NCO Guide

NCO Guide

10th Edition

CSM Dan Elder, USA (Ret.)

STACKPOLE BOOKS

Copyright © 2015 by Stackpole Books

NCO Guide and its predecessor, The Noncom's Guide, have been published by Stackpole Books since 1948. Tenth edition 2015.

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All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Stackpole Books, 5067 Ritter Road, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055.

Printed in the United States of America

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This book is not an official publication of the Department of Defense or Department of the Army, nor does its publication in any way imply its endorsement by these agencies. The views presented are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense or its Components.

Cover design by Tessa J. Sweigert

Cover photo © Program Executive Office Soldier/Flickr

All photographs courtesy of the US Army unless otherwise indicated

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Elder, Daniel K., 1961–

NCO guide / CSM Dan Elder, USA (Ret.). — 10th edition / revised by Dan Elder.

    pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8117-1402-0

1. United States. Army—Non-commissioned officers’ handbooks. I. Title. II. Title: Noncommissioned officers’ guide.

U123.E53 2015

355.00973—dc23

2014048770

eBook ISBN: 978-0-8117-6292-2

The NCO Creed

No one is more professional than I. I am a Noncommissioned Officer, a leader of soldiers. As a Noncommissioned Officer, I realize that I am a member of a time-honored corps, which is known as The Backbone of the Army. I am proud of the Corps of Noncommissioned Officers and will at all times conduct myself so as to bring credit upon the Corps, the Military Service, and my country, regardless of the situation in which I find myself. I will not use my grade or position to attain pleasure, profit, or personal safety.

Competence is my watchword. My two basic responsibilities will always be uppermost in my mind—accomplishment of my mission and the welfare of my soldiers. I will strive to remain tactically and technically proficient. I am aware of my role as a Noncommissioned Officer. I will fulfill my responsibilities inherent in that role. All soldiers are entitled to outstanding leadership; I will provide that leadership. I know my soldiers, and I will always place their needs above my own. I will communicate consistently with my soldiers and never leave them uninformed. I will be fair and impartial when recommending both rewards and punishment.

Officers of my unit will have maximum time to accomplish their duties; they will not have to accomplish mine. I will earn their respect and confidence as well as that of my soldiers. I will be loyal to those with whom I serve, seniors, peers, and subordinates alike. I will exercise initiative by taking appropriate action in the absence of orders. I will not compromise my integrity, nor my moral courage. I will not forget, nor will I allow my comrades to forget, that we are professionals, Noncommissioned Officers, leaders!

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

PART 1: LEADING SOLDIERS

1. America's Army

Ready and Resilient: The Army's NCO Corps

Army Roles, Missions, and Functions

Current Trends in the Army

New Threats

Country and Region Reports

2. The Role of the NCO

Brief History of the NCO Corps

Military History and NCO Leadership

NCO Induction Ceremony

3. NCO Responsibilities

Principal NCO Duties

Principal NCO Authority

The Chain of Command

The NCO Support Channel

The NCO and the Officer

Precedence and Relative Rank

4. Leadership

Discipline

New Directions in Leadership Doctrine

Leading Soldiers in the Twenty-first Century

Soldier Team Development

Leading Soldiers in Combat

Professional Ethics

Personal Conduct

5. Contemporary Leadership Issues

The Law of War

Rules of Engagement

Security

Fraternization

Equal Opportunity

Suicide Prevention

Extremism

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The Environment

Media

6. Problem Solving and Counseling

Helping Your Soldiers Solve Their Problems

Leadership Counseling

Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Family Abuse

Absence without Leave (AWOL) and Desertion

PART II: TRAINING SOLDIERS AND SELF

7. Leader Development

Leader Development Process

Army Leader Development Strategy

Army Career Tracker (ACT)

8. Training in Operational Assignments

Training for Unified Land Operations

Leader Development Planning

Subordinate Training Management

Identifying and Prioritizing Collective Tasks

Principles of Unit Training and Leader Development

Conducting the After Action Review

Marksmanship

Sergeant's Time Training

9. Training at Service Schools

The Army School System

Noncommissioned Officer Academies

Functional Courses for NCOs

Specialized Courses for NCOs

Distributed Learning

10. Self-development

NCO Self-development

Setting Professional Goals

Army Continuing Education System

College Degree Programs

Tuition Assistance Program

The GI Bill

Savings Bonds and Education

Professional Reading and Writing

Personal Reference Library and Recommended Reading

Writing for Professional Development

The Army Online

Professional Associations

11. Personal Fitness Improvement

Army Physical Readiness Training Program

Standardized Physical Training Session

The Army Physical Fitness Test

Weight Control

PART III: QUICK REFERENCE

12. Administration, Logistics, and Maintenance

Personnel Administration

Basic References

Safety and Risk Management

NCO Safety Program

Supply

Maintenance and the NCO

13. Assignments

Enlisted Assignments and Utilization Management

Communicating with Human Resources Command

Manning Strategies

Career Development Program Assignments

Overseas Service

Sponsorship

Orientation

14. Evaluation and Management Systems

The NCO Evaluation Reporting System

Evaluation Report Redress Program (Appeals)

