The Song of King Gesar

Part I

BIRTH

The Story

First Beginning

It was the time when domesticated horses separated from their wild counterparts, and when the deities went up to live in Heaven while the demons stayed in this world.

It saddened the deities to see the humans struggle with the demons, although their sympathy never went beyond sending down one of their number to help. In fact, they often made matters worse. Their visits became rare. Yet once the deities stopped meddling, the demons seemed also to disappear. Perhaps they had plagued humans simply to taunt the deities, and lost interest when only the feckless humans remained. But it has been said that the demons never left this world, that instead they transformed themselves, perhaps into a beautiful girl or into a tree trunk that gave off the sweet smell of rot.

Then the demons began to wonder why they had changed only into wicked figures. Why not assume human form? So they did, and then there was no telling them from the real thing. For centuries humans and deities pursued them relentlessly, until they found the perfect hiding-place: the human heart.

Let us go to the place where the story begins.

It was called Gling, which is present-day Khampapa. To be more precise, the Gling of the past is now part of the immense land named Khampapa. Its grasslands are in the shape of an enormous drum, the plateau encircling a slight rise in the middle. Sometimes you can almost hear surging drumbeats or a pounding heart inside. Snowcapped mountains circle the grasslands, like fierce beasts galloping at the edge of the sky.

In those days, people felt that the earth was big enough to contain many different worlds. Not different countries, different worlds. We speak now of the earth as a village, but back then people looked towards the sky’s edge and wondered if there might be more worlds beyond the horizon – wickeder than theirs, perhaps, or more prosperous.

Gling was a small world, its people divided into clans. By the time the newly enlightened inhabitants of Gling began to separate domesticated horses from wild ones, other worlds had long since left behind the age of barbarism. Those peoples cultivated the seeds of many plants; they smelted gold, silver, copper, iron, featherweight mercury and heavy lead. They erected statues; they wove hemp and silk; they became civilised. They believed they had destroyed all of the demons – or, at least, if there were still demons, they were hidden in human hearts, scurrying around in human blood, laughing like hyenas.

But in Gling the curtain was about to rise on a battle between humans, deities and demons.

The people of Gling began to pursue wealth – pastures, palaces, treasure and, for the men, beautiful women. Tyrants fought one another for power, and life in Gling became a struggle between the noble and the lowly, the powerful and the powerless. An unlucky shadow shrouded their eyes as desire burned in their hearts, just as rivers, wishing to flow beyond their beds, are muddied as they rush against their banks. The people of Gling believed that an evil wind had blown the demons into their world to destroy Gling’s peace and quiet.

Who could have blown the evil wind their way? They were not expected to ask – if they did, the sages might look foolish. They could ask: Where did the demons come from? And the answer would be: They came with the evil wind. Once the evil wind began to blow, dark clouds covered the bright sky. The grass of the pastures yellowed. Worst of all, the kindly were revealed as wicked, and it became impossible for the people of Gling to live in harmony. War horns echoed over the grasslands and among the snowcapped mountains.

It was to these grasslands, riven with the cries of battle, that King Gesar descended from Heaven.

The Story

Second Beginning

One morning, the deities went on an excursion. As they floated into the great void, they saw clouds of sorrow rising above Gling. Their mounts – lions, tigers, dragons and horses – flared their nostrils at the scent of misery in the air. One of the deities sighed. ‘There are so many ways to rout demons yet these humans do nothing.’

The Supreme Deity joined in: ‘I thought they would fight back, but they do not.’ In Heaven the deities had physical forms, all but the Supreme Deity, who was, in a way, the final cause of every effect. He was formless but for his breath.

‘Then let us help them.’

‘We will wait,’ the Supreme Deity said. ‘They have no solution to rid themselves of the demons because they do not want one.’

‘Why—’

‘Let me finish. It is because they hope I will send someone to save them. If we wait, they may find their own way.’

He pushed aside a cloud to watch a celebrated monk preaching to an anxious audience. The monk had travelled thousands of miles, crossed mountain ranges and traversed roaring rivers to spread his faith in the demon-infested land. He spoke: ‘If we purify our hearts, the demons will vanish.’

How could he expect the common folk to believe that such fierce demons had been released into the world from human hearts to bring such harm? A black cyclone followed the demons when they appeared: how could that wild energy have come from themselves? The crowd, which had arrived full of hope, left disappointed.

Another deity, watching from above, said, ‘You are right. They wish us to destroy the demons.’

