) Chapter 3 is ‘Thoughts of a Spiritually Enlightened & Self-realised Person’. As the name suggests, it enlightens the reader the benefits one gets if one fully grasps the meaning of the Mahavakyas, and how this wisdom profoundly changes one’s attitude and approach to life and its problems, not to mention the bliss and peace that one derives as a consequence.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAjai Kumar Chhawchharia
    Release dateMar 28, 2017
    ISBN9781386386025
    Mahavakya of the Upanishads
    Author

    Ajai Kumar Chhawchharia

    Ajai Kumar Chhawchharia left home when he was approximately 29 years of age due to an inner call of his heart that told him to devote his life in the service of his beloved Lord God, Sri Ram. Worldly attractions did not enchant him at all. So, he didn't marry, and after his father's death he came and settled permanently in Ayodhya, the holy town in India associated with Lord Ram.    Presently he works as an honorary manager of a world famous KanakBhavan Temple at Ayodhya, and spends his time writing in English so that the world can access the wonderful nectar of metaphysical, spiritual and devotional philosophy that is contained in Indian scriptures for which they are so renowned.    His English Books published separately by a reputed publisher of India, the details of whom can be had by contacting the author on his email given below, include: (i) The series on '108 Upanishads' in five volumes having eighteen parts, (ii) Veda Vyas' 'Adhyatma Ramayan' in two parts, (iii) 'Devi Puran Ramayan', (iv) Valmiki's 'Adbhut Ramayan', and (v) 'Biography of Lord Ram' based on Tulsidas' books.   Genre of Writing: Hindu Spiritualism, Philosophy, Metaphysics, Religious, Devotional and Theological.   Author's email: (i) < [email protected] >                                  (ii) < [email protected] >

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      Mahavakya of the Upanishads - Ajai Kumar Chhawchharia

      CONTENTS

      1. Dedication

      2. Preface

      3. Chapter 1: What is the Upanishad?

      4. Chapter 2: The MAHAVAKYAS

      Section 2(A):— 

      Mahavakyas of the Rig Veda Upanishads:

      2(A)(i) Atmabodha Upanishad, Canto 1, verse nos. 2, 4 

      2(A)(ii) Mudgal Upanishad, Canto 3, verse nos. 1-3 

      Section 2(B):—

      Mahavakyas of the Sam Veda Upanishads:

      2(B)(i) Chandogya Upanishad, Canto 6,

      section 16, verse no. 3 

      2(B)(ii) Sanyas Upanishad, Canto 2, verse no. 48  

      2(B)(iii) Yogchudamani Upanishad, verse nos. 82-83 

      Section 2(C):—

      Mahavakyas of the Shukla Yajur Veda Upanishads:

      2(C)(i) Paingal Upanishad, Canto 3, verse no. 2-5,

      and Canto 4, verse nos. 23-28     

      2(C)(ii) Mandal Brahmin Upanishad,

      Brahman 2, section 2, verse no. 5;

      Brahman 2, section 4, verse no. 4;

      Brahman 3, section 1, verse no. 6;

      Brahman 3, section 2, verse no. 2  

      2(C)(iii) Adhyatma Upanishad, verse nos. 2, 10, 30-31 

      2(C)(iv) Subaal Upanishad, Section/Canto 6, verse nos. 2-7 

      2(C)(v) Ishavasya Upanishad, verse nos. 4-6 

      2(C)(vi) Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad,

      Canto 4, Brahman 4, Verse nos. 22, 24-25 

      Section 2(D):—

      Mahavakyas of the Krishna Yajur Veda Upanishads:

      2(D)(i) Shuk-Rahasya Upanishad, verse no. 22 

      2(D)(ii) Kaivalya Upanishad, verse nos. 16, 18-19 

      2(D)(iii) Sarwasaar Upanishad, verse no. 12-14 

      2(D)(iv) Varaaha Upanishad, Canto 4, verse nos. 32, 37 

      2(D)(v) Avadhut Upanishad, verse no. 2 

      2(D)(vi) Tejobindu Upanishad, Canto 3, verse nos. 60-74 

      2(D)(vii) Tejobindu Upanishad, Canto 5, verse no. 5 

      2(D)(viii) Panch Brahm Upanishad, verse no. 28 

      2(D)(ix) Brahm Bindu Upanishad, verse no. 8 

      2(D)(x) Brahm Vidya Upanishad, verse no. 34, 78-79 

      2(D)(xi) Yogshikha Upanishad, Canto 1, verse nos. 131-133

      2(D)(xii) Katha Upanishad, Canto 1, Valli 3, verse nos. 14-15;