The Qualitative Service Program

Retention Control Points

Bars to Reenlistment

Indefinite Enlistment Program

15. Promotion and Reduction

The Enlisted Promotion System

Your Key to Success

Removal from Recommended List

Senior NCO/DA Selection Boards

Preparing for DA Selection Boards

Additional Information

Reductions in Grade

16. Pay and Entitlements

Pay and Allowances

Other Pay

Allowances

Bonuses

Benefits and Entitlements

Housing

Identification Cards

Leaves and Passes

17. Uniforms, Insignia, and Personal Appearance

Wearing the Uniform

Wearing of Headgear

Uniform Appearance

Classification of Service and Utility Field Uniforms

Men's Army Service Uniform

Women's Army Service Uniform

Army Dress Blue Army Service Uniform

Service Dress Tropical Uniform

Work and Duty Uniforms

Optional Uniforms

Physical Fitness Uniform

Distinctive Uniform Items

Personal Appearance

Sources

18. Awards and Decorations

Recommendations

Criteria

Precedence

Wearing of Medals and Ribbons

US Army and Department of Defense Unit Awards

US Service Medals

Non-US Service Medals

Foreign Individual Awards

US Army Badges and Tabs

Combat and Special Skill Badges

Marksmanship Badges and Tabs

Identification Badges

Appurtenances

Service Ribbons

Miniature Medals

Lapel Buttons

Certificates and Letters

19. Military and Social Customs

Etiquette

Saluting

Forms of Address

Bugle Calls

Social Functions

Types of Functions

Flags, Flag Customs, and Flag Ceremonies

Survivor Assistance and Honoring the Dead

Body Escort Detail

20. Military Justice

Trial Defense Services

Nonjudicial Punishment

Courts-martial

Sources

21. Personal Affairs

Important Personal Records

Housing

Ownership of Property

Income Taxes

Agencies and People That Can Help

Medical Insurance

Long-term Care

22. Separation, Discharge, and Retirement

Separations

Discharges

Transition Activities

Retirement

Veterans’ Rights and Benefits

Sources

Index

About the Author

Foreword

Stackpole Books has published the NCO Guide and its predecessor titles for over sixty years. We revise this book frequently so that it reflects the latest information needed by our Army's noncommissioned officers in the performance of their duties and for their own professional development. We seek the best-qualified senior NCO authors for this work, such as Command Sergeant Major Dan Elder, who revised this edition.

We believe the information in the NCO Guide represents virtually all the duties a noncommissioned officer is expected to perform, and we welcome comments and input from serving noncommissioned officers in all components.

One thing that impresses us each time we revise the Guide is the amount of knowledge, the numbers of skills, and quantity of information an NCO needs to effectively lead the soldiers in America's modern Army.

Given the very high reputation our Army has with the American public, a clear vote of thanks is due to our noncommissioned officers for the fine job they are doing leading and teaching America's young men and women who enter this ancient and honorable service.

Preface

The basic responsibilities of the US Army noncommissioned officer have changed little since this guide was first introduced in 1948. The all-encompassing nature of this handbook is not unlike one of the earliest military guides, the 1779 Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States by Prussian officer Friedrich von Steuben. Called the Blue Book because of its appearance, von Steuben's instructions to sergeants and corporals noted that they would be answerable for the squad committed to their care. He went on to teach that they must pay particular attention to their conduct in every respect; that they keep themselves and their arms always clean; and that they have their effects always ready. On today's modern battlefield, the duties and responsibilities of the NCO may still be similar to the requirements in Washington's army at Valley Forge, but the battlefield has become much more complicated. This book is one way you can keep tips, lessons, and references right at your fingertips, in the tradition of von Steuben, no matter where you serve.

NCOs become good NCOs by using their time productively to study their profession and themselves. They read Army regulations, field manuals, military journals, and other official literature to hone their professional edge. They research military topics in sources ranging from on-post libraries to Army listings on the Internet. They spend many off-duty hours studying college texts or using alternative educational resources to pursue degrees to further develop their usefulness as leaders.

