Meanwhile, Back at the Ranch

Published by The Oxford Ranch Press, Laramie, Wyoming

Printed by Barnes and Nobel Press, https://www.bnpress.com

Copyright 2019 by Kristine McGuire, revised May, 2020 and May 2021.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

Library of Congress Catalog

978-0-578-57634-3 (cloth)

978-0-578-58742-4 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number 2019913906

Printed in the United States of America

To my family who supported me, encouraged me, ignored me & loved me…

no matter what.

To my editors Barbara Love, Suzanne Scholton, Eileen Murray

& Ginny Lee.

To my husband Richard McGuire, whose help & support were invaluable.

And to Greg.

To my Mother, Yvonne & to our friend, Amy Lawrence

who are partying together in Heaven

Preface

As a novice rancher on the Laramie Plains, I was prepared to learn a thing or two about cows, cowboys, and ranching as a lifestyle. But historic preservation? My new historic barn leaned dangerously, although it seemed structurally sound. I had to know if it was worth saving. In the pre-Googleian age, my knowledge of the Dewey Decimal System was the ticket, so I immediately set about researching historic barn restoration techniques at the University of Wyoming’s Coe Library. Happily, I got sidetracked by the ranch history. My mother, an English schoolteacher with a penchant for history enthusiastically joined me in the task. She delighted in her discoveries. A pair of fellow Brits first owned the barn, wealthy Scottish veterinarians named Stokes and Whitehouse who shared the given name of Arthur. A little more digging revealed that a local Swedish family of carpenters and horsemen had built, and then managed the Oxford Horse Ranch. The discovery of a red sandstone signature rock hidden on the east side of the ranch brought new people to discover. Dozens of folks had scratched their names into the hard sandstone between 1812 and the present. Even though the rock signatories left only tantalizing clues as to their identity, sheer doggedness has revealed eighteen of them:

BER 1812 = Ed Robinson, Trapper

TY 1817 = Thomas Young, Army captain

GUNNISON 1849 = Surveyor

HJY 1851 = Joaquin Young, Western heir

WS Benton 1863 = Political grandson

CHH = Charley Hutton, Rancher*

Nichols ’68 = Western Union man**

MCB 1875 = Melville C. Brown, Jurist*

L.P. Bradley 1871 = Army colonel

J.I. 1867 = John Iliff, Early cattle baron

John Daniels 1879 = Indian agent

J.L.H. ’80 = John Hunton, Diarist

H.R. HAY  = Cattleman

Belle Kuster 1883 = Young immigrant*

Trabing = Laramie businessman*

Travis + Tanner ’92 = Local workers

MEP ’95 = Mary Powell, Rustler*

EM ’95 = Esther Morris, Suffragist

* buried in Greenhill Cemetery, Laramie

** abbreviated dates reflect the original signature.

Try as I might, I did not locate all the signatories back in 1996 when I started the research. I remember finding perhaps half of them. And then my computer crashed. At the time, I was busy managing the livestock on the Old Oxford Horse Ranch, overseeing the barn restoration, and governing the Cashmere Producers of America. On the home front, I had to keep track of three school-aged kids. So I relegated the original project notes to a dusty shelf, thinking the only copy of the complete draft manuscript was lost. Restricted by a miserly office budget, I had not printed it out. Life has a way of intervening, and I avoided thinking about the project until Mother died. Miraculously, I found a complete paper copy of my manuscript among her papers, thirty pages printed front and back, albeit in tiny font. My late father was never one to waste paper either. Two hundred years after Ed Robinson and Thomas Young¹ scratched their initials on my rock, I sat down again, computer, printer, and online backup at the ready. Tremendously aided by the smartphone at my fingertips, I was able to search online databases. My favorite is Find-A-Grave.com, followed closely by Albany County Library Wyoming.org (acplwy.org).

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1 Throughout the text, names of rock signatories are bolded.