      Canto 2, Valli 3, verse no. 9 

      Section 2(E):—

      Mahavakyas of the Atharva Veda Upanishads:

      2(E)(i) Atma Upanishad, especially verse no. 1-C, 1-D, 1-E, 2-3, 8,

      and 22-25 

      2(E)(ii) Tripadvibhut Maha Narayan Upanishad,

      Canto 5, paragraph no. 15; Canto 6, paragraph no. 22;

      Canto 8, paragraph no. 5 

      2(E)(iii) Ram Rahasya Upanishad, Canto 5, verse nos. 13-14

      2(E)(iv) Ram Purva Tapini Upanishad, Canto 3, verse no. 2 

      2(E)(v) Ram Uttar Tapini Upanishad, Canto 3, verse no. 9 

      2(E)(vi) Annapurna Upanishad, Canto 5, verse nos. 2, 8,

      20-21, 57, 65, 74, 95 

      2(E)(vii) Mahavakya Upanishad, verse nos. 6-9, 11 

      2(E)(viii) Hayagriva Upanishad, verse no. 15 

      2(E)(ix) Narad Parivraajak Upanishad,

      Canto 6, paragraph nos. 3-4 

      2(E)(x) Narad Parivraajak Upanishad, Canto 7, verse no. 8 

      2(E)(xi) Param Hans Parivraajak Upanishad,

      paragraph nos. 3-4 

      2(E)(xii) Tripura Tapini Upanishad, Canto 5, verse no. 20 

      2(E)(xiii) Manduk Upanishad, verse nos. 1-7 

      2(E)(xiv) Mundak Upanishad,

      Mundak 2, Section 1, verse nos. 1-10; 

      Mundak 3, Section 2, verse nos. 6-9 

      5. Chapter 3: Thoughts of a Spiritually Enlightened

      & Self-realised Person  

      Section 3(A):—

      Upanishads of the Rig Veda:

      3(A)(i) Atmabodha Upanishad, Canto 2, verse nos. 1-31   

      ––––––––

      Section 3(B):— 

      Sam Veda Upanishads:

      3(B)(i) Sanyas Upanishad, Canto 2, verse nos. 47-54, 63-73 

      3(B)(ii) Maitreyu Upanishad, Canto 1, verse nos. 15-18;

      Canto 3, verse nos. 1-25 

      Section 3(C):—

      Shukla Yajur Veda Upanishads:

      3(C)(i) Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad,

      Canto 4, Brahman 4, verse no. 23 

      3(C)(ii) Ishavasya Upanishad, verse no. 7     

      Section 3(D):—

      Krishna Yajur Veda Upanishads:

      3(D)(i) Kaivalya Upanishad, verse nos. 19-23 

      3(D)(ii) Varaaha Upanishad, Canto 2, verse no. 38   

      3(D)(iii) Varaaha Upanishad, Canto 3, verse nos. 3, 8, 10 

      3(D)(iv) Tejobindu Upanishad,

      Canto 3, verse nos. 1-51, 60-74 

      3(D)(v) Tejobindu Upanishad,

      Canto 4, verse nos. 2, 12-30, 45 

      3(D)(vi) Tejobindu Upanishad, Canto 6, verse nos. 31-34,

      44-45, 58-64, 68-72, 107 

      3(D)(vii) Avadhuta Upanishad, verse nos. 24-25 

      3(D)(viii) Kaivalya Upanishad, verse nos. 19-23 

      3(D)(ix) Katho-panishad, Canto 2, Valli 3, verse no. 10 

      Section 3(E):—

      Athara Veda Upanishads:

      3(E)(i) Atma Upanishad, verse nos. 2, 8, 10-13, 19-22 

      3(E)(ii) Pashupat Brahm Upanishad, Canto 2,

      verse nos. 21-25, 31-46      

      3(E)(iii) Mahavakya Upanishad, verse no. 11 

      3(E)(iv) Annapurna Upanishad,

      Canto 5, verse nos. 59-61, 91-93 

      3(E)(v) Mundak Upanishad,

      Mundak 3, Section 2, verse nos. 3-4 

      ––––––––

      6. Appendix:—About the Author 

      ——————-**********—————-

      DEDICATION

      I dedicate this Book to Lord Sri Ram who is my dearest of dear, most beloved, the essence of my life and being, and for whom, and for whose pleasure, and on whose behest, and on whose divine mission, this book is dedicated.

      Nothing that I write is of my own creation. It is the Lord who is getting it done. So I deserve no credit. However, being an ordinary man like the rest of us, I may have committed errors, and for those I beg forgiveness. I hope this book will help to continue the great tradition of singing the glories of the different aspects of same indivisible one Divinity in order to meet diverse needs of the Soul, the Spirit, one such being to find peace and happiness amidst the surrounding turmoil of the world by being able to spend some time in the thoughts of the Divine Being, the same ‘Parmatma’, the same Lord known by different names in different tongues.

      No creature is perfect; it’s foolhardy to claim so. The best of paintings cannot replace the original; the best of words cannot express the original emotions and sentiments. Even the Lord was not satisfied by one flower or one butterfly—he went on endlessly evolving and designing newer forms. So, I have done my best, I have poured out my being in these books. Honestly, I am totally incompetent—it was the Lord who had done the actual writing and had moved my fingers as if they were merely an instrument in his divine hands. But nonetheless, it’s a tribute to the Lord’s glory that he does not take the credit himself, but bestows it to them whom he loves as his very own. And to be ‘his very own’ is indeed an unmatched honour. However, I still beg forgiveness for all omissions, commissions and transgressions on my part that I may have inadvertently made. It’s the Lord’s glories that I sing, rejoice in, write on and think of to the best of my ability. I hope my readers will also absorb the divine fragrance effusing from the flowers representing the Lord’s books, enjoy the ambrosia pouring out of them and marvel at the Lord’s stupendous glories.

      I submit this effort at holy feet of my beloved Lord Ram whom even Lord Shiva had revered and worshipped. And surely of course to Lord Hanuman who was a manifestation of Shiva himself. Finding no words to express my profound gratitude to Ram, I just wish to remain quiet, and let my silence do the speaking and praying on my behalf.

      I hope the reader will find my book useful and interesting. Since English is an international language, this book will help the English speaking world to access this masterpiece of classical Indian scriptural text.

      "He leadeth me! O blessed tho't! 

      O words with heav'nly comfort fraught! 

      What-e'er I do, wher-e'er I be, 

      Still 'tis God's hand that leadeth me!" [A Hymn by: Joseph Henry Gilmore in 1862.]

      Ajai Kumar Chhawchharia 

      Author

      ––––––––

      THE MAHAVAKYAS of the UPANISHADS

      (The Great Spiritual & Universal Truths)

      PREFACE

      In this book we shall read about the great Spiritual Truths, known as the ‘MAHAVAKYAS’ (pronounced as "MAHĀVĀKYA"; Mahaa-vaakyaas), that are enunciated, expounded, elucidated and proclaimed by the magnificent great scriptures of India known as the Upanishads which have been inspiring the seekers of the Truth and the Reality of life and existence since the dawn of civilization.

      Mahaa means ‘great’, and Vakya means a ‘word’ or ‘saying’. Hence, ‘Mahavakya’ is a Great Spiritual Absolute Truth that is universal and irrefutable, or a Great Saying that has been proclaimed in a given Upanishad. These Mahavakyas are not exclusively present in any one Upanishad, but are spread over different Upanishads belonging to different Vedas.

      In this book we shall be reading all the Mahavakyas as they appear in different Upanishads. I had been diligently collecting and noting them down during the course of my doing of English commentary on the all 108 Upanishads which belong to the Vedas. When I was finished I decided to present this collection as an independent book because the Mahavakya is the essence of the Upanishad, and is therefore like its nectar. These Mahavakyas have been collected and explained in as simple English as was possible.