The NCO Guide is aimed at the corporals, sergeants, first sergeants, and sergeants major who will turn to it when they need self-help guidance or consolidated information that will benefit fellow soldiers. It is an educational resource and ready reference to key Army subjects, drawing on the education, experience, and training of myself and the other editors, as well as hundreds of sources. The Guide begins with a discussion of how and why the Army continues to change, and ends with how to make the most of a transition from service to civilian life—in essence, it follows a soldier life-cycle model. Readers will find information on the developmental aspects of soldiering, fitness, education, promotion, and dozens of other necessary topics relating to a noncommissioned officer's duties. The NCO Guide also serves as a desktop reference for when the reader or a fellow soldier has questions about pay, benefits, entitlements, personal appearance, uniforms, insignia, assignments, and personal or professional problems, and contains aids that quickly lead soldiers to official or other publications that may contain updates.

This tenth edition has been fully revised and includes topics all NCO leaders must understand. It contains new or updated information about our responsibilities: leading soldiers in combat; leadership and counseling; rigorous training; the Army values; personnel and property accountability; master fitness principles, weight control, and the Army Physical Fitness Test; the NCO Education System and civilian education; professional reading, writing, and multimedia; life, medical, and dental insurance; and the Thrift Savings Plan. It also addresses contemporary leadership issues such as professional ethics, PTSD, soldier behavior on the battlefield, fraternization, AIDS, discrimination, resiliency, and prevention of sexual harassment.

Readers will also find sections about the military justice system, including military discipline, the law of land warfare, command authority and soldier rights, nonjudicial punishment, the Manual for Courts-Martial, and its Uniform Code of Military Justice. Also provided is information about awards, decorations, and uniforms, with several pages of full-color photographs for your use.

This edition of the NCO Guide has reformed content and improved relevancy. It appears that everything in the Army has been subject to change over the last thirteen years of persistent conflict, and the team at Stackpole Books and I have done our best to bring you the latest in a very dynamic and changing time. Field manual numbers now reflect the DoD numbering system where appropriate, and we have converted our references to the Doctrine 2015 categorization of manuals to ADPs, ADRPs, and ATPs. Because of the large number of MOS-specific schools, discussion of these is restricted to the functional courses that apply the most, such as the NCO Education System, drill sergeant, airborne, recruiter, and so on.

As a career active-duty soldier who spent a lifetime serving my comrades and my nation, I am honored and humbled by the opportunity to continue to serve through this effort. It is through actions like maintaining this guide that old soldiers like myself continue to give back to our profession during times when others cannot. Though I am no von Steuben, it is in his tradition that we offer you this up-to-date and useful handbook that we believe will serve you for the many years ahead.

Daniel K. Elder

CSM, USA (Ret.)

Acknowledgments

I first touted the power of the Internet for soldiers in the Fall 1997 edition of the NCO Journal, and it still holds true today. The Internet is a source of so much information, and understanding how to use it efficiently is a critical task for today's noncommissioned officer because of the treasure trove of information at your fingertips. It is through the many sites and portals that we are able to provide the latest information and links to update this current handbook. Many sites contributed to this revision, including the following: USAPA, the Army's Publishing Agency, which lists many regulations and pamphlets; Army Knowledge Online; Department of Veterans Affairs; Defense Activity for Nontraditional Education Support; Army Family Advocacy Program; Army Community Services; TRICARE; Defense Media Activity; Human Resources Command; Enlisted Records and Evaluation Center; Soldier for Life and the Army Career and Alumni Program; Training and Doctrine Command; Army and Air Force Exchange Service; Army Training Support Center and the Army Training Network; Association of the United States Army; Office of the Chief of Public Affairs; Defense Finance and Accounting Service; Department of Education; and the Central Army Registry (formerly known as the Reimer Digital Library).

The following organizations also contributed: the Office of the Sergeant Major of the Army, Army News Service, SOLDIERS magazine, Army Continuing Education Services, Army Safety Center, Army Family Liaison Office, Judge Advocate General's Corps, Defense Imagery, the US Army Center of Military History, and the Army Community and Family Support Center.

I am indebted to my Stackpole editors for their professional support and guidance during production of the NCO Guide: 10th Edition. They are often the champions of projects like these. I also want to acknowledge all of the counsel I have received from my many friends and mentors—your advice and encouragement has been helpful and does not go unnoticed. Lastly, I must thank my wife and daughters, who always share the time that should be theirs with my many projects and efforts. It is only through their support, advice, and counsel that I am able to do half the things I do. I often say I am a lucky man and have been honored to serve the nation and as a soldier, none of which would have been possible without the strength of my family.