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My searches revealed a treasure trove of dull facts and fascinating trivia alike. As my research identified potential characters, the challenge was to place them within a few miles of my arch around the year of the inscription. Most times, I was successful. I watched as the stodgy portraits I first painted in my mind of each of my new friends fleshed out into authentic western characters. It was just like a treasure hunt as one source led to another, as if guided by a divine hand. With the discovery of each new vignette, these characters became part of my family.

The difficulty lay in the fact that while I knew almost everything about three-quarters of the signatories, I knew little to nothing about the rest. One may wonder how certain I am that each of these tales is true. The answer is that I am positive half the time and pretty sure the other half. Each set of initials was explored in all of the sources that were available to me: census rolls, newspapers, and indices and bibliographies of history books. Luckily, there were not many people in Wyoming during the 19th century (or the twentieth, for that matter). All of the references I needed to access resided along the dusty shelves of the Coe Library on campus and the Albany County Library’s Wyoming Room. The Wyoming Room, established by the late J. David and Jane Love, is the perfect environment in which to enjoy Wyoming’s history. The valuable volumes are close at hand, and there is a handy, comfy, couch upon which to while away the hours while enjoying a book too rare to check out. To find references at UW, I had to use the newly digitized card catalog kiosk to find the locator number. At the time, the library staff was busy upgrading the printers from the old dot-matrix machines. Then a book cart, my mother, and I rode up and down the elevator, gathering oversized books from the FOLIO section on the top floor, theses that lived in the basement, and texts of all kinds in between. With students queuing patiently behind us in the check-out line, we became the custodians of a tiny slice of Wyoming history. The books were due three weeks later, and in that interim, I read every one. And I ran a ranch.

The ease of completing my research has been my impetus to finish this project. But it isn’t easy to let go. Interesting facts fall off the shelf and hit me in the head every time I venture into the Laramie Boomerang database. But I have to stop because haying season is upon us once again. Few joys exceed that of driving a John Deere 4020 tractor dragging a Vermeer R-23 twin rake around in circles for days on end. My goal to redirect the dancing light these little-known episodes of Wyoming’s history upon the face of today’s State of Wyoming is complete.

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The Crimson Arch Timeline

(Rock protagonist’s names or close associates are in bold)

1804 - The Lewis & Clark Expedition, including John Colter, departs for the Pacific Northwest following the Missouri River. That fall, Zebulon Pike explores Colorado, names Pike’s Peak but fails to summit it. He is captured by the Spanish and freed only after Aaron Burr intervenes on his behalf.

1807 - Manuel Lisa explores Nebraska and encounters John Colter after he leaves the Corps of Discovery. Colter returns to Wyoming to trap beaver and encounters geologic wonders. He is captured by Blackfoot and narrowly escapes. Naked, he crawls back to civilization, festering cactus spines in his feet.

1809 - Manuel Lisa departs St. Louis, builds Fort Lisa in Nebraska, and returns to St. Louis that fall. Nathaniel Pryor follows but returns to St. Louis immediately, defeated by restive Arikara incited by false promises made by Lisa. Meriwether Lewis dies. Louisiana Territory land opened to licensed trapping.

1810 - Lisa, William Clark, & Major Andrew Henry form the St. Louis, Missouri Fur Company. Lisa & Henry establish Fort Union in Montana. Three Kentuckians are employed mid-route and winter at Fort Henry.

1811 - Astorian Wilson Price Hunt departs for Pacific Northwest and encounters Lisa descending the Missouri River. Hunt briefly employs the Kentuckians, Ed Robinson, Jacob Rezner, and John Hobart. They return to Wyoming and stay there.

1812 - Astorian Robert Stuart leaves Oregon, crosses South Pass, and encounters the Kentuckians in Wyoming. Lisa and Henry ascend Missouri once again. They establish Fort Manuel and return to St. Louis.

1817 - Colonel Ashley & Major Henry lead a government-funded expedition and leave for Wyoming with Lieutenant Thomas Young in their employ. They encounterJacques Laramie at the Arikara Village in Dakota Territory and take him along as far as the Laramie Basin.

1819 - Major Stephen Long departs St. Louis in a fearsome steamboat, and overwinters at Council Bluffs. A national economic panic prompts Congress to partially defund his grand expedition. Long is forced to walk to Colorado.