The Supreme Deity sighed. ‘We must send someone familiar with demon containment to evaluate the situation.’

So there came another monk, this one with powerful magic. The first, who had preferred contemplation to magic, had walked all the way, and it had taken three long years. But Master Lotus was different. He could catch a ray of light as though he were scooping up water, wave it as though it were a willow branch and fly on the light’s back. When he arrived on the majestic plateau, he fell in love with the view before him: the undulating ranges, like running lions, seemed to stretch for ever, the rivers roared with clear water and lakes dotted the plain, like a chess-board, their quiet waters glittering, like gemstones. It was strange that in such a beautiful place the people were so unhappy.

Master Lotus inspected Gling’s four rivers and six hills. The wearying number and power of the demons far exceeded what he had imagined, and it was no longer possible to distinguish them from humans. In some parts a king had been lured into the demons’ Tao; in others the demons had infiltrated the palaces to become powerful officials. Master Lotus could fight demons one at a time, but he could not battle a countryful of them. Luckily he had been sent only to inspect, not to eradicate, them.

The people said to each other that Heaven would come to their aid, but a resentful old woman sobbed: ‘Damn them! They have forgotten us.’

‘Whom do you curse?’

‘Certainly not my husband, who has become a foot soldier for the demons. I curse the deities who have forgotten the suffering in our world.’

‘You must not be disrespectful of deities!’

‘Then why do they not come to save us?’

They all began to wail.

*

Meanwhile, the demons howled with laughter as they feasted at a banquet of human flesh. First to be eaten were those who had spread rumours. Their tongues were cut out, then their blood was poured into jars and placed on the altar as an offering to evil deities. The demons consumed some of these poor souls, but there were more than they could eat, so the rest were left without their tongues, weeping in remorse and pain. Their wailing streamed past people’s hearts, like a dark river of grief.

Above, the sky was a vacant blue that imbued sorrow and despair with beauty. Some who had heard the wailing sang in praise of the colour, but they could not be sure if they sang of the blue or of the despair in their hearts. It seemed that as they sang their sorrow became bearable, and their despair lessened. But the demons would not allow them to sing for long: they feared the sound would reach the heavens. They released vaporous incantations of an invisible grey that suffused the air, entering the noses and throats of the singers. Those who inhaled them were cursed, their vocal cords paralysed, and they could make but one sound, that of a meek lamb.

Baa!

Baa, baa!

Oblivious, they continued to sing. Bleating, they roamed the land like sleepwalkers. When they grew exhausted, they chewed poisonous grasses that even sheep knew to avoid. Then, coughing up grey-green bubbles, they died by the river and the roadside. In that way the demons showed their power.

The people of Gling sank into indifference, their usually lively faces blank. They no longer looked into the sky – what could they expect to see? No deity had come. Rumour spread that one had arrived, but no one would admit to having seen it. True, they had not seen a demon either, but that was different: anyone who had seen a demon had been devoured by it.

In those sad days, wise men let their hair grow long and meditated in caves. They decided that there must be past and future lives, more and larger worlds than the one in which they lived. They wondered what those worlds looked like and whether soaring mountains or vast oceans separated them. And they gave a name to the terror, suffering and despair that the demons brought: they called it Fate.

It was under such circumstances that Master Lotus set off on his return journey to Heaven, intending to report the results of his inspection. Along the way he met farmers, carpenters and potters, all hurrying past him. From their stiff smiles and marionette gait, he knew they had been summoned by the demons. He took them by the shoulders and shook them, imploring them to return home, but no one heeded him. Although he might once have waged a battle against the demons, he knew he could not vanquish them all. Besides, his warnings had not brought the people to their senses, and he comforted himself with a phrase that we still hear now, a thousand years later: ‘What I cannot see cannot trouble me.’

Actually, what he said to himself was: ‘What I cannot see does not trouble me, so I must avoid the main roads.’

He pushed through bramble patches to reach hidden paths. In his weariness he forgot that a simple spell could protect him, and now his arms were torn by thorns, which angered him. The force of his rage made the bramble bushes bow down at his feet.

The paths were little better, for the shepherds, who had abandoned their flocks in the meadows, and the shamans, who had been collecting medicinal herbs in the hedgerows, were rushing to the beckoning demons, jostling him as they hastened past. He wondered what magic could be so powerful. His fatigue dropped away, and he followed them to a mountain pass where the rocky surface had been stripped of moss by the wind. He saw a clear blue lake in the hollow below, and remembered that he had passed this spot before and had vanquished three demons there, demons that could move in and out of the earth, like dragons that soar above water yet are at home in it. He’d used his magic powers to pick up lakeside boulders and drop them one by one at the base of the mountains: the impact had exposed the demons – one had died underground, the other two were buried beneath a colossal rock. Even now, the meandering banks of the lake are dotted with these boulders; once pitch black, they have been turned a dark, lustreless purple by the elements.