      The main text of this Book is in three Chapters, and each chapter has many sections. Each of these sections is dedicated to the Upanishads of a particular Veda, and its sub-sections narrate the Mahavakyas of these individual Upanishads. This layout plan for this Book will be very clear by perusal of the Contents page.

      Since the ‘Mahavakyas’ are incorporated in the main text and body of the Upanishads and are an integral and inseparable part of the latter, it is very essential to first know what these Upanishads are. Hence, Chapter 1 is exclusively dedicated to explaining the meaning, the importance and the significance of the Upanishads.

      This is followed by Chapter 2 which constitutes the main body of this Book. It is titled THE MAHAVAKYAS. As these Mahavakyas are an integral part of the Upanishads, and since these Upanishads are themselves an integral part of the Vedas which incidentally are in five divisions, this chapter no. 2 is divided into five Sections, viz. sections 2(A)—to section 2(E). Each section deals with the Upanishads of a particular Veda. Further, under each ‘section’ there are a number of sub-sections, each quoting the Mahavakyas as they are proclaimed and enunciated in a particular Upanishad of the relevant Veda.  

      For instance, Chapter 2 has five Sections, from section 2(A)—to section 2(E). Section 2(A) has the Upanishads of the Rig Veda, and there are two sub-sections in this section, viz. (i) and (ii). Each of this sub-section has the Mahavakyas of a particular Upanishad of the Rig Veda which has been quoted in full.

      Since this Book is primarily aimed for the common English reader who is more interested to be acquainted with these great spiritual and metaphysical Truths and Saying as enunciated and proclaimed by the timeless and ageless Upanishads, rendered in a simple language that is free from intriguing complexities of the original texts, and is unable to read the Sanskrit of the texts nevertheless, only English has been used in this Book.

      It ought to be noted here that all due diligence, effort and care has been taken by me, the Book’s author, to ensure that the English rendering is as near and close to the original text, and it faithfully and truly conveys the original message of the Mahavakyas as was envisioned by the ancient seer who propounded them.

      Since my aim was not simply to present an English translation of the Mahavakyas but to explain the text elaborately simultaneously in simple language so that the common and lay reader can also benefit from its reading, as would be noted by any causal reader as well, not only too much of concern with strict technicalities and literal meaning is avoided but the verses that are quoted in this Book are also bit long and in a narrative style. Otherwise, it would have been difficult to make an abstract theme comprehendible for the uninitiated. [It ought to be noted also that all the Upanishads quoted or cited here are part of this author’s magnum opus on the 108 Upanishads that have been published in book form by a reputed Indian publisher in five thick volumes which run into about 16-17 parts. All these traditional format of the author’s books have the original Sanskrit text, followed by their Roman Transliteration and then full English rendering in smooth language.]   

      Chapter 3 is titled ‘Thoughts of a Spiritually Enlightened & Self-realised Person’. As the name itself suggests, this chapter describes, again by direct quotes from the Upanishads, how a person who has understood the true meaning of the Mahavakyas, feels, thinks and behaves in life. This chapter no. 3, like its predecessor chapter no. 2, once again has five sections, and many sub-sections. Each section deals with the Upanishads of a particular Veda, and the various sub-sections quote the individual Upanishads.

      Finally, at the end is an Appendix that gives a brief introduction of the author of this Book Mahavakya and the other books of his that are available in both digital as well as printed format.

      I hope that this book will be interesting and of great value to all those who wish to be acquainted with and read about ‘the Great Spiritual Truths’, the Mahavakyas, as enunciated and elucidated in the Upanishads because of the simple reason that herein one will find all the Mahavakyas, that are spread over so many Upanishads, collected and presented in simple English under one single cover.

      Meanwhile, I bow my head with all humility and with the greatest of reverence and thanks-giving before my beloved Lord God, Lord Ram, that he has made it possible for me to present these spiritual gems to the world at large, for it is indeed a gigantic task to sift through huge Upanishadic tomes to cull out and collect these Mahavakyas at one place, and it’s not possible without the Lord’s grace to accomplish this task.

      Date: 30th March, 2016.