PART I

Leading Soldiers

1

America's Army

The Army has been in a state of continuous war for the past twelve years, the longest in our Nation's history. More than 167,000 Soldiers are deployed or forward stationed in nearly 160 countries worldwide. The global security environment points to further instability, and the Army remains a key guardian of our national security.

—Army Posture Statement (2013)

Our Army incorporates intellectual ingenuity, technological innovation, and the values that have always shaped America's Army throughout its more than two-hundred-year history. To be successful in this millennium, our Army needs skilled, versatile, and highly motivated NCOs who are capable of accomplishing their mission in changed environments; NCOs confident in their ability to train soldiers in individual through small-unit tasks relevant to their units’ missions, using creative approaches to maximize their subordinates’ full potential; and lastly, NCOs who can ably lead their soldiers in battle.

America's Army is the best land combat force in the world, serving the nation every day at home and abroad. It is often the commitment of our Army into trouble spots that makes the difference between the success and failure of America's defense policy. Land forces remain decisive and provide the most visible and sustained form of US commitment, and when ground troops deploy, the world knows the United States means business. Army forces are stationed overseas in places like Europe and the Pacific region, which allow the presence of US combatant commanders with military forces. This capability allows our soldiers to shape action, prevent conflicts, or, if all else fails, to fight and win.

Soldiers and the units they serve in are expected to accomplish whatever mission they are assigned, regardless of circumstances, location, funding, or priority. There are always challenges—and rewards.

The Army remains the best-led, best-trained, and best-equipped army in the world; however, it is beginning to suffer from overextension, with the operational tempo to Iraq and Afghanistan as well as to other areas of the world allowing insufficient recovery time for personnel, families, and equipment, and training resulting in just-in-time readiness for the next deployment. The next years will be as hard as the Army has faced. The priority will be four imperatives: Sustain, Prepare, Reset, and Transform.

READY AND RESILIENT: THE ARMY'S NCO CORPS

My plans would have amounted to little had there not been trained NCOs available to build my decision…. Throughout my career, at every level of command to the position I now hold, I have relied on my NCOs. Whatever I entrusted them with, they accomplished to standard when given the full set of resources, including authority and responsibility to do so.

—Lt. Gen. John P. Otjen, USA (Ret.), former commander, US First Army

Warrior Ethos

The Warrior Ethos is a set of guiding principles that defines the American soldier. It comes from the most basic document of every man and women who serves: the Soldier's Creed. The Warrior Ethos is developed and sustained through discipline, commitment to the Army Values, and pride in the Army's heritage as the foundation for the spirit of the Army.

Our ethos is a pledge all soldiers take to confirm their commitment that they will:

Always place the mission first.

Never accept defeat.

Never quit.

Never leave a fallen comrade.

The Warrior Ethos characterizes the fighting spirit and serves as a guide for soldiers. It is closely linked to the Army Values of loyalty to comrades, personal courage, and dedication to duty.

The Backbone of the Army

An NCO must be fully capable of fighting a war and transforming in an era of unpredictability. The Army's future vision of the NCO blends traditional duties with emerging future characteristics. The Army describes today's NCO as an innovative, competent professional enlisted leader grounded in heritage, values, and tradition, who embodies the Warrior Ethos, champions continuous learning, and is capable of leading, training, and motivating soldiers; an adaptive leader who is proficient in joint and combined expeditionary warfare and continuous, simultaneous full spectrum operations, and resilient to uncertain and ambiguous environments.

Staff Sgt. Elbert C. Walker, with the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, participates in a Theater Assistance Force handover patrol on 10 November 2013 near Multinational Base Tarin Kowt, Afghanistan.

We have the finest noncommissioned officers corps in the world, and much of the Army's success is directly attributable to NCO leadership. Noncommissioned officers are famous for their abilities to get things done, whatever those might be. However, a leader must be concerned not only with the quality of unit achievements, but also with the process by which the achievements are attained. Many ethical conflicts occur when not in combat because some members of our profession forget that the real test occurs on the battlefield. Our Army's future has to be based on a solid foundation of moral-ethical values; any lessening of this standard compromises and corrupts our ability to lead soldiers and, in the long run, diminishes the support of the American public.

