Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook: A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam
By Scott Dunning and Larry S. Katz
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Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook - Scott Dunning
Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook:
A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam
Scott Dunning & Larry S. Katz
Copyright
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dunning, Scott, author. | Katz, Larry S., author.
Title: Energy calculations & problem solving sourcebook: a practical guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam / Scott Dunning & Larry S. Katz. Other titles: Energy calculations and problem solving sourcebook Description: Lilburn, GA : The Fairmont Press, Inc., [2017] | Includes index.
Subjects: LCSH: Buildings--Energy
conservation--Mathematics--Examinations--Study guides. | Buildings--Energy consumption--Estimates--Examinations--Study guides. | Building management--Examinations--Study guides.
Classification: LCC TJ163.5.B84 D86 2017 | DDC 658.2/6--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017003858
Energy calculations & problem solving sourcebook: a practical guide for the certified energy manager exam / Scott Dunning and Larry S. Katz
©2017 by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
ISBN: 978-1-365-93058-4
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
CEM® and Certified Energy Manager® are registered trademarks of The Association of Energy Engineers, Inc., and are used with permission.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc. 700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30047
tel: 770-925-9388; fax: 770-381-9865
http://www.fairmontpress.com
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher.
Foreword
In 2008, when my 25+ year career in the telecom industry came to an abrupt close, I decided to pursue opportunities in the energy industry. I learned about energy efficiency equipment and cost measures, electricity and gas generation and distribution, energy procurement, demand-side management, lighting, HVAC, refrigeration, solar, and energy management software. I advised small and mid-size clients to implement or reject energy cost measures by presenting tariff-based cost saving analysis that determined simple payback periods.
To expand my opportunities for professional and personal growth, I opted to attain my Certified Energy Manager credential in 2014. For exam preparation, I studied one of the recommended energy management textbooks from the Association of Energy Engineers website, searched for additional information online across all topic areas, and took copious notes throughout the learning process. I believed my prospects to both pass the exam and gain a strong understanding of the material would be enhanced by organizing information in an easily accessible manner to reference during the 4-hour test, and later in my energy consulting work.
The subsequent compendium of energy management information became the basis for Energy Calculations & Problem Solving Sourcebook—A Practical Guide for the Certified Energy Manager Exam. Scott Dunning reviewed my compilation of material and suggested that we partner to create a guidebook for individuals studying for the CEM exam. Scott has served as one of the primary course instructors for over 10 years and recently chaired the CEM exam committee through the transition to an ANSI-certified exam.
Our goals for the Sourcebook are three-fold:
Present an overview of the material for the CEM exam with a guidedstudythatcomplimentsdetailedreferencematerial.
Provide a reference during the AEE Training Program for Energy Managers seminar and the CEM exam.
Be a useful reference throughout an energy manager’s professionalcareer.
Practice questions and examples are included throughout the document. While the sourcebook provides a structured approach to prepare for the CEM examination, the authors encourage readers to dive more deeply into the subject matter with a passion for continuous learning and a successful, fulfilling energy career.
Chapter 1:
Codes and Standards
INTRODUCTION
Energy managers need to be aware of applicable codes and standards related to their working environment. While the Certified Energy Manager exam does not cover all possible government codes and standards, it has identified those certain items that it deems important for all energy managers to understand. The list of items are:
Codes and Standards Subject Topics
ASHRAE/IESNA Standard ⁹⁰.¹-²⁰¹²
ISO 50001
IEC and IEEC Codes
ASHRAE Standard 90.2
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010
Model Energy Code
ASHRAE Standard 135-2008
Energy managers will typically maintain a reference library with full documentation on each applicable code and standard. While it is not expected that individuals will memorize complete details, a general knowledge of the background behind each item is expected. We have selected key information that highlights the key aspects of standards and codes.
Recall that standards are voluntary guidelines and recommendations established by professional and technical organizations. Codes are legal requirements established by governmental agencies. Typically, standards are written in language such that they can easily be included as part of government codes.
ASHRAE
(American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers)
1. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 - 2012
ASHRAE Energy Standard for Buildings (except low-rise residential buildings).
US standard that provides minimum requirements for energy efficient designs for buildings except for low-rise residential buildings.