1820 – Long explores Colorado on foot, names Long’s Peak, returns to St. Louis, and publishes a self-aggrandizing journal. Manuel Lisa dies young. Clark takes over Missouri Fur Company.

1822 - Ashley & Henry again leave for Wyoming with Jedidiah Smith,Jim Bridger, Thomas Fitzgerald, and Hugh Glass employed. Glass is attacked by a bear in northern Dakota territory and is abandoned by Bridger and Fitzgerald. He crawls back to Fort Atkinson (present-day Kansas). Henry, Smith, and Bridger stay in Wyoming that winter. Ashley returns to St. Louis.

1823 - The Monroe Doctrine is formalized by President James Monroe. The Doctrine commits the United States to militarily defeat all European attempts to control any part of the Western Hemisphere.

1823 - Colonel Henry needs horses in Wyoming after losing his to raiders, so he sends Jedidiah Smith back downstream to Major Ashley with the message to bring more. The up-river bound Ashley expedition meets Smith while they are under siege at the Arikara Village that guards the ascent of the Missouri. Jedidiah conveys Henry’s message and returns to Wyoming without any horses. Ashley is disastrously turned back by the Arikara. Bridger explores Wyoming and Utah.

1824 - Major Ashley explores the Laramie Basin, takes celestial coordinates for South Pass, and overwinters in Wyoming. Bridger is invited to join Major Ashley & Colonel Henry’s Rocky Mountain Fur Company. General Leavenworth attacks Arikara village in retaliation for the 1823 attack on Colonel Ashley’s expedition.

1825 - Major Ashley discovers Utah Lake, and establishes Fort Ashley. Leavenworth negotiates the Treaty of 1825, granting the Overland Trail Stage Company safe access across Kansas and Nebraska.

1832 - Major Benjamin Bonneville, a future commander in the Civil and Mexican-American Wars, explores and traps Wyoming, builds Fort Bonneville, and explores and traps Utah. Bonneville Flats are named for him.

1834 - Sir William Gore of Sligo, Ireland explores Colorado and Wyoming with Bridger as a guide. The mountain man era peaks, and beaver are critically endangered.

1836 - Washington Irving publishes Astoria, a wildly-popular novel involving the Astorians and cannibalism.

1837 - Sir William Drummond visits Wyoming with Bridger as a guide. Washington Irving publishes his second novel, Captain Bonneville, an equally outlandish but wildly popular novel.

1842- Captain John Frémont explores Wyoming with 22-year-old Kit Carson as his guide. He climbs and names 13,745-foot Frémont Peak, thinking it was the highest peak in the Rockies. He plants an American flag and claims the land in the name of the United States. He returns to Washington to publish his maps. The first version of the Homestead Act is enacted, granting forty acres to patent holders in the eastern states.

1843 - Frémont travels to Oregon guided by Kit Carson and Thomas Fitzpatrick, unexpectedly overwintering in California after crossing the Sierra Nevada in January. Without his excellent guides, the expedition would have been lost.

1844 - Frémont returns triumphantly to Washington and publishes his self-aggrandizing journals.

1845- A severe winter kills most large animals in Wyoming.

1846 - Frémont is in California for the end of the Mexican-American War. He refuses a direct order to stand down as acting governor and is court-martialed. Frémont resigns his commission even though his sentence was commuted and his rank reinstated by President James Polk.

1849 - Captain Howard Stansbury maps Bridger’s Trail ending up at Fort Laramie. John Gunnison is his second-in-command with Jim Bridger as his guide. The gold rush in California attracts thousands of emigrants. Frémont mounts a fourth, this one private, expedition to California which costs ten lives. Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Frémont’s father-in-law, publishes a book entitled Thrilling sketch of the life of Colonel J.C. Frémont just in time for Frémont’s run for the Governor of California.