      Authored and presented in English by:

      Ajai Kumar Chhawchharia

      ———————**********———————

      THE MAHAVAKYAS of the UPANISHADS

      (The Great Spiritual Truths)

      Chapter 1

      THE UPANISHADS  

      In this Chapter we shall read about what the Upanishads are, as this is important in the context of the main theme of this book called the Mahavakyas because these Great Spiritual Universal Truths known as the Mahavakyas are a part of the Upanishads, and once we note the importance and significance of the Upanishads we will automatically understand the immensity of metaphysical and spiritual import of the Mahavakyas as well as the value of what they proclaim in unison.   

      The word ‘Upanishad’ is composed of three Sanskrit syllables—‘up’ (pronounced as in full + pen), ‘ni’ (as in none + if) and ‘shad’ (as in shun + then). (a) The word ‘up’ means ‘come near, sit down, benevolent, worship, destroy, cure/remedy, to be free from disease or fault, enjoy, without hindrance’. (b) The word ‘ni’ means ‘not, night, darkness, ignorance, special, and complete or full’. (c) The word ‘shad’ means ‘6 schools of thought, knowledge; to teach, to learn, to calm down, to destroy’.

      Hence, the composite word Upanishad means :- (i) to come and sit down quietly before the wise and learned teacher to remove the darkness of spiritual ignorance; (ii) to sit quietly or become quiet and calmed-down after having acquired truthful knowledge about the reality; (iii) to calm down all agitations and dispel all confusions and doubts; (iv) to remove the darkness of ignorance by the light of knowledge; (v) the spiritual endeavour that removes or dispels the darkness of ignorance and enhances and propagates light of true knowledge; and (vi) to find a remedy for the spiritual disease or illness represented by this world that afflicts a creature.

      (vii) While defining the word Upanishad, the great Indian spiritual teacher and philosopher Adi Sankaracharya, who was a renowned exponent of Vedanta and espoused its philosophy of Advaita or non-duality of spiritual truths, says—‘Seekers of emancipation... deliberate on it (i.e., the knowledge that is called Upanishad) with steadiness and certainty’ (8 Upanishads, Advaita Ashram, Cal., 1989, p. 99-100). He says that the Upanishads, like a mother, never tire of reminding us of our true nature. The Atma, which is the focus of the Upanishad, is pure bliss, is eternal and is synonymous with the cosmic soul called Brahm’.

      The term Upanishad implies that an initiated disciple sits down before his wise teacher for the purpose of confidential communication of the secret doctrine called Rahasya concerning the relationship between the creator and the created individual. This knowledge can be communicated to only the deserving candidates and not to all and sundry because not only will they ridicule it but also because it would be a waste of time and energy.

      The Upanishads, therefore, set at rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the sublime and enigmatic entity known as the ‘Supreme Spirit’. They reveal and explain the esoteric mystery which underlines the truth that rests underneath the external system of things. They are profound doctrines having mystical and mysterious meaning. They are a class of philosophical writings whose main aim is the exposition and elucidation of the secret meaning of the Vedas, and they are regarded as the source of Sankhya school of Indian philosophy and are synonymous with Vedanta.

      The Upanishads are also known as Vedanta, which literally mean the ‘end or summarised version or the essence of the Vedas’. The chief Upanishads are part of and incorporated in the main text of the Vedas in their Sanhitas, Brahmins and Aranyaks sections.

      The Upanishads propound and enunciate upon that pristine knowledge about spirituality, metaphysics and divine philosophy which makes Hinduism so unique and spiritually refined—an all-inclusive, open-ended, pluralistic approach which is tolerant, non-dogmatic and non-fanatical and non-bigot. They are unbiased and highly evolved intellectual exercises involving multidimensional logic, skillful rational thinking, high erudition and excellent scholarship laced with traditional wisdom and spiritualism. They are not blind and abstract dogmas but practical philosophies and guidelines to enlighten a man on his true nature and goal in life. The same basic truth has been expounded from various angles such that an aspirant or learner can understand the concept one way or the other according to his mental caliber. The various paths are open to him according to his individual temperaments and needs.