Army leaders speak of maintaining the Army as a military profession by its soldiers and leaders who meet the Army's certification criteria of competence, character, and commitment. No matter how intellectually or technologically advanced we become, we can never forget these fundamental truths. The Army way of life should inspire us to a sense of purpose that will sustain us in the brutal realities of combat and the ambiguities of operations other than war. Our values of fairness and concern for the individual are supported by our national values, but they also contribute to unit loyalty and cohesiveness. These values are also useful. They create standards of behavior that we, as members of a professional Army, need to hold to in order to be successful. These values then become the standards of the unit.

Standards are those principles or rules by which behavior is measured as acceptable and tasks are measured as successfully accomplished. Once the standard becomes a criterion for acceptance into a section, company, or battalion and all share the values and understand the standards that flow from them, soldiers will measure other soldiers and the result will be a more cohesive organization, a real team.

Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 1, The Army Profession, expresses its guiding beliefs, standards, and ideals succinctly in one word—professional. A profession is a type of job or vocation that requires special education and training, but being professional means fulfilling your obligations while adhering to the highest standards of the Army Ethic. It is behavior guided by moral obligation, demanded by custom, or enjoined by feelings of rightness. It requires the impartial administration of standards without regard to friendship, personality, rank, or other bias.

Ethics are your personal set of values. They are the thread that weaves throughout the fabric of the professional Army Ethic. Ethical means honesty, uprightness, the avoidance of deception, and steadfast adherence to standards of behavior. Ethical means that personal standards are consistent with professional values and demands a commitment to act according to the other Army Values. Ethics are the most important character trait of any leader, and we all make decisions based on the ethics of those reporting to us. Ethics can be ordered, but they can only be achieved by encouragement and example. As NCO leaders, we must not only be tactically and technically competent, but also commit ourselves to the highest standards of ethical conduct and foster soldier commitment to the values of the profession.

How many times have commanders and senior NCOs blinked at how an objective was accomplished? At how, for the no one falls out division run, the less fit are culled from the ranks during the first formation? Soldiers see and understand these shenanigans for what they are: ethical lapses by their leaders. We must eliminate the mindset that produces directives such as I don't care how you do it, just do it.

If a leader puts a positive spin on a report in garrison, what happens during battles and operations? There is no time in combat to verify reports, question the accuracy of information, or wonder about the reliability of equipment or someone's word. When leaders initial a safe as being checked without actually checking it and then punish a soldier for not having checked the motor pool, all credibility is lost. Soldiers know the difference between right and wrong and no matter how much is said to justify something wrong, they lose respect for the unethical leader. However, leaders who make it clear that they will not tolerate ethical ambivalence and who demonstrate by their actions that they hold themselves to the same standard promote mutual confidence and understanding among their soldiers. There is no senior-subordinate difference when it comes to doing what is right.

NCOs play a key role in influencing command climate. Every organization, whether a squad, company, brigade, or higher echelon, has only so much energy to expend to accomplish a given mission. That energy can be wasted or it can be used wisely. In a unit with a positive, healthy climate, that energy can be even more than the sum total of the energy of its members. The energy of an organization can be wasted as well. If you are forced to expend energy looking over your shoulder, preparing to cover yourself for some inspection, building a wall of numbers and statistics to look good, you will have little energy left to teach your soldiers, be innovative, or accomplish your mission. It is only through steadfast, ethical leadership that soldiers and units can reach their full capabilities and be most effective. Soldiers in units with a good moral climate understand right from wrong.

All soldiers make mistakes. Errors of omission (such as not knowing how to do something and doing it wrong) should receive little notice outside additional training. However, errors of commission, such as submitting a doctored report or lying to protect oneself, should result in immediate punishment. If we make a decision that is contrary to what is expected of us, then we must also take responsibility for our actions.

ADRP 1 highlights trust, which is defined by the core qualities of character, competence, and commitment. Trust is much more than a cursory interest in others. It means sincere involvement in helping to find solutions to problems and improving welfare; talking with and listening to subordinates, not simply talking at them; doing something about hardships or problems, not paying lip service to them; and teaching individuals by counseling, not by abusing them. Trust develops and sustains confidence among soldiers as they do their day-to-day missions.

The most basic and essential characteristics of the Army profession are:

Trust. We must maintain trust and respect between soldiers and with the people of the nation we serve. We accomplish this through the shared purpose of service.

Military expertise. Our professional expertise comes from nearly 240 years of service by our Army to the country, and from the organization, training, and employment of our land forces.

Honorable service. In performing our national duties, we are expected to always respect the dignity of others.