1850 - The Fort Laramie Treaty, negotiated by Tom Fitzpatrick, is signed in front of ten-thousand Plains Indians; their encampments surround Fort Laramie. The chiefs agree to refrain from warring upon the emigrants, to accept tribal boundaries, and to limit wars among themselves. They are promised $50,000 worth of supplies annually for fifty years if they allow the whites to build roads and forts upon their lands, as well as allowing wagon trains to cross unimpeded.¹

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¹ Fitzpatrick doubted this would prevent inter-tribal warfare but felt the annuity might work. When Congress ratified the treaty in 1851, they reduced the annuity to ten years. The full annuity was paid only for the first few years. Then it was held back to encourage good behavior. Thousands of Indians, faced with starvation, decide to fight to the death.

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1851- Joaquin Young travels from Taos to Salem, Oregon to claim his inheritance following a route recommended by his father’s friend, Kit Carson.

1854 - The Grattan Massacre near Fort Laramie destroys that years’ annuity. After wiping out Grattan’s Company, the Sioux attack one stagecoach, killing three, but otherwise, emigrants are allowed to pass unchallenged that year.

1856 - General William S. The Butcher Harney comes out of retirement to retaliate for the Grattan Massacre. He discovers some Brulé Sioux camped along the Little Blue Water Creek in present-day Nebraska and attacks at dawn, killing half the warriors and taking all the women and children captive.²

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² The warriors who had attacked the stage coach two years previously were surrendered and served one year at Leavenworth Prison. Chief Spotted Tail, upon release, vowed to cooperate with the whites so impressed was he with their firepower. The Little Blue Water Massacre was the twelfth-largest army engagement with Indian groups and is often cited as the action that drastically elevated the Indian Wars. Harney continued to pursue Indian bands throughout the West.

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1857 - The first global recession depresses the economy.

1860 - General Reynolds overwinters in the Laramie Basin with Jim Bridger as his guide. His exploratory expedition was otherwise unremarkable.

1861 - Pressured by eastern tribes displaced from their tribal lands, Red Cloud unites his Lakota tribe with the Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and the Northern Oglala to drive the Crow out of the Powder River Basin. Crazy Horse excels as a fearless warrior.

1862 - Homestead Act is revised, granting 160-acres to any patent filer as long as they had never taken up arms against the United States. Gold is discovered in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming and an illegal Bozeman Trail blazed to it from Cheyenne.

1863 - Stephen Benton signs rock after escaping from Order Number 11 in Missouri. President Abraham Lincoln welcomes Southern Cheyenne Chiefs Lean Bear and Black Kettle to Washington, promising terms of peace but warning that some of his children might behave badly. He awards both chiefs bronzed copper Peace Medals.

1864 - May. Colorado Governor John Evans confines the Southern Cheyenne to a reservation encompassing southeastern Colorado but there is not enough game left there. Colonel John Chivington and his four columns of troops find Lean Bear’s hunting camp near Smoky Hill, east of Denver. Lean Bear rides out to Chivington with a few warriors to parley, his Peace Medal on his chest, and white treaty papers in his hand. Chivington opens fire at thirty yards, killing them all. He then decimates that camp and all others he encounters that summer.

1864 - November. After a disastrous summer and fall, Chief Black Kettle sues for peace and seeks safety at the Arkansas River Indian Agency. His starving village encamps nearby and awaits the promised supplies. Black Kettle’s Peace Medal, white flag, and Stars and Stripes hang upon his tipi. Chivington attacks at dawn killing 200 Cheyenne, two-thirds of whom were women and children. Black Kettle is uninjured in the attack, but his wife was shot nine times. She also survives.

1865 - John Hunton arrives in Wyoming. Civil War ends and the enlisted soldiers either quit the army or travel west to hunt for gold. The US Army Western Division is repopulated with raw recruits too young for the Civil War led by wet-behind-the-ears West Point graduates. Most have never ridden a horse or fired a gun. All are influenced by an over-active eastern press.

1866 - April. General Sherman negotiates a treaty with Red Cloud allowing passage across the Bozeman Trail. Indian Agent Edward B. Taylor promised that the travelers would not hunt game and the trail would not be garrisoned, effectively lying to both Red Cloud and Washington D.C. Colonel Carrington’s Overland Circus arrives with Lt. Col L.P. Bradley, second-in-command, 700 troops, as well as their 300 wives and children to build three forts. Infuriated, Red Cloud continuously harasses the troops and the travelers on the Bozeman Trail.