Master Lotus realised that he had spent a long time in Gling. A year? Two? Perhaps longer. At the place where he had once vanquished the three demons, a new demon had appeared, a giant snake that hid its body beneath the water, while its long tongue showed as a peninsula rich with enticing red flowers. Above it floated an alluring woman, a sorceress, cupping her breasts in her hands. She sang, and the humans were enchanted. If they retained a trace of free will, it was simply to walk towards her along the demon’s tongue and into its mouth.

Master Lotus flew to the top of a boulder and commanded the people to be deaf to the demon’s summons. But no one paused, not even for as long as it takes a grain of sand to drop through an hourglass, and the naked sorceress made her voice even more beguiling. Then she lifted her snake’s tail from under the lake and waved it provocatively, sending a gust of putrid wind towards him. Enraged, he flew to alight in the snake’s mouth, now transformed into the entrance to a dragon palace. He settled his mind, steadied his feet, and recited an incantation that filled his body with air. Bigger and bigger he grew in the serpent’s mouth, until the writhing creature stirred vast waves in the lake. The flowers and the lush grass vanished. The snake’s long tongue flipped the people into the water and its head split around Master Lotus’s giant body. He flung the snake’s body onto the lakeshore, where it was transformed into a range of rolling hills. But the lake had swallowed the people.

‘Rise!’ he cried. The drowned rose out of the water and were flung onto the shore.

Master Lotus’s strong magic restored many to life. As they got slowly to their feet, they knew they must flee, but their legs failed them. They lay down and wept, their tears falling, like hail, into the lake, made foul by the snake demon. The salt in their tears cleansed the filth, and a blue mist of sadness spread, soaking up the cruelty that had inhabited the water.

Then Master Lotus summoned sweetly chirping birds to gather in the trees, which cheered the people, who stood, stretched and set off for home, to their pastures and villages where barley and cabbage grew. Potters returned to their kilns, stone masons to their quarries; tanners gathered mirabilite crystals from the roadside to soften their leather. Master Lotus knew they might encounter bandits or evil spirits, and never find their homes, but he bestowed on them his blessing with auspicious words.

Master Lotus was not a deity, but he was a future deity. He had earned his power through his devotions and asceticism, and carried magic objects that guaranteed victory over the demons. His head was filled with powerful incantations. Although he could not travel freely into Heaven, he could fly up to the gate, where the Guanyin Bodhisattva, saviour of all those who suffer, would be waiting for his report on what he had witnessed during his journeys through Gling. The Bodhisattva would tell his story to those above.

He flew from Gling to Heaven on the back of a roc, holding on to its feathers to steady himself. Dizzy, fearful of falling into the great void, he recalled that he could soar aloft on a ray of sunlight. Why, then, was he afraid? The people he had saved must have shaken his inner tranquillity.

He sat on the roc’s back, his long hair flowing behind him, the wind howling past his ears. Reaching out, he squeezed the water from the drifting clouds, twisting them into auspicious knots, then tossing them to the ground. Later, when he had become a deity, sacred signs appeared where the knots had landed.

A voice full of laughter spoke: ‘After that, people will think of you wherever they are.’

He reined in the roc and, eyes downcast, hands at his sides, sat up straight. ‘It was the whim of a humble monk . . .’

Above him, all was quiet.

‘I shall go down to retrieve the knots.’

‘There is no need,’ the voice said. ‘I am happy that you have returned from the human world in such high spirits.’

Master Lotus breathed a sigh of relief.

The Bodhisattva said, ‘Dismount and we shall talk.’

How could he dismount in the void?

‘Just climb down from the roc’s back.’ The Bodhisattva smiled and waved, turning the void into rippling blue water, from which emerged enormous water lilies, one after another, until they formed a path at the monk’s feet. Master Lotus stepped forward, overwhelmed by their powerful scent. He felt as though the flowers were carrying him up to the Bodhisattva.

‘You have had a difficult time,’ the Bodhisattva said gently. ‘The evil spirits were a match for you.’

‘Bodhisattva, I should not have tired so easily.’

The Bodhisattva laughed. ‘That was because the ignorant mortals could not tell good from evil.’