Esprit de corps. It takes dedicated professionals in order to persevere and win our nation's wars. We do so through our bonds in a common goal and purpose to maintain our nation.

Stewardship of the profession. Expertise is created and grown in the Army through high standards of excellence and disciplined experience, which are grounded in the professional Army Ethic.

Caring means fostering a climate that challenges people, convinces them that their contributions make a difference, and allows them to feel good about themselves and the Army they serve. We have to take the time to see, hear, and resolve problems before they affect our units and our soldiers.

What do Soldiers Expect of NCO Leaders?

Throughout our Army's history, NCO duties have centered around maintaining good order and discipline within units; serving as small-unit and/or technical skill leaders; training soldiers in individual skills; and ably leading teams, squads, and sections in combat and in support of combat. All leaders are responsible for accomplishing the unit's mission; ensuring subordinates’ physical, moral, personal, and professional welfare; setting and exemplifying the highest professional and ethical standards; and treating subordinates with dignity, respect, fairness, and consistency.

Good senior NCOs, along with officers, will foster a moral climate in which leaders teach, individual character has the opportunity to mature, and recognition of achievement and tolerance of honest mistakes fosters personal and professional growth. They show their soldiers what right looks like. Leaders must nurture a human relations environment in which all soldiers, regardless of race, creed, color, gender, religion, or national origin, are treated as soldiers. NCO leaders who deal daily with soldiers affect values and behavior by establishing day-to-day procedures, practices, and working norms; by their personal example; and by building discipline, cohesion, motivation, consistency, and fair play.

NCOs ensure that a soldier behaves as a soldier, both on and off duty. The NCO takes immediate action when a soldier's conduct affects good order and discipline. Soldiers who infringe on other soldiers’ rights need to be told to modify their behavior or go elsewhere. There is no substitute for observing for oneself what is going on at the muddy-boots level. No PowerPoint presentation listing everything, right down to boot sizes and numbers of shoelaces, will ever come close to eyes on the target. We expect all noncommissioned officers, regardless of rank, to form the habit of getting down in the trenches with the soldiers, of seeing what is taking place, of measuring it against one's own scale of values, and ordering changes as necessary.

We expect our small-unit leaders to lead by example and to practice the professional Army Ethic; to enforce Army standards of appearance and conduct; to supervise maintenance of equipment, living areas, and work places; to instill discipline; and to take care of subordinates. Those NCOs serving in staff positions must never forget their responsibilities to train, mentor, and look out for the well-being of other soldiers in their sections.

A critical task for NCOs is to assist in the creation and development of expertise and experience of ourselves and our squads, sections, and platoons. It takes study and practice to develop that expertise, but it defines one of our primary roles. It is more than just tactical and technical expertise—it also includes moral, cultural, and human experience. We must develop in our soldiers and ourselves the ability to take appropriate action on our own initiative in the absence of orders, while ensuring it is still in support of the commander's intent. Lifelong learning is expected of all Army professionals.

In such an environment, competence is vitally important. Competence is your ability to perform your duties successfully and to accomplish the mission with discipline and to standard. Competence comes from how you combine your character with your knowledge, skills, and behaviors that define you as a leader.

Your character defines your dedication and adherence to the Army Values and Ethic. You display character by consistently showing it in all your decisions and actions. These are the qualities that are shared between you and your comrades and what distinguishes military service from other professions. Though they may have other values and ethics, it is Army Values and Ethics you adhere to.

By your commitment, you strive to serve honorably and to perform your duties with discipline and to standards while working to be successful and accomplishing each mission with high ethical values, no matter the adversity or challenge.

If we can trust a corporal with a color guard to render proper respect to the flag when no one is watching, then we can also trust that corporal to do what he or she believes is right when faced with an ethical dilemma. If properly trained and understanding of what is right and what is wrong, our soldiers will invariably do what is right. But if they observe their senior leaders bending the rules for one reason or another, they will find it more difficult to justify the harder right. Moral character develops out of repeating good actions; it cannot be learned from orders, but it can be learned by imitation. The best discipline is self-discipline, when you do what you know is right because you want to do the right thing. It is especially important for young soldiers to learn this immediately. As former Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) Gen. John Wickham once said:

During the initial tour the young soldier's life is lived mainly at the squad level with his primary chain of command ranging up through platoon and company/battery/troop level. Therefore the brand of leadership that is exercised by the soldier's squad leader, platoon sergeant, platoon leader, first sergeant and company commander is absolutely critical.