1866 - December. Riding out from the newly completed Fort Kearny, Lieutenant Fetterman and eighty-one troops are baited by Crazy Horse and a few warriors. Tempted into a trap beyond the protective cannon of the fort, all are massacred by Red Cloud.

1867 - John Iliff establishes himself as a cattle baron and the Goodnight-Loving Cattle Trail is blazed. Congress publishes the Doolittle Report in January calling for the war upon Indians to cease-and-desist. The generals in charge ignore it. Some tribes remain on their reservations, expecting to be fed. The renegade Red Cloud attacks a wood hauling crew near Fort Phil Kearny and a week later, a hay cutting crew near Fort Smith, both along the Bozeman Trail.

1868 - Union Pacific Railroad reaches Laramie. Western Union employee J. Harvey Nichols signs the rock. Judge M.C. Brown is elected mayor of Laramie. Charley Hutton settles on the Laramie Plains. Charles and Augustus Trabing, Esther Morris as well as Belle Kuster arrive in Laramie.

1868 - Fulfilling a campaign promise, President Ulysses S. Grant orders General John Sherman to abandon Forts Kearny, Smith, and Reno. Red Cloud has won his war. In the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, the Lakota are promised a reservation in South Dakota and hunting rights in northern Nebraska and northwest Wyoming. They are also promised schools, healthcare, hunting rights, and rations for thirty years.

1868 - Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle is killed by General George Custer in a dawn raid resembling the Sand Creek Massacre. Indian Agent John Wynkoop resigns in protest.

1869 - Wyoming suffrage established.

1878 - Thomas Edison travels to Wyoming to observe the total eclipse of the sun using a new invention of his to measure the distance to the sun.³ Wyoming becomes a Territory. John Iliff dies.

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³ Edison also gets in some fishing. During an intense electrical storm at high altitude near Battle Lake, he postulates that a non-ferrous material like bamboo might serve as a suitable filament for his most famous invention, the incandescent light bulb. He submits his patent the next year.

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1870 - Esther Morris is appointed Justice-of-the-Peace in South Pass City, Wyoming.

1871 - Former Fort Smith commander, Colonel L.P. Bradley takes command of Fort Sanders, south of Laramie. The Red Buttes Ranch becomes the Stokes Ranch.

1871 - By an act of Congress, individual Indian tribes are no longer recognized as entities with which treaties could be struck. Efforts to distinguish between peaceful factions of tribes from warlike ones are abandoned.

1872 - The Homestead Act is revised again, offering 160-acre parcels west of the Mississippi. The Desert Land Act and the Timber Culture Act allow individuals to develop water or timber in exchange for land ownership. There is little to no government supervision. The University of Wyoming and the Territorial Prison are dedicated in Laramie.

1873 - Panic of 1873 depresses the economy.

1876 - The Battle of Little Big Horn. All-out war, including brutal winter campaigns, hunt down all remaining, free-ranging, native warriors.

1877 - After being pursued relentlessly, Crazy Horse surrenders and is killed at Fort Robinson, Colonel Bradley in command. The remaining Lakota are forced onto their reservations.

1879 - John Daniels retires as the Red Cloud Agency Indian Agent.

1881 - JimBridger dies in Missouri.

1883 - The last Sun Dance is held in Wyoming Territory. H.R. Hay builds a ranch in Centennial, Wyoming.

1884 - Maverick Law established in Texas. Severe winter kills most of the Swan Cattle Company’s livestock.

1885 - Charles Trabing dies.

1886 - The Great Die-Up of 1886 kills most of the commercial livestock in southeastern Wyoming.

1887 - The Stokes & Whitehouse Ranch is renamed the Oxford Horse Ranch after the death of Sir George Gordon.

1887 - The Dawes Act is passed by Congress.

