Alternative Materials for One Cent Coinage
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Alternative Materials for One Cent Coinage - Department of the Treasury
Department of the Treasury
Alternative Materials for One Cent Coinage
Published by Good Press, 2022
EAN 4064066312138
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose
Background
Methodology
Acknowledgements
Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
Review of the Cost to Produce a Bronze Cent
Cost of Raw Materials
Other Costs
Factors Influencing Present Copper Market
Criteria for Evaluation Alternative One-Cent Materials
Cost, Availability and Permanence
Minting Characteristics and Coining Costs
Public Acceptability
Metallurgical, Technical and Economic Characteristics of Alternative Coinage Materials
Survey of Candidate Materials
Supply-Demand Trends
Consideration of High Feasibility Materials
New Denver Mint
Impact of Coinage Material on Plans
Recommendations
Figures
Tables
Appendix A: A Study of Future Cent Demand and Materials – Project Plan
Statement of Problems
Scope of Study
Methodology
Schedule
Staffing
Appendix B: A Bill
Appendix C: Experimental Procedures for Coining Studies
Appendix D: Experimental Procedure for Wear-Corrosion Tests
Introduction
Table of Contents
Purpose
Table of Contents
In July 1973, growing concern over both the rapidly increasing cost of copper and the rising demand for pennies compelled-the Treasury Department to initiate a Treasury Department Federal Reserve study under the direction of the Bureau of the Mint. A study committee was assigned the tasks of:
preparing a contingency plan for an alternative metal alloy for the cent;
recommending whether a strip production or strip storage facility should be incorporated in the new Denver Mint; and
analyzing demand forecasting and production control models in order to improve the accuracy of long and short term coinage forecasts.
(See Appendix A - A Study of Future Cent Demand and Materials - Project Plan).
This report is concerned with the first two objectives of the study - namely, recommendation of a new material for the penny and a discussion of the impact 6f this recommendation on plans for the new Denver Mint. A subsequent report, to be issued in approximately four months, will provide recommendations on coinage demand forecasting and production control procedures.
Background
Table of Contents
Approximately 75 percent of the Mint's coinage production is for one-cent coins. In 1974, the Bureau of the Mint plans to produce more than 7 1/2 billion pennies requiring approximately 50 million pounds of copper. These 7 1/2 billion coins, worth $75 million in terms of face value, will cost the U.S. Treasury $66 million to produce - of which, $51 million represents the metal content at current prices. The cost of copper is threatening to increase beyond the break-even point
for penny production and it is necessary that alternative materials for one-cent coins be seriously considered. A 95 percent copper - 5 percent zinc alloy (penny bronze
or gilding metal
) is now utilized for pennies.
During the first eleven months of 1973, the purchase price of copper on world markets increased from 50¢ to more than $1.00 per pound. If the price were to continue to increase to beyond $1.20 per pound, the cost of producing the bronze 95 percent copper - 5 percent zinc cent, including material, labor and transportation costs, would exceed the value of the coin.
At a copper price of $1.50 per pound, the intrinsic value of the metal in the coin would exceed the face value and pennies would become an inexpensive source of copper. If this situation were to occur, demand would increase drastically beyond the Mint's production capacity. The Mint would then be unable to satisfy demand at any cost and a severe coin shortage would result.
Preliminary recommendations from the study committee for an alternative coinage material were scheduled for February 1974. However, the large savings which would accrue if the cent material were changed to a less expensive alloy, coupled with a resumption in copper price increases during October 1973 after a deescalation trend in August and September, have resulted in an accelerated research and development effort, culminating in recommendations for consideration by the Director of the Mint and the Secretary of the Treasury.
Methodology
Table of Contents
A list of objective criteria was prepared for assessing the suitability of alternative coinage materials. An extensive roster of possible materials was then appraised against the criteria and a small group of materials was selected for 'an extensive examination