NCOs must motivate soldiers, help them grow, develop them personally and professionally, and inspire them to achieve their maximum potential. We have to allow our subordinates to learn from honest errors, while ensuring that they correct their mistakes. Not correcting mistakes breeds mediocrity. If you walk by a deficiency and say nothing, it becomes the standard.

When told of a soldier not performing to standard, many senior leaders question how effective the immediate leader is in counseling, mentoring, or teaching the soldier his or her job. We must make soldiers want to excel; those soldiers who do not strive for the highest rungs and who are content to reside at the lowest level of performance can do so elsewhere.

Everyone tells us we have the best soldiers in the world. Let us treat them as the professionals they are. They are beyond the stage of requiring babysitters. We must foster their faith in us by ensuring that we give them the respect and confidence they deserve. Anything else will result in compromise and will impair our ability to lead soldiers into the next century. If we and our subordinate leaders foster strong esprit in our soldiers by being personal and professional examples of excellence and by treating them as professionals, there is no doubt they will act professionally. Again, this does not mean that we look the other way when soldiers are not performing to standard.

You do not have to stop soldiers who have pride in themselves and their unit. You just need to steer them. Former US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) CSM Richard Cayton once said, Your soldiers will walk a path and they will come to a crossroads; if you are standing at the crossroads, where you belong, you can guide your soldiers to the right path and make them successful.

I have found no soldier—Active, Guard, or Reserve—who wants to fail. But many do, not for lack of effort (we expend a lot of that) but for lack of knowing how. Some NCOs are unfamiliar with their training responsibilities, and some officers are reluctant to let their NCOs have their piece of the training pie. We should all consider the following:

No soldier should ever have to do his or her duty ill-trained or ill-prepared to do it.

NCOs are responsible for the proper conduct of individual, crew, squad, and section-level training.

No NCO should ever stand before his or her soldiers unconfident or incompetent to lead or train them.

All soldiers should hold their NCOs in high regard and want to follow their lead and example.

Each NCO must accept full responsibility for his or her soldiers’ success and failure.

Leading in the Twenty-first Century

When we entered the mechanized age at the turn of the twentieth century, our Army found an increasing need for a different type of noncommissioned officer—one who was familiar with the technical aspects of the field as well as basic soldiering skills. Today, the NCO Corps again sits at the crossroads of a complex environment. As the Army transitions from over a decade of war and looks to the future, we are leaning toward an increased reliance on the small-unit leader. A smaller force requires NCOs to shift from some of the more traditional roles and to become skilled in developing and training NCO leaders who have direct responsibility for teaching our soldiers in these new technologies.

A senior NCO's primary duty is much like that of the master guildsman of old: It is to ensure that subordinate leaders are trained as skilled professionals and future leaders. If a sergeant is unconfident and unfamiliar with the task he or she is to train soldiers in, several things happen. First, the noncommissioned officer loses credibility with his or her soldiers, and the training is not learned or accomplished. Second, training resources and time are wasted and the task is either rescheduled or, more commonly, listed as unsatisfactory and collective training is begun.

Let us now look at the relationship between the commander and senior NCOs concerning training. ADP 7-0 and ADRP 7-0 specify that senior noncommissioned officers—sergeants first class through sergeants major—are an integral part in the planning and execution of soldier, team, and squad training, and that they should be made responsible for how well their soldiers are trained.

Some compare senior commanders to architects who design the Mission Essential Task List (METL) for their organizations. Subordinate officers take the METL and extract those collective tasks necessary for successful completion at their level. Senior NCOs at each echelon take the collective tasks and determine which individual soldier tasks are necessary to be completed in order for the unit to complete its mission. Just as the architect relies on the contractor to transform the design into a building, the officer must rely on the NCO to put his or her intent into effective individual and leader training programs that make up the building blocks for the collective tasks that support the unit METL.

In a 1994 Military Review article, Gen. Gordon Sullivan wrote: Concentration on basics will mean that we reduce the number of tasks on a unit's mission essential task list, not increase them. Football has six basics—run, pass, catch, block, tackle, and think. We must look to the same type of basics. Without excellence in the basics, versatility is impossible. The same holds true today.

Some leaders believe that making important collective, leader, and individual tasks nondiscretionary robs the leader of creativity and initiative. The fact is that senior leaders have to provide sufficient structure to ensure superior performance from leaders newly introduced into their position, by defining the ever-talked-about box. It is only when the boundaries are clear that creativity and initiative become free from timidity rooted in uncertainty. NCOs who know they have to build a mousetrap will look for better ways to build it.

