Lithium-Ion Battery: The Power of Electric Vehicles with Basics, Design, Charging technology & Battery Management Systems

Lithium-Ion Battery-The Power of-Electric Vehicles

Basics, Design, Charging technology

and Battery Management Systems

By

Subodh Sarkar

B.Tech (Hons)

Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering,

IIT, Kharagpur, India

Published by Subodh Sarkar at Smashwords

Copyright 2018 Subodh Sarkar

All rights reserved

No part of this eBook may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. This eBook is licensed for your personal use only. This eBook may not be sold or given away to any other person. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. Thank you for respecting the hard work of the author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication

From the Desk of the Author

CHAPTER-1. Basics of Li-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles

1.0: Synopsis of Chapter-1

1.1: Some notes about metal lithium

1.2: Are batteries used in EVs different from conventional gas powered vehicles?

1.3: Lithium-Ion Battery Raw Materials:

1.4: Structure of a typical Li-ion Battery Cell:

1.5: About Current Collectors:

1.6: Cathode Active Materials:

1.7: About Separator Materials:

1.8: Li-ion Battery working principle:

Chapter-2: Electric Vehicle (EV)

2.0: Synopsis of Chapter-2

2.1: Introductory notes about Electric Vehicles (EV)

2.1.1: Why Electric Vehicles are the future of transportation?

2.2: Essentials of Electric Vehicles

2.2.1: Electric Vehicle Configurations

2.2.2: Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

2.2.3: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

2.2.4: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

2.2.5: Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV)

2.3: Anatomy of Electric Vehicles

2.3.1: Basic operational details of BEVs

2.3.2: Eight major components of a PHEV

2.4: Technical Specifications of all Electric Vehicles available in 2018

Chapter-3: All about Li-ion Battery Cells:

3.1: What is a cell in Li-ion battery?

3.1.1: Cylindrical Cell

3.1.2: Prismatic Cell

3.1.3: Pouch Cell

3.2: Let’s go over the main points of Chapter-1 & Chapter-3:

3.2.1: Lithium-Ion Battery Overview

3.2.2: Electrodes (General)

3.2.3: Advantages of lithium-ion battery:

3.2.4: Disadvantages of lithium-ion battery:

Chapter-4: Technology, Terminology, and Chemistry of Li-ion Battery for EV

4.0: Synopsis of Chapter-4

4.1: Technology of Lithium-Ion Battery for EV use

4.2: Terminology used to explain Battery Conditions

4.3: Battery Technical Specifications Terminology

4.4: The Present Status of Electric Vehicle Battery Technology

4.5: Chemistry of Lithium-Ion family of batteries

4.5.1: Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide - NCA (LiNiCoAlO2)

4.5.2: LCO- Lithium-Cobalt Oxide Battery

4.5.3: LTO - Lithium-Titanate Battery

4.5.4: LFP - Lithium-Iron Phosphate Battery

4.5.5: NMC- Lithium-Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Battery

4.5.6: LMO- Lithium-Manganese Oxide Battery

Chapter-5: In-depth engineering analysis of Li-ion Battery for EV

5.0: Introduction to Chapter–5

5.1: Technical Specifications of Nissan Leaf Battery Pack

5.2: Safety critical criterion for electric vehicle batteries:

5.3: Engineering requirements & technical specifications of Li-ion Battery for EV

5.4: Typical life expectation requirements of Li-ion Batteries for EV

5.5: standard technical specification for a large Li-ion Battery pack for EV

5.6: Constructions & Specifications of EV, HEV and PHV Battery

5.7: How to select the correct Battery size for a particular type of EV

Chapter-6: Design Criterion of Li-ion BMS for Electric Vehicles::

6.0: Synopsis of Chapter-6

6.1: Basic charging procedures for Li-ion batteries for EV applications

6.1.1: Explanation of chart in Fig_C6-1:

6.2: What could be the effect of temperature on Li-Ion battery charging?

