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    Amazing Math: Projects You Can Build Yourself
    Amazing Math: Projects You Can Build Yourself
    Amazing Math: Projects You Can Build Yourself
    Ebook310 pages2 hours

    Amazing Math: Projects You Can Build Yourself

    By Lazlo C. Bardos and Samuel Carbaugh

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Make a geodesic dome big enough to sit in. Solve one of the world's hardest two-piece puzzles. Pass a straight line through a curved slot.

    From prime numbers to paraboloids, Amazing Math Projects You Can Build Yourself introduces readers ages 9 and up to the beauty and wonder of math through hands-on activities. Kids will cut apart shapes to discover area formulas, build beautiful geometric models to explore their properties, and amaze friends with the mysterious Möbius strip.

    Learning through examples of how we encounter math in our daily lives, children will marvel at the mathematical patterns in snowflakes and discover the graceful curves in the Golden Gate Bridge. Readers will never look at soap bubbles the same way again!

    Amazing Math Projects You Can Build Yourself includes projects about number patterns, lines, curves, and shapes. Each activity includes intriguing facts, vocabulary builders, and connections to other topics. A companion website, includes video instructions for many projects in the book and provides additional activities.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNomad Press
    Release dateAug 1, 2010
    ISBN9781619301191
    Amazing Math: Projects You Can Build Yourself

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      Book preview

      Amazing Math - Lazlo C. Bardos

      Index

      INTRODUCTION to MATH

      Grab some paper. Get out your scissors and tape. It is time to make some math. Yes, that’s right: math is more than just a pencil-and-paper activity! In this book you will explore, create, and experiment with math. In the process, you’ll find math in all sorts of unlikely places. There is math in bubbles, snowflakes, and stars. There is math in buildings, bridges, and art. Without math, you couldn’t use computers, travel by car, or watch TV, because it is essential to all of these inventions.

      Math exercises the logical left side of your brain. But this book will also work the right half of your brain, as you investigate patterns and seek out spatial relationships. Build the models in this book. Do the activities. You will have fun and learn more by holding these models in your hands and seeing how they work.

      I hope you’ll discover that math is more than just fractions and multiplication tables. It is as beautiful as a sunflower, as challenging as a puzzle, and as fun as a video game. The skills you learn in math class are vital, but not the only goal. Instead, they are tools you can use to discover, figure out, and create things.

      If a topic in this book sparks your interest, please visit the companion website at www.amazingmathprojects.com for more information and activities. The website also has video instructions for many of the projects in this book. So if you learn better by observing, rather than reading directions, be sure to check it out.

      Project Tips

      Some projects use templates that are printed in this book. You can either photocopy the templates or download templates from the website to print out. To make sturdy card stock templates, photocopy the templates onto regular paper, then staple the paper to card stock. The staples will keep the templates from moving as you cut out the pieces. When you are done, you can throw away the regular paper, and you will be left with clean card stock templates that don’t have lines printed on them.

      You can use recycled items from around the house for the projects. Instead of buying card stock, for example, use old manila folders. Or use empty cereal boxes for boxboard.

      Section 1

      Numbers & Counting

      Do numbers have their own personalities? In this section you’ll discover properties of numbers that set them apart from each other. Numbers can be triangular, square, or cubic. Numbers can be prime or perfect. One number is even called golden. This number holds a special place in art and architecture and shows up in the most unlikely of places.

      You might think that there is not much more to learn about counting. After all, you probably learned to count when you were very young. The way that you were taught to count is not the only way! We use 10 digits when we count and write numbers, but different cultures throughout history have used other systems.

      In this section, we’ll explore what it is like to use a system of numbers with only five digits. Computers use even fewer. They work with numbers represented by only ones and zeros.

      Let’s explore the world of numbers to see what surprises it has in store for us.

      Did you Know

      Mathematicians think that every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers, but they aren’t totally sure. Even though mathematicians used computers to verify that this is the case for every number up to one quintillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000), they haven’t proven that it works for all even numbers.

      WORDS + 2 + KNOW

      prime number: a number larger than 1 with only two factors: 1 and itself.

      perfect number: a number whose factors (excluding the number itself) add up to that number.

      factor: a number that divides evenly into another number. For example, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 are factors of 12. To factor a number is to find the numbers that divide evenly into that number.

      digit: a symbol used to write a number.

      mathematician: an expert in math.

      Counting in Different Numeral Systems

      It is so natural for us to use 10 digits to write numbers that we might not realize that there are other ways to do it. However, if we all had hands like Homer Simpson’s, with only 4 fingers on each hand, we’d probably find it more natural to use 8 digits instead of 10.

      In this imaginary world, we could still count as high as we wanted and add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers using only the digits zero through seven. We might even find it easier to learn multiplication facts, because we would need to memorize up to only seven times seven!

      Why doesn’t it matter how many digits a number system has? The main reason is that we write numbers with place values. Each number has a ones’ place, a tens’ place, a hundreds’ (10 x 10) place, and so on.

      For example, for the number 117, there are seven elements in the ones’ place, one element in the tens’ place, and one element in the hundreds’ place. Since each place is 10 times as great as the previous one, our system is called a base-10 system, or a decimal system. The word decimal comes from the Latin word decem, which means ten. In our imaginary world, numbers would have a ones’ place, an eights’ place, and a sixty-fours’ (8 x 8) place. It would be a base-8, or octal system.

      alone meant 1 or 60!

      Understanding how to use number systems with different bases is important in computer programming. Computers store numbers in a base-2, or binary, system. The number 73, for example, is 1001001 in binary.

      WORDS + 2 + KNOW

      base 10: a number system with 10 digits, the numbers 0 through 9.

      decimal: a base-10 number system (digits 0 through 9).

      octal: a base-8 number system (digits 0 through 7).

      binary: a base-2 number system (digits 0 and 1), used by computers to store data.

      hexadecimal: a base-16 number system (digits 0 through 9 and letters A through F).

      Base-16, or hexadecimal, is a system used to specify colors in web pages. The color sea green, for example, is 2E8B57 in hexadecimal. Notice the letters mixed in with the numbers. Since hexadecimal numbers use 16 digits, they use the first 6 letters of the alphabet, A-F, to represent the numbers 10-15.

      Instead of using letters, we could have invented new symbols for these digits. Wouldn’t it be fun to design them? What would your symbols look like?

      Learn Base-5 with Money

      Our system of writing numbers is called base-10 because we use 10 digits: the numbers 0 through 9. Let’s try writing numbers with a base-5 system, using only the digits 0 through 4.

      Supplies

      paper

      pencil

      mixture of pennies, nickels, and quarters (about 20 coins in all)

      1Draw three columns on a piece of paper. Label the first (left) column 25, the second (middle) column 5, and the third (right) column 1. Each column represents a number

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