The NCO Creed states that officers will be given time to accomplish their duties and that they will not have to do ours. We give officers that time by ensuring that soldiers are trained to standard in individual tasks before we attempt training them in collective tasks. This development of training not only occurs at the beginning and end but also is ongoing throughout. Since both the commander and the senior NCO are involved with the development of the training plan at different levels, collective and individual, each must sequence and talk through the different stages. Too much reliance on either collective or individual tasks will result in failure to meet the overall objective. Tankers will never get to Tank Table XII if everyone concentrates only on Tank Table VIII. Without this corporate buy-in by both officers and NCOs, training in units becomes little more than a list of discrete, nonrelated, often poorly resourced events. However, when everyone buys into the plan, training will be successful.

The following chapters cover many areas, from the uses of military history to the history of the role of the NCO to the master trainer concept for identifying individual training needs and conducting After Action Reviews (AARs). How-to's for conducting NCO induction ceremonies, marksmanship ranges, and physical fitness programs are also addressed. The unifying factor in all is the noncommissioned officer and your responsibilities to soldiers. Much of the book consists of quick reference guides regarding promotion, assignments, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and other topics that will assist in your role as a noncommissioned officer. Officers expect you to provide your soldiers with the best training possible, so that when the time comes, they will know that they are competently trained and well led and will have confidence that they can fight and win in combat. A soldier dying for lack of training is nothing less than criminal. Your job and responsibility is to ensure that this does not happen.

So where do you go from here? If you are serious about leading in the twenty-first century with all its technology, and are still expecting your soldiers to fight and—if necessary—die, you must focus your efforts on training, leading, and mentoring your soldiers and supporting your fellow noncommissioned officers so they can perform the same duties for the men and women in their charge. I am certain that noncommissioned officers will continue to produce a quality force that will serve the Army and this nation in this century as well as it did in the last century.

Today, as the Army wrestles with fundamental changes in the way it operates and is organized, an array of disconcerting issues face soldiers and the NCOs who lead and train them. With the nation at war, members of the Army have had to deal with seemingly ever-increasing deployments and assaults on their character because the bad behavior of a few of their fellow soldiers sullied the Army's reputation.

Perhaps. But selfless service calls for personal sacrifice and dedication to duty, regardless of the circumstances. No one gets rich on Army pay. If elements of the nation seem less than caring, well, that's just how it is—so don't sweat it. According to the annual national polls, the military is still the highest-rated institution in the nation. And in the Army family, plenty of good people do care and go about their business because it must be done. The Army's 13th Sgt. Maj. of the Army Kenneth O. Preston commented:

Today's global environment challenges us to be a Culture of Innovation. Our operational Army is adapting to its threats on the battlefield daily. So too must our Institutional Army adapt to ensure our training and processes move at the speed of an Army at war, supporting a nation at war. I always encourage Soldiers to collaborate, think out of the box, and find innovative solutions to today's toughest problems. Phrases like that's the way we've always done it or if it ain't broke, don't fix it are unacceptable excuses today.

This is excellent advice for anyone. Sergeants and their soldiers have enough to concern themselves with on a daily basis. Mission tasks, seemingly endless deployments, leading soldiers in combat, maintaining good order and discipline, keeping fit, appearance, meeting the standards of service, upholding their sworn or affirmed oath to defend the Constitution and obey the orders of superior officers—these are some of the unchanging principal requirements of soldiering in a changing Army, in a dangerous world.

Remember that the strength of our Nation is our Army, coupled with the strength of our Army is our Soldiers and the strength of our Soldiers is our Families. Nothing could be truer.

ARMY ROLES, MISSIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

The Army exists to serve the American people, to protect enduring national interests, and to fulfill national military responsibilities. The Army is charged with providing forces able to conduct timely, continued combat on land as well as stability and reconstruction operations, when required. The Army provides the Joint Force with capabilities required to prevail in the protracted Global War on Terrorism and sustain the full range of its global commitments. The Army's primary mission is to fight and win our Nation's wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders. We do that by accomplishing missions assigned by the president, secretary of defense, and combatant commanders, and by transforming for the future.

When it comes to fighting and winning a major regional conflict, no one is in our league. The Army has demonstrated both in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq that we own the battlefield, day and night. But ownership can be slippery. To win the next battle, the Army will have to get to trouble spots quickly with a sustainable fighting force. It will have to dominate the information war, acting promptly on incoming data to strike targets deep in enemy territory with a new generation of indirect-fire weapons. And commanders at all levels will have to maneuver quickly and decisively, leaving