Many states apply the ASHRAE 90.1 standard to different buildings being constructed or under renovation. Most states apply the standard or equivalent standards for all commercial buildings while others apply the standard or equivalent standards for all governmentbuildings.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)and ANSI are participatingsocieties.
ASHRAE 90.1 covers:
Buildings
Building envelope
Mechanicalandlighting systems (majority)
New buildings being constructed
Additions/alterations to existing buildings and their systems
ASHRAE 90.1 does not cover:
Single family homes
Multifamily of three stories or less homes
Manufactured or modular homes
Buildings that do not use electricity or fossil fuels
Equipment and building systems that are used for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial purposes
ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Elements Covered:
Envelope
— Requirements defined by type of building
Non-residentialconditionedspace
Residentialconditionedspace
Semi-heatedspace
— Insulation
— Fenestration
— Doors
— Air Leakage
— Roof
— Walls
— Floor
HVAC
HotWater
Lighting—lightingpowerdensity
ASHRAE/IES 90.1 Lighting Power Allowances using the Building AreaMethod
ASHRAE 90.1 Industrial Processes Energy Elements Covered (added in 2013):
Building Envelope include skylights, solar reflectance, thermal emittance, air barriers, and solarorientation
Economizers for data centers(2011)
Revisions affect themaximum:
— Fan power limits
— Pump head calculation
— Chilled water pipe sizing
— Radiant panel insulation
— Single-zone Variable Air Volume (VAV) Equipment
— Supply air temperature reset
HVAC
— Energy recovery is required for many more HVAC systems.
— Several reheat exceptions were eliminated or modified
— Restrictions were placed on overhead air heating
— Economizer requirements were added for more climate zones and smaller systems
Lighting
— Light Power Densities (LPD) dropped slightly on average
— Daylighting and associated lighting control requirements were added
— Many lighting control requirements were added, including independent functional testing of lighting controls, occupancy and vacancy controls, exterior lighting controls, and whole-building shutoff
— Offices and computer classrooms now require 50 percent of 120V receptacles to be automatically switched
Requirementswereaddedforservicewaterboosterpumpsandelevators.
Revised, stricter opaque elementandfenestrationrequirementsat a reasonable level ofcost-effectiveness
Revised equipment efficiencies for heat pumps, packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), single package vertical heat pumps and air conditioners (SPVHP and SPVAC), and evaporative condensers
New provisions for commercial refrigeration equipment and improvedcontrolsforheatrejectionandboilerequipment
Improved requirements for expanded use of energy recovery, small-motorefficiencies,andfanpowercontrolandcredits
Improved equipment efficiencies forchillers
A new alternate compliance path to Section 6, Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning,
for computer room systems, developed with ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC)9.9.
The Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 established a tax deduction for energy-efficient commercial buildings based on meeting Minimum Requirements set by ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001. The tax deduction is applicable to qualifying systems and buildings placed in service from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2007.
A tax deduction of $1.80 per square foot is available to owners of new or existing buildings who implement measures in the following categories that reduce the building’s total energy and power cost by 50% or more in comparison to a building meeting minimum requirements set by ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001.
interiorlighting
buildingenvelope
heating, cooling, ventilation, or hot watersystems
2. ASHRAE 90.2 is a Residential Energy Standard
Defined for low-rise residential buildings (single family to multi-family).
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2007 - Published standard. Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2 - 2004.
Superseded 90A - 1980 & 90B-1975 for all requirements for low-rise residential buildings
This standard provides minimum energy efficiency requirements for the design and construction of:
Newresidentialdwellingunitsandtheirsystems
The following where explicitlyspecified:
— New portions of residential dwelling units and their systems
— New systems and equipment in existing dwelling units.
— This standard does not include ‘transient’ housing such as hotels, motels, nursing homes, jails, and barracks, or manufactured housing.
— The Standard shall not be used to abridge any safety, health or environmental requirements.
ASHRAE 90.2 standard applies to the following:
Buildingenvelope
Heating equipment andsystems
Air conditioning equipment andsystems
Domestic water heating equipment andsystems
Provisionsforoverallbuildingdesignalternativesandtrade-offs
ASHRAE 90.2 standard does not apply to:
Specific procedures for the operation, maintenance and use of residentialbuildings
Portable products such as appliances and heaters;and
Residential electric service or lightingrequirements.
3. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Specify minimum ventilation rates and other measures intended to provide IAQ that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse health effects.
Intended for regulatory application to new and existing buildings,andadditions
GuidetheimprovementofIAQinexistingbuildings
— Requirements defined for:
Ventilation
Air-cleaningdesign
Commissioning
Installation
Operations and Maintenance(O&M)
— Ventilation requirements based on chemical, physical, & biological contaminants
Prescribes a ventilation standard of 15 cubic feet of outside air per buildingoccupant.
Level may be ensured by controlling the indoor CO2 content.
Ventilation demand in each zone can be determined by remote CO2 sensors, similar in manner to a thermostat regulatingdegreeofcoolingorheatingsupplied.
— In addition to ventilation, the standard contains requirements related to certain sources
— Additional requirements & other standards may apply for certain spaces (labs, healthcare, industrial, etc.)
— Not intended to be used retroactively
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 does not include:
Low-rise residential buildings (found in ASHRAE Standard62.2)
Specific ventilation rates for smokingspaces
Consideration or control of thermalcomfort
Acceptable IAQ may not be achieved in all buildings meeting these requirements because of:
Diversity of sources andcontaminants
Air temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological/ socialfactors
Variedsusceptibility of theoccupants
Introduction of outdoorcontaminants
Air Changes per Hour (ACH)
In an average HOME, the standard number of air changes per hour (ACH) = 0.35. In other words, it will take a little less than three hours for the air in the home to recycle entirely.
4. ANSI/ASHRAE/ISO Standard 135-2008-BACnet
BACnet is a data communications protocol for building automation systems and control networks.
BACnet was developed per ASHRAE guidance, and now supported and maintained by ASHRAE.
BACnet makes it possible to integrate a facility’s various control systems to a single workstation application for ease of operation.
Highlights:
Flexibility: allows users to expand and upgrade controls using systems and equipment from multiplevendors
Scalability:canbeusedtocontrolafewor1,000’sofdevices
Can be used over different data transport networks (Wi-Fi, IP, etc.) accessing multiple locationsglobally
5. ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1: The Green Standard
Standard 189.1 provides a "total building sustainability package" for those who strive to design, build and operate green buildings.
Sitelocation andsustainability
Energyuse
Recycling
Wateruseefficiency
Energyefficiency
Indoorenvironmentalquality
Standard 189.1 serves as a compliance option in the 2012 International Green Construction Code™ (IgCC) published by the International Code Council. The IgCC regulates construction of new and remodeled commercial buildings.
INTERNATIONAL
1. IEC Codes
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies—collectively known as electrotechnology.
IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies including:
Powergeneration
Transmission anddistribution
Homeappliances
Officeequipment
Semiconductors
Fiberoptics
Batteries
Solarenergy
Nanotechnology
Marineenergy
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) – programming via the IEC 61131-3standard
The IEC charter embraces all electrotechnologies including:
Energy productionanddistribution
Electronics
Magneticsandelectromagnetics
Electroacoustics
Multimedia
Telecommunication
Medicaltechnology
General disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility (by its Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, ACEC), measurement and performance, dependability,designanddevelopment,safetyandtheenvironment.
2. IECC—International Energy Conservation Code from the ICC
Published and maintained by the International Code Council (ICC) as the International Energy Conservation Code® (IECC) as of 1998.
The "Model Energy Code (MEC)" was its predecessor.
The IECC includes energy efficiency criteria for new residential and commercial buildings and additions to existing buildings.
The IECC covers the design of energy-efficient building envelopes and installation of energy efficient mechanical, lighting and power systems. The requirements emphasize performance that will result in the optimal utilization of fossil fuel and non-depletable resources in large and small communities.
Commercialbuildings
Low-rise residential buildings (3 stories or less in height above grade.)
Establishes minimum regulations for energy efficient buildings using prescriptive and performance-relatedprovisions.
Fully compatible with all of the International Codes (I-Codes®) published by the International Code Council(ICC):
—