      The primary purpose of the Vedas was the spiritual welfare of the man and to ensure that he breaks free form the endless cycle of birth and death (or transmigration) and find his ultimate peace and rest. This was not possible in other forms of life in this creation simply because in the entire scheme of creation it was only the man who was given the needed intelligence and decision making authority and powers to decide what is correct and good for himself and his soul. But being shrouded in the labyrinth of rituals and complicated verses which were so abstract, mystical and esoteric, the real intention was forgotten and the entire exercise was reduced to learning by rot of the thick and dense texts which became beyond the reach and comprehension, because of their complexity, of even those few who were sincerely inspired to unravel their secrets and inclined to break free from the cycle of transmigration.

      Then came the legion of enlightened and wise men who had extraordinary intelligence and a laser-sharp mind with an amazing ability to peep deep inside and behind the external façade of this world, which apparently looks true but is actually not, to unravel the secrets that lay behind this smokescreen. They had a deep insight into what constitutes the ‘Truth and Reality’ of existence, and the necessary mental acumen and intellectual faculty to unravel this mystery and understand its implications for the soul, the true ‘self’ of the living being. Not only this, they also had the divine gift of the language to make the secrets that they unraveled known to the rest of the world for the general spiritual benefit of the human race. They learnt and became enlightened about the fundamental philosophical dimension of these Vedas, unraveled their basic ideas and intentions by deep ponderings and contemplation, proposed and then tested hypothesis, applied variables, corrected any errors they discovered in their thinking, retraced their steps and moved ahead on the new path which stood the test of methodical, scientific and empirical experimentations. When a successful method evolved, they preached it to their disciples in the words of the Upanishads. The profound and magnificent spiritual doctrines enshrined in these texts are therefore a result of extensive and industrious labour, insight and research; they are distilled products of thinking and experimentation by exceptionally erudite, highly learned, very wise and intelligent men who told the ‘truth’ without favour and bias.

      These great exponents of Upanishadic philosophy have indeed tried to explain their precepts in scientific ways. The readings of these texts have had a profound psychological impact on generations after generations of the human race. They have tried to present a spiritual remedy to a world overwhelmed by constant cycle of misery, pain, grief and tumult.

      These genius sages and seers liberally explained the great spiritual secrets to their disciples in as many ways as there were sages and seers. They lived separately in seclusion, or in grouped hermitages such as monasteries, and spent their entire lives meditating, contemplating and teaching these profound spiritual truths to their disciples.

      The Upanishads represent the highest citadel of philosophical evolvement of human kind. The canons of the Upanishads are essentially teachings of ancient savants, seers and sages who were erudite and sagacious, genius and enlightened, and had scholarly acumen. They had enunciated the principles of the Ultimate Truth and Reality about this existence and the forces governing it both in philosophical as well as in metaphysical terms. These treatises were not merely hypothetical but empirical as well; they were the result of deep investigative minds which delved deep into the reaches of the unknown and after thorough exploration, investigation, examination, experimentation and application, they arrived at irrefutable, incontrovertible conclusions. They were pioneers in this field is as much as they delved into hitherto unknown realm of metaphysics and, therefore, can be called the forefathers of constructive and logical thinking as well as spiritual scientists.

      They learnt spiritual disciplines, proposed and tested hypothesis, applied variables, corrected any errors they discovered in their hypothesis, retraced their steps and moved ahead with the new path which stood the test of methodical, scientific and empirical experimentations. When a successful method evolved, they preached it to their disciples in the words of the Upanishads. These doctrines enshrined in these texts are therefore a result of extensive and industrious labour, insight and research. These doctrines are practical and modern day. Exponents of Upanishadic philosophy have indeed tried to explain their precepts in scientific ways. The readings of these texts have had a profound psychological impact on generations after generations. They have tried to present a remedy to a world overwhelmed by misery and tumult.

      These sages/seers concluded, inter alia, that the physical world perceived through the sensory organs was not the real world; it did not provide peace and happiness to the creature. Since everyone wants peace, tranquility, bliss and happiness, there must be something other than this physical world that was the ‘truth’ which can, and will, give eternal peace and bliss to the tormented creature yearning for rest from the constant buffeting that he has been subjected to over uncountable generations. This ‘truth’ and ‘reality’, they realised, was to be found by turning inwards and searching it in one’s inner-self, rather than in any entity or any place in the outside world.