So everything was visible from up here, he thought. Why, then, did they send me there?

The Bodhisattva waved a plump, soft hand and said, ‘Do not try to guess at celestial intentions. You will understand when you live here.’

‘I see. I must gather enough karmic merits.’

On that point, the Bodhisattva was clear: ‘Indeed. A human must acquire sufficient experience to become a deity.’ Then the Bodhisattva added, ‘There is no need for you to describe what you heard and saw in Gling. We see everything clearly from here, not only that which has already happened but that which is to come.’

‘Then why do you not alleviate the suffering down there?’ Master Lotus asked.

A stern look appeared on the Bodhisattva’s face. ‘All we can do is give help and guidance.’

‘Then please allow me to return and fight.’

‘You have accomplished your mission, and your karmic merits now allow you to be freed from samsara, the wheel of reincarnation. You will become a deity and take your place in the heavenly court. From now on, you will use your magic to protect the black-haired common folk who live amid the snowcapped mountains. You will never again appear in person to fight demons.’

The Bodhisattva turned and passed through the celestial gate on a pink, auspicious cloud. Master Lotus waited for a long time, long enough to burn several sticks of incense, but the Bodhisattva did not reappear. He did not know whether he could now enter the heavenly court, so he grew anxious and restless. Had he been his impatient, pre-transformation self, he would have hopped back onto the roc and returned to the mountains where he had undergone his training as a monk.

The Storyteller

The Shepherd’s Dream

Yes, restless and anxious.

Those drifting, floating clouds. Anxious and restless.

The shepherd had had the same dream many times. And it always ended at the moment when the most revered Bodhisattva entered the celestial gate. Even in the dream he felt restless, that it was not the man pacing outside the gate but he himself who was anxious because he wanted to know what would happen next.

In his dream he had looked deep into the celestial court and seen a sparkling jade staircase. The steps closest to him looked sturdy, those further away soft, but the end of the staircase did not disappear into the cloud. Instead, as though unable to bear its own weight, it tipped at the top . . . but he could see no further. Once, at the edge of a summer pasture, he had climbed a five-thousand-metre sacred mountain that wore a helmet of snow and ice. There, too, the mountain had seemed to tip into the clouds that roiled beneath its cliffs. Beyond lay another world, but what that world looked like he would never know, not in this lifetime.

He dreamed that the other world would crack open before him, like a cave – those words appeared in his head. Although he was an illiterate shepherd, in his dreams he had become wiser. Strange how such a literary phrase popped into his mind just when he was waiting anxiously to see what would happen next. He heard a roar, like torrents of water sluicing down the rocky surface of steep hills when frozen rivers melted on a summer day. The noise woke him. He opened his eyes to find that he had been sleeping on a hill sheltered from the wind by Siberian cypresses. The sheep were scattered across the grassy floodplain, cropping tender grass, flaring their nostrils to capture the scents on the breeze. When they saw him, they raised their sad faces and called out to him.

Baa.

Half dreaming, compassion rose inside him: he was reminded of the people who had been manipulated by the demons.

He gazed into the sky, and the roar he had heard in his dream burst forth again, like thousands of mounted riders galloping towards him. Above him a great crevasse had opened under the thick layer of snow on the slopes of the sacred mountain, between the ice and the steel-grey rock. With a muffled rumble, the snow slid slowly down until it reached the fractured ridge where it became an avalanche, ice powder rising into the air. Wind buffeted his face, the chill purity of the air driving out the last remnant of sleep. He had been expecting an avalanche, a clear sign that summer had arrived. Purple gentians bloomed around him on the grassland, and giant buds formed on the fuzzy stalks of snow lotuses.

But he paid little attention to the flowers: he was thinking only of how tomorrow he would take his sheep closer to the foothills now that the grass was lush and green and the danger of avalanche had passed. The noise had startled the sheep, and cleared the last vestiges of his dream from his mind, but his agitation remained, like a dark cloud on the horizon. But then his dream came back to him clearly, and he saw the story that had played out on this very land. For thousands of years, bards had told the tale, on the grassland and in farming villages. He himself had heard it many times, the story of a hero, King Gesar, but from poor storytellers who could remember only fragments. Now, as he revisited his dream, he realised that he had seen the beginning of the story.

Silence reigned, yet he could hear thunderclaps in the mountains. He shuddered, as if struck by lightning, and sweat poured from his body. What power had let him witness the opening scenes that had eluded so many? Without knowing the beginning, others could not tell the whole story – the beginning, the middle and the end.