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⁴ The Dawes Act decreed that instead of reservation land being held communally by the tribe and governed by tribal elders, Indians could privately own (and sell) their parcel of land. This also meant that a white man married to a Native American woman could inherit her parcel upon her death, even if he was suspected of killing her. J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI got its start by investigation just such murders among the fabulously wealthy Osage Indians of Oklahoma. The Dawes Act also opened up reservation lands to white settlement. If it was calculated that there were not sufficient Indians to populate their land at the rate of one household per 160-acres, the reservation land was opened to homesteading with the whites getting first choice. Think of the movie Far and Away. Those wagons were racing to stake out the best land on an Indian reservation.

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1890 - Wyoming becomes a state.

1891 - Red Cloud is killed by followers of the Ghost Dance cult in the aftermath of the Battle of Wounded Knee. All free-ranging northern Indian groups are now subdued and confined to reservations under threat of starvation.

1892 - Travis and Tanner sign the rock. Laramie’s economy booms. The Johnson County War begins and ends a month later. The Langhoff Gang is tried in Laramie.

1893 - The Panic of 1893 begins and ends in 1897.

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  5 During this time, there was significant political upheaval. The Democrats and the Republicans switched political poles, Women’s Suffrage came to the forefront, the Chicago World’s Fair opened and failed dramatically, the Populist Party gained momentum, and the seeds for the Spanish-American War were sown. Remember that there were five major economic panics in the 19th century; 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873 and 1893. Each devastated the economy. The Federal Reserve was formed in 1913 to even out such swings and New Deal acts passed later had similar goals.

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1895 - Mary Powell and Esther Morris sign the rock. Augustus Trabing’s business burns to the ground.

1898 - Teddy Roosevelt charges up San Juan Hill.

1899 - The Great Blizzard of 1899. Freezing temperatures and snow extend south into Florida.

1901 - H.R. Hay signs the rock.

1903 - Tom Horn is hung.

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The Old Oxford Horse Ranch

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Chapter One

Buying the Property

When my husband and I purchased the Old Oxford Horse Ranch, it consisted of two-and-a-half sections of land, about 1,600 acres; small compared to the surrounding spreads. We had been hunting for ranch land for some time, but while there was good availability, the price was always too high. Finally, our realtor showed us the Oxford Ranch, allowing us to wander around the deserted property on our own. It was late September, and the hay meadow was at its peak production. We became almost hypnotized by the 150 acres of sub-irrigated hay meadow at the heart of the ranch. The smooth brome, red fescue, and wheatgrass were mature, and the heavy seed heads undulated gently in the wind like an enormous, deep green comforter. East of the hay meadow, the land climbed towards foothills, a mile-wide swath of low grasses, yellow daisies, and grey-green shrubs. Stark red and white rocky outcroppings punctuated the landscape as the topography prepares to mount the shoulders of the Laramie Range. A precious water-right on Harney Creek belonged to the ranch, as well as the right to lease part of the school section to the south, 230 additional acres of land courtesy of the State of Wyoming.

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¹ Western school sections, usually sections #16 and #36, are lands granted first by the 1785 Land Ordinance Act. Later, the Homestead Act of 1862, the Timber Culture Act of 1872, and the Desert Land Act of 1877 similarly helped defray the cost of educating the citizenry who were expected to flood into the new territories. And back in the 1870s, some 40,000 people, mostly men and overwhelmingly white, did in fact flood into the newly formed territory of Wyoming. The right to graze, mine, timber, or irrigate the land was leased out, generating an income stream.

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Included in the deal were some tumbling down log buildings and a modern pole barn/cow working facility. The old log barn was enormous: 160 feet long, fifty feet wide, and thirty feet tall. Its second-story leaned dangerously to the east. We avoided standing too close. Old transmissions, abandoned farm implements, dead cottonwood branches, and the rubble from fifty years of inattention littered the barnyard. The old blacksmith shop had many missing slats and roof shingles, so the bright sunlight played daintily over the rusting anvil, tattered bellows, and dusty workbench. The main house had exposed patches of wooden lath on the ancient plastered walls, and all the woodwork languished under thick layers of yellowing, lead-based paint. Drab, brown, indoor/outdoor carpet was glued firmly