      The ‘Truth’ is always the same, and it is unchanging. Since the world continuously changes, therefore it cannot be the ‘Truth’. So what is this ‘Truth’, they wondered? The answer that they found was named ‘the Atma’ which is nothing but pure, sublime and subtle Consciousness. This ‘Consciousness’ is known as Brahm (or Brahmn) at the macrocosmic level of creation, and the Atma at the microcosmic level of the individual creature. It is an eternal, constant and universal divine entity that remains the only constant and unchanging factor in the otherwise ever-changing creation. Therefore, this Consciousness is the grand ‘Truth’ that the scriptures talk about for the simple reason that Truth always remains the same and does not change under any pretext or circumstance. ‘Truth’ always is universal and uniform notwithstanding the fact that the ignorant man is unable to fathom it or know it, and in his gross ignorance of its existence regards the pseudo-Truths as the ‘real Truth’.

      To give a name to this universal constant supreme Truth, known as the cosmic Consciousness which is extremely sublime and subtle so much so that it can be known, experienced and witnessed by a sharp intellect and deep contemplation but cannot be taught and known by any of the gross methods known to human kind, the wise and enlightened sages and seers coined the term ‘Brahm (or Brahmn)’. Where is Brahm seated? ‘Brahm is a sublime and subtle entity that is hidden in the heart, and can be known by the pointed and subtle intellect instead of the gross organs of the physical body’ (Katha-Upanishad, 1/3/12) and ‘The immortal Brahm alone is before and behind, to the right and left, above and below. This world is verily the supreme Brahm’ (Mundak Upanishad, 2/2/12). Thus they concluded that true bliss, peace and tranquility comes by searching these fabulous virtues in one’s own ‘self’ rather than expecting them from the outside world—because this world is like an untruth mirage seen in a hot desert, and which wise man can expect his thirst to be quenched by the water present in it?

      The creature, they concluded, was not the physical, perishable and tormented body, but the pure, indestructible Atma (soul). This Atma (soul) is pure consciousness, eternal, peaceful, happy and blissful. This awareness was self-realisation. How is it obtained? ‘Self is attained by practice of truth, austerity, right knowledge and continence, self control and abstinence’ (Mundak Upanishad, 3/1/5). The laboratory was their mind-intellect apparatus; the chemical for the various tests was their power of intellectual discrimination, and penetrating insight was their microscope. The fact that they obtained peace, tranquility, happiness and bliss as well as contentedness proved the fact that their theory was indeed correct, that it was indeed the ultimate Reality which mankind sought for. Their dedicated and focused understanding, outstanding research, analytical thinking, surgical precision and superb examples to illustrate their observances resulted in the pronouncement of doctrines having wide ramification and tremendous import. They disbursed this vast ocean of knowledge for the benefit of their disciples (i.e. seekers/aspirants/students), and through them, to the humanity as a whole. These doctrines, which are absolute Truths or irrefutable axioms, have been condensed for posterity in the form of Upanishads. These most venerated books are expositions of superb minds with matured thinking, striking in their clarity of thought and expression, are precise and clinical, have a strong fundamental basis that can be experimented by serious seekers as to their veracity and practicability, and have had a tremendous impact on western scholars who chose to study them.

      Man can’t achieve happiness though mere physical enjoyments. Absolute happiness can result only from liberation, and it follows therefore that spiritual enlightenment alone, which frees the Atma from all delusions, can provide liberation and deliverance from the unending cycle of deeds/action and their results. Unfulfilled desires and yearnings to fulfill them further propel the creature towards more deeds/action and their newer results. This cycle causes a hurdle for the unification of the Atma with the supreme Brahm which is called true and ultimate emancipation and salvation, liberation and deliverance of the creature.