The shepherd’s uncle was one of those bards. He was a farmer in a village two hundred li from the shepherd’s home, and in his spare time, he carved sutra printing blocks from pear wood. He would sit in the lotus position under the shade of a plum tree in the middle of the yard and send wood shavings curling down between his fingers. Lines were etched ever more deeply into his face. Sometimes he would sip strong drink and sing fragments of King Gesar’s tale. His song had no beginning or end, for he knew only how to describe the hero’s mount, the weapons he wielded, the warlike helmet he wore and the powerful magic that enabled him to kill people like flies.

‘What happens next?’ the shepherd had asked his uncle many times.

‘That is all my master told me.’

‘Who taught your master?’

‘No one. He saw it in a dream. He was sick with a high fever, and babbling when he dreamed it.’

‘Could he not have dreamed the rest?’

‘Jigmed, my dear nephew, did you come all this way, nearly crippling the little donkey, only to ask me foolish questions?’

Jigmed just smiled.

In the courtyard of the farming village, with its several plum trees, he watched as his uncle placed a length of pear wood on his knees and began to carve words, reciting as he worked. Jigmed had not wanted to stay inside with his cousins. The younger one, who went to school, had told him that the gamy odour he’d brought with him from the fields was offensive. He was puzzled: he did not smell bad when he was on the pasture, but in this hot village he reeked of sheep and cows.

‘Don’t worry about the smell, Jigmed. It will be gone in a few days,’ his uncle said.

‘I want to go home.’

‘You must be disappointed by my story. But that is my master’s fault. He said he had dreamed it all but could not remember much when he awoke. He told me he could not even retell half of what he had dreamed.’

Jigmed wanted to tell his uncle that he had had a similar dream, more than once: he, too, had always forgotten it upon waking, but this time, startled by the avalanche, he could recall it all. The hero had yet to appear, so he knew he had seen the beginning of a long tale. His need to know what happened next had impelled him to travel the two hundred li with a gift-laden donkey to visit his uncle.

‘Something is worrying you, Jigmed,’ Uncle said.

Jigmed held his tongue: he felt that he must keep the dream a secret, that it had been a divine revelation.

Uncle moved aside to give him half of the shade cast by the plum tree. ‘Come, sit here.’

He sat down and Uncle placed the wood on his knees. ‘Hold the knife like this. No, too straight, tilt it a little. Now carve . . . with more force. Good . . . very good. Keep going . . . more. See? Like this, and a syllable appears.’

Jigmed knew the syllable: it was the first on the list of combinations, one that even the unlettered knew. People said it was the origin of human consciousness, the mother of all poetry, like the first wind that blew over the world, the first drop of water from the melting river ice, a fable for all prophecies and, of course, the prophecy of all fables.

‘My dear nephew, with so many people in the world, the gods cannot take care of us all, and that is why you feel out of sorts. When that happens, think of this syllable.’

‘I don’t know how to carve.’

‘Then treat your heart as if it were the best pear wood. Imagine yourself holding a knife, carving this syllable one letter at a time. As you think about it and say it, only this syllable will flicker in your consciousness. It will bring you tranquillity.’

On his way home, Jigmed said to the donkey, ‘I’m thinking of the syllable.’

It was pronounced Om. When that sound is made, water wheels, windmills, spinning wheels and prayer wheels begin to whirl. And when everything is whirling, the world turns.

The donkey did not understand but it ambled along, with its head lowered and its eyes cast downward. There was a sharp bend in the road by a sparse grove of pine trees. Swaying its narrow hips, the donkey disappeared from Jigmed’s view as it made the turn. He raised his voice and spoke to two parrots perched on a wild cherry tree: ‘Think of the syllable.’

Startled, the birds fluttered up, clamouring, ‘Syllable! Syllable! Syllable!’ and flew away.

He quickened his steps and found his donkey waiting for him by the side of the road. It gave him a dispassionate look, then set off again, the bell on its neck jingling as it plodded ahead.

For a long time after that, Jigmed spoke to all manner of living things that appeared along the way, telling them, in a half-serious, half-mocking manner, of how he was focusing on the syllable – serious, because he hoped it would help him return to his dream world and not forget it upon waking, and mocking, to help him prepare for the inevitable disappointment. Deep down he hoped it would work magic.

He said it to a lizard sunning itself on a rock as they crossed a valley.

He said it to a marmot that held its front paws together and stood up on its hind legs in a mountain pasture, gazing into the distance.

