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M12 Gun Motor Carriage
By David Doyle
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Although only 100 examples were produced, the 155mm Gun Motor Carriage M12 served with distinction as an infantry-support weapon and in particular as a bunker-buster during the U.S. assault on the Siegfried Line in the winter of 1944-45.
The ability to rapidly ready heavy artillery for firing lead to the development of the M12 155mm gun in 1941, based on the M3 Medium Tank chassis. The trial vehicle, built by Rock Island Arsenal, was designated T6\. To accommodate the large, rear mounted weapon – a French-made M1917 155mm gun, the engine was relocated forward to a position just behind the driving compartment. A hydraulically operated spade mounted at the rear of the vehicle, which was lowered during firing to anchor the vehicle against the recoil. When retracted into the travelling position it provided a seat for two of the six crewmen.
The production run was between September 1942 and March 1943, with a total of one hundred units being built. Though a few were used by training units, most were placed in storage until February 1944, when the first of 74 of them were shipped to Baldwin Locomotive Works to be improved based on further tests and usage in training. This work continued until May 1944.
Three slightly different WWI surplus weapons were mounted depending upon availability, the M1917, the M1917A1 and the M1918M1. The M1917 was French built, the M1918 was US built, and the M1917A1 had the French gun tube, and the US breech.
The M12 would earn the nickname "Door Knocker" for its pounding of the German Siegfried Line.
The ability to rapidly ready heavy artillery for firing lead to the development of the M12 155mm gun in 1941, based on the M3 Medium Tank chassis. The trial vehicle, built by Rock Island Arsenal, was designated T6\. To accommodate the large, rear mounted weapon – a French-made M1917 155mm gun, the engine was relocated forward to a position just behind the driving compartment. A hydraulically operated spade mounted at the rear of the vehicle, which was lowered during firing to anchor the vehicle against the recoil. When retracted into the travelling position it provided a seat for two of the six crewmen.
The production run was between September 1942 and March 1943, with a total of one hundred units being built. Though a few were used by training units, most were placed in storage until February 1944, when the first of 74 of them were shipped to Baldwin Locomotive Works to be improved based on further tests and usage in training. This work continued until May 1944.
Three slightly different WWI surplus weapons were mounted depending upon availability, the M1917, the M1917A1 and the M1918M1. The M1917 was French built, the M1918 was US built, and the M1917A1 had the French gun tube, and the US breech.
The M12 would earn the nickname "Door Knocker" for its pounding of the German Siegfried Line.
Author
David Doyle
An avid military vehicle enthusiast whose collection includes 10 Vietnam-era vehicles, it not surprising that most of his 100+ published books focus on US military vehicles. In June 2015, he was presented the coveted Bart Vanderveen Award by the Military Vehicle Preservation Association, given in recognition of "…the individual who has contributed the most to the historic preservation of military vehicles worldwide."
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Book preview
M12 Gun Motor Carriage - David Doyle
Introduction
The ability to rapidly ready heavy artillery for firing – as well as rapidly withdraw the field pieces from the firing position – has what one would think is an obvious advantage on the battlefield. Despite this, the development and deployment of the M12 155mm gun initially met with some opposition.
Nevertheless, beginning in 1941, work started on developing a 155mm self-propelled gun based on the M3 Medium Tank chassis. The trial vehicle, built by Rock Island Arsenal, was designated T6. To accommodate the large, rear-mounted weapon – a French-made M1917 155mm gun – the engine was relocated forward to a position just behind the driving compartment. A hydraulically-operated spade was mounted at the rear of the vehicle, which was lowered during firing to anchor the vehicle against the recoil. When retracted into the travelling position it provided a seat for two of the six crewmen.
After testing and modification, the M12 was placed into production by the Pressed Steel Car Company. All these vehicles had the three-piece differential housing, but it was tilted slightly forward to align it with the relocated engine. The production vehicles lacked the hydraulically-operated rear spade, utilizing instead a hand-operated winch to raise and lower the blade. The co-driver’s position was also considerably different from that of the pilot T6.
Developed in 1938, the M1 was the US Army’s most advanced 155mm gun prior to the nation’s involvement in the Second World War. The gun was mounted on the M1 carriage with integral two-axle suspension, the trails being supported by a separate limber while being transported.
It was the separate limber that was indicative of the shortcoming of this weapon. As seen here, the weapon had to be towed by a separate prime mover – in this case the M4 high-speed prime mover – but more commonly the Mack NO 7.5-ton truck. Preparing the gun for firing required disconnecting the prime mover, unlimbering the gun, spreading the trails and emplacing the weapon, all of which was time-consuming. (National Archives)
The production run was between September 1942 and March 1943, with a total of 100 units being built. Though a few were used by training units, most were placed in storage until February 1944 when the first of seventy-four of them were shipped to Baldwin Locomotive Works to be improved based on further tests and usage in training. This work continued until May 1944.
Three slightly different First World War surplus weapons were mounted, depending upon availability: the M1917, the M1917A1 and the M1918M1. The M1917 was French-built, the M1918 M1 was US-built; the M1917A1 had the French gun tube and the US breech.
Produced in conjunction was the M30 ammunition carrier. Initially trialed as the T14, the M30 shared the chassis of the M12 and was used to supply ammunition to the big guns. These vehicles were also built by Pressed Steel and, like the M12, were also modified by Baldwin. A total of 100 of the M30 were produced.
The new vehicles were fielded by the 557th and 558th Field Artillery Battalions, where they quickly proved the merit of the concept, and paved the way for successive generations of heavy self-propelled artillery.
GENERAL DATA
ENGINE DATA
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
The M12 carried an M113 flag set.
Chapter 1
The T6 Prototype
In June 1941 the US Army authorized the production of
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