      Deussen has expressed the fundamental ideal of the Upanishads in the following words, ‘The Brahm, the power which presents itself before us has materialised in all existing things, it creates, sustains, preserves and receives back into itself again all the worlds, this eternal, infinite, divine power is identical with the Atma which, after stripping off everything external, we discover in ourselves as our real, most essential Being, our individual self, the soul/spirit. This doctrine has found expression most pointedly and clearly in the Upanishad's dictum which later became the confession of faith of millions of Indians in the Upanishad's dictum which later became the confession of faith of millions of Indians in the word ‘That art thou’ (i.e., the cosmos is Brahm) and ‘the world exists only in so for as thou (Brahm) are conscious of it’.

      Therefore the main thrust of the Upanishad is to light the candle of knowledge so as to dispel the darkness of ignorance of the disciple. To do this, a clear, coherent and cogent language and format is used— usually in the form of question and its pertinent answer. This knowledge, which the Upanishad tries to disburse, is about the supreme Truth or absolute Reality which it calls the Brahm, which in turn is treated as being synonymous with the knowledge about the soul/Atma of the creature, the Nature (cosmos, universe, world), the very basic and primary forces that govern the operation of this vast and multifarious cosmos, and the irrefutable truth that everything emerged from and will ultimately collapse into Brahm in the final analysis.

      Upanishads in Hindu philosophy are called the Vedanta. The Vedas are divided into 3 parts according to their subject matter—Karma (rituals), Upaasana (worship, devotion, contemplation, honour and reverence) and Gyan (acquisition of truthful knowledge about the eternal, universal and essential Truth and Reality about existence). The ‘Karma’ section involves doing rituals and taking actions such as the various fire sacrifices, observance of sacraments, following of various dos and don’ts to prepare one for the next step which involves worship, devotion and contemplation upon his chosen deity which represents divinity and ideals selected by him. These two phases lead to the third phase—acquisition of ‘Truthful Knowledge’ about a person’s true-self as well as about the supreme truth and the absolute reality of this existence. The main focus of this third stage is Brahm and its counterpart, the Atma, residing in the individual creature, and these two entities are the focus of the Upanishads.

      According to ‘Advaitya school of thought’, which incidentally is the approach of the Upanishads, the Jiva or creature is covered or veiled or masked by three sheets of Avidya or ignorance and delusions.

      The Upanishads prescribe methods or paths for overcoming all these hurdles to spiritual elevation of the creature. The Upanishads advise mankind to turn away from the illusionary and transient benefits that the world appears to offer and instead aspire for spiritual perfection and elevation. The Upanishads' main subject matter is the essential nature of the world, the individual self and the supreme Self and their inter-relationships. The seeker begins to see things in a homogenous way in a different perspective which is rational, empirical and well thought of.

      The Upanishads are like the laser rays—powerful, precise, penetrating and effective. They are forceful, powerful, stupendous, magnificent and eloquent statements made in response to pointed questions by the disciples (seekers/aspirants) who were themselves Rishis of repute. They emphasize the knowing of the ‘truth’, investigating and discussing it, constantly contemplating upon it and putting them into practice to redefine oneself. They have wide ramifications and transcend all religious and cultural boundaries. The Upanishads are divine words which reflect the glory of the intellect and the depth and width of the knowledge of India's ancient sages and seers. They can be read, thought over, taught and re-written in the form of translations in different languages (while still retaining their originality). They are not lifeless alphabets as such. They are synonymous with the supreme light of knowledge that dispels darkness of ignorance and is symbolic of life. Since the vehicle for transmission of the profound truths are words, the Upanishads emphasis, like the Bible and the Guru Granth Sahib (the scripture of the Sikh religion) that the ‘word’ is the truth, the reality, the equivalent of the Lord, the God, the Brahm, the cosmic ‘Naad’ (sound), OM, the very essence of life. The Bible explicitly says— ‘(a) In the beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and the word was God (gospel of St. John, 1/1), (b) And the word became flesh and dwelth among us— full of grace and truth (John, 1/14)’. How stupendous, how magnificent, how profound, how succinct, how lively are these words indeed! Therefore, the Upanishads are not lifeless books but ‘the body’ of knowledge, ‘the abode’ of knowledge. The quest for truth is the spark that injects vitality and vibrancy to a bunch of alphabets which lead the path to enlightenment.

      The knowledge of the Upanishads frees the creature from the fetters shackling it to this world and provides it with deliverance and liberation even as a bird finds freedom from a cage and flies off into the vast

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