He said it to a stag that seemed proud of its wide antlers.

But they all ignored him, or scurried off, as though fearful of his muttering.

He spent that night in a mountain cave, while his donkey grazed near the opening. Moonbeams flowed like water on the ground; in the distance they were like a mist. It felt like a night made for dreams. He recited the syllable before he fell asleep, but knew as soon as he awakened that the dream had not come.

As the road rose higher, the sky grew brighter. He had planned to spend the second night in a town, at a hotel, but there was no stable for his donkey. The manager led him out to the yard behind the building, where cars, large and small, were parked on the tarmac.

The manager appeared puzzled. ‘You seem to have travelled a long distance, but people usually take the bus. We have a bus stop in the town. I can show you how to get there.’

He shook his head. ‘There are no seats for my donkey.’

He searched for a spot on a hill outside the town where he could spend the night. It was barren land, so he slept beneath a steel tower whose base sheltered him from the wind. He built a fire against the chill night air, made tea and roasted a little meat, wishing he had bought some strong drink in the town. He did not plan to dream here, for it did not look like a place for dreaming. From the dreary hill he could see the flickering brightness of the town below, and when the wind blew, the steel tower hummed – Om, om.

Curled up under a woollen blanket, he gazed at the tower rising into the starry sky. With it, the people in the small town could listen to the radio and watch television. They could make phone calls at the post office, with its many small rooms in which they could sit with a handset, flailing their arms as if dancing, talking animatedly, though they could not see the person to whom they were speaking. As he listened to the incessant Om from the tower, the noise became like the congregation of voices, the words jumbled together into a hum that made him dizzy. He tried to recite the syllable, the first of all sounds, but it merged into the Om from the tower. He pulled the blanket over his head, blocking out the starlight and the sound.

To his astonishment, he found his dream again, but this time it was unfamiliar. He saw a mysterious, crystal-clear light at the tip of the tower. It grew stronger.

It was not the steel tower. It was a crystal tower in the celestial court.

He was still restless and anxious.

But this time he was anxious not to be startled awake.

The Story

The Wish of the Deities’ Son

The Bodhisattva, who had been gone for what seemed like eternity, emerged from behind the crystal tower and arrived at the gate of Heaven. ‘Where has he gone?’

But the Bodhisattva was, after all, the Bodhisattva, and understood everything, with no exceptions. Her surprised and puzzled look changed to a smile that spread from her mouth outwards. ‘He was so impatient. Too impatient even to wait. He has missed an opportunity to meet the Supreme Deity. Well, perhaps it is not yet time.’

The Bodhisattva returned to the Supreme Deity, who simply smiled. ‘I once thought to let him become a leader in the human world. He would help to destroy the demons and bring peace to the world. Perhaps the humans would then have been able to build their own Heaven on Earth. But it seems now that that was wishful thinking.’

The Bodhisattva suggested that it should not be the Supreme Deity who was disappointed, but the demon-infested place called Gling. With the myriad sins committed during previous lives, the inhabitants of Gling had lost their chance to build a Heaven on Earth. And, besides, the world below was boundless, so there must be another place where the Supreme Deity could carry out a similar experiment.

Om! The sound of all praise and condemnation emerged from the Supreme Deity’s mouth and sent a profound shock through the Bodhisattva’s mind.

It was a summons. Instantly the gods in the celestial court gathered around the Supreme Deity. Ripples in the air confirmed the Supreme Deity’s existence, and the auspicious clouds beneath the deities’ feet floated away. Below them more clouds roiled, turning a cheerless grey and a sorrowful black. The Supreme Deity shifted again to reveal the world below: landmasses large and small, the Earth’s continents, appeared in all four directions. On one continent, tens of thousands of people in battle formation were killing each other; on another, people were being whipped as they dug a canal. On yet another, skilful artisans had gathered to build a colossal mausoleum for their still living emperor. Around the construction site, the graves of artisans who had died from hunger or illness took up great swathes of fertile land. In a deep forest on another continent, one group of humans was chasing another, and those who lagged behind were roasted and eaten. The leftover flesh was dried as food for those who continued the chase. And still others appeared to have attempted to escape from their continent, but their ships had capsized in storms. Fish even bigger than the ships leaped out of the water and gobbled up the humans as they struggled to stay afloat.

The Supreme Deity said, ‘One nation after another has been created. See how they war against each other and how they treat their own.’

‘Supreme Deity, will it be like this in the land of Gling?’

‘Perhaps that is what the people there are