6.3: Basic design aspects of BMS

6.4. Three main objectives of Battery Management Systems for EV

6.5. BMS of Lithium Ion Battery for EV has to incorporate the following functions

Chapter-7: Total Energy Management System of PHEV:

7.0: Synopsis of Chapter-7:

7.1: Introduction:

7.2: Total Energy Management System of PHEV:

7.2.1: Module-1: Battery Management System

7.2.2: Module-2: Battery Monitoring Unit

7.2.3: Module-3: EV Battery

7.2.4: Module-4: Battery Charging Circuit with Cell Balancing Module

7.2.5: Module-5: Sensors used in Electric Vehicles

7.2.6: Module-6 - Battery Charging Protection Circuit

7.2.7: Module-7: Vehicle Management Display in Electric Vehicles

7.2.8: Module-8: Power-train Control Module (PCM)

7.2.9: Module-9: Electric Motor for Electric Vehicles

7.2.10: Module-10: DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle use

7.2.11: Module-11: 12V Auxiliary Battery for Electric Vehicles

7.2.12: Module-12: PHEV to Grid Communication

7.2.13: Module-14: Integrated OBD-II for Electric Vehicle Monitoring

Chapter-8: Power System Control of Battery Management System

8.0: Synopsis of Chapter-8:

8.1: Introduction to power system control of BMS for EV:

8.2: The PHEV Power Cycle

8.3. Power System Control in Fg_C8-1 has 8 Modules as noted below

Chapter-9: Detail engineering of Motors for Electric Vehicles

9.0: Synopsis of Chapter-9

9.1: Fundamentals of Electric Motors for electric vehicle use:

9.2: Recent innovation & developments in Electric Motors for EV use:

9.3: Types of electric motors used for electric vehicles at present:

9.3.1: AC 3 Phase Induction Motor: electronically commutated

9.3.2: Brush Less DC Motor (BLDC):

9.3.3: Brushed DC Motor :

9.4: Comparison between BLDC Vs Brushed DC & BLDC & Induction Motor

Chapter-10: Engineering design details of Battery Monitoring Unit

10.0: Synopsis of Chapter-10

10.1: Functional blocks of a Standard Battery Management System for EV

10.2: Technical Specification of a Standard Battery Monitoring Unit

10.3: Battery Monitoring Unit (Technical details of Module-2 of Fig_C10-1

10.4: SoC (State of Charge) Estimation (F2 in Fig_C10-2)

10.5: What is SoC?

10.6: SoC estimation using Open Circuit Voltage Method (OCV)

10.7: SoC Estimation using Coulomb Counting method

10.8: Estimation of SoH – battery’s state of health

10.9: What is SoH?

10.10: What is the use SoH with reference to Battery Monitoring Unit?

10.11: SoH for EV applications

10.12: SoH for HEV applications

10.13: How to estimate the value of SoH?

10.14: The Log Book Function To Estimate SoH - Refer to Fig_C10-1 – Log Book

10.15: SoP (State of Power) Estimation

10.16: Sensors for Battery Management Systems:

10.17: Hall effect based current sensor for BMS

10.18: Sensor for Cell Voltage Measurement for BMS

10.19: NTC Temperature Sensor Probe for BMS

10.20: Battery Charging Protection Circuits

Chapter-11: Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Balancing

11.0: Importance of Lithium-Ion Battery Cell balancing

11.1: What is cell balancing?

11.2: How cell balancing is done?

11.2.1: Passive Cell Balancing

11.2.2: Active Cell Balancing

Chapter-12: Detail Engineering on Battery Charging for EV application

12.0: Synopsis of Chapter-12

12.1: Introduction to Electric Vehicle Battery Charging

12.2: Charger Classifications:

12.3: Off-Board Charger

12.4: On-Board Charger

12.5: EVSE – Electric Vehicle Service Equipment

12.6: What is EVSE Systems?

Chapter-13: PHEV to Grid Communication (V2G) and Charging Station

13.0: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology

13.1: Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

13.2: Charging Stations Systems

Chapter-14: Lithium-Ion Battery performance requirements for EVs

14.1: About HEVs:

14.2: About PHEVs:

14.3: EVs:

Chapter-15: Acronyms in BMS on Li-Ion Battery for EV & About author:

15.1: About Author

Dedication

To Archana

First and foremost, I would like to thank my wife Archana for standing beside me throughout when writing this book.

She is my inspiration and motivation for continuing to improve my knowledge and move my career forward.

I dedicate this book to her.

Thank you, dear

From the Desk of Author:

Spread Knowledge

Dear Readers

This Knowledge-rich eBook on Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles is a complete practical reference book with design and application details on Lithium-Ion Battery and Battery Management Systems (BMS)

This eBook is written for professionals, industrial engineers, students and hobbyists who are connected to the emerging technology in Lithium-Ion Battery and Electric Vehicles.

I have spent many years as design and application engineer and realized that design and application engineers need a book on large lithium-ion battery packs which