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    Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Certification Guide: Become CKA Certified with Ease by Mastering Cluster Management and Orchestration with Kubernetes (English Edition)
    Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Certification Guide: Become CKA Certified with Ease by Mastering Cluster Management and Orchestration with Kubernetes (English Edition)
    Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Certification Guide: Become CKA Certified with Ease by Mastering Cluster Management and Orchestration with Kubernetes (English Edition)
    Ebook709 pages3 hours

    Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Certification Guide: Become CKA Certified with Ease by Mastering Cluster Management and Orchestration with Kubernetes (English Edition)

    By Rajesh Vishnupant Gheware

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Unlock the Power of Kubernetes: Master Cluster Excellence!

    Key Features
    ● Master Kubernetes from the ground up, covering foundational to expert-level skills.
    ● Enhance learning with practical examples, clear diagrams, and real-world applications.
    ● Tailored content to help you confidently pass the CKA certification exam.

    Book Description
    Embark on a journey from beginner to pro with this CKA Certification Guide. Seamlessly blending theory with hands-on practice, this indispensable Kubernetes companion provides clear explanations and real-world scenarios to guide you to success in Kubernetes administration. The book starts by giving a solid understanding of Kubernetes platform and how to confidently set up your clusters with step-by-step instructions. You will dive into Workload Objects to master crucial concepts, then explore Service and Ingress for a deep understanding of networking.

    Next, it moves to deploy and scale applications, ensuring you're ready for any workload. This book offers the tools needed to design, deploy, and maintain efficient, scalable, and resilient applications in Kubernetes environments. It covers essential topics such as Pods, Deployments, and StatefulSets, along with providing insights into Kubernetes architecture and operations.

    The advanced section of the book focuses on enhancing your skills with chapters on security and troubleshooting, ensuring you can maintain your clusters effectively and managing microservices with precision. The final section of the book covers focused content and practice exercises to prepare you to ace the CKA certification exam.

    What you will learn
    ● Gain the skills to set up, configure, and maintain Kubernetes clusters, ensuring secure and efficient operations.
    ● Learn how to create, deploy, and manage applications on Kubernetes, including handling updates and scaling.
    ● Acquire in-depth knowledge of Kubernetes networking and storage, enabling you to design and implement robust solutions.
    ● Develop expertise in automating application deployments and managing their scaling and availability for optimal performance.
    ● Build the ability to identify, diagnose, and resolve common Kubernetes problems, ensuring smooth cluster operations.

    Table of Contents
    1. Introduction to Kubernetes
    2. Installing Kubernetes
    3. Workload Objects – Pod, Deploy, StatefulSet
    4. Service and Ingress - Exposing Apps Outside the Cluster
    5. Deploy and Scale - Stateless Apps
    6. Deployment Strategies - RollingUpdate, Recreate
    7. Data Persistence - Local and Cloud
    8. Deploy and Scale - StatefulSet
    9. Configure Apps for Production Deployment
    10. Cluster Database - Backup and Restore
    11. Cluster Upgrade – kubeadm
    12. CoreDNS
    13. Networking - Pod Service and Ingress
    14. Kubernetes CNI
    15. Kubernetes Security
    16. Troubleshooting
    17. Kubernetes Production Essentials
    18. Microservices Observability
    19. Scalable Jenkins on Kubernetes
    20. GitOps using ArgoCD and GitHub
    21. CKA Exam Mastery
          Index

    About the Authors
    Rajesh Gheware is a seasoned professional in the IT industry, known for his expertise and contributions in the field of DevOps. With over two decades of experience, Rajesh has made a significant impact in the areas of cloud computing, containerization, and strategic IT architectures. His career has been marked by progressive roles, starting as a software engineer and evolving into a Chief Architect, a position he has held at several prestigious organizations.
     
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOrange Education Pvt Ltd
    Release dateJul 9, 2024
    ISBN9788197651168
    Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Certification Guide: Become CKA Certified with Ease by Mastering Cluster Management and Orchestration with Kubernetes (English Edition)

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      Book preview

      Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Certification Guide - Rajesh Vishnupant Gheware

      CHAPTER 1

      Introduction to Kubernetes

      Introduction

      In the pre-Kubernetes era, the cost of deploying and managing software was considerably high. Moreover, the operations team faced formidable challenges with regard to replicating software within and across data centers, geographical regions, and for increased load. These were just a few of the numerous complex requirements, making deploying and managing a highly available distributed system a nightmare.

      Google knew that these challenges would become bigger with time and thus developed a cluster management software called ‘Borg’. With this software, Google was running billions of containers every week on machines spread across multiple geographic locations. Nearly a decade later, Google open-sourced this software under the name of Kubernetes, and a year later, in 2015, handed it over to the Linux Foundation.

      Structure

      In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

      Overview

      Benefits of Kubernetes

      Kubernetes Architecture

      Logical View

      Dynamic View

      Overview

      Kubernetes is an open-source software used for the management of containerized applications. This includes managing the scalability of applications, facilitating automated deployment, and so on. In a nutshell, Kubernetes is a cluster management software that lets you create and deploy highly available distributed applications.

      Benefits of Kubernetes

      Following is the list of a few benefits that Kubernetes offers:

      Service discovery and load balancing

      Automated rollouts and rollbacks

      Automated bin packing

      Self-healing

      Storage orchestration

      Secrets and configuration management

      You will learn and experience these benefits/advantages in greater detail in subsequent chapters. We will provide a brief explanation of the benefits mentioned here.

      Service Discovery and Load Balancing

      Kubernetes provides a service-level abstraction to expose your application. This service abstraction enables decoupling between callers of your application and the application itself. For example, a frontend application can call the backend application via the Service URL - a stable network URL that can be accessed within the cluster from anywhere. While the backend application replicas may be running on different nodes or replaced by new ones, the frontend application does not need to worry about which backend application replica responds. This is similar to applications accessing a database using the database URL without worrying about the underlying database instances.

      Besides providing decoupling between the caller and the callee, Kubernetes Service also acts as a load balancer. For example, if there is more than one replica of a backend application, then Kubernetes will route the request to one of the available backend replicas. This routing is mostly round-robin in nature; however, it can be customized. This, in turn, helps cater to varying levels of load on the backend application.

      Automated Rollouts and Rollbacks

      Often in the enterprise world, many replicas of applications are deployed on dozens if not hundreds of servers. Now rolling out any new change would not only be cumbersome but also impractical in most cases. Using Kubernetes, you can roll out new changes or hotfixes with just a single line of command, and it will take care of automatically rolling out this change in the cluster, no matter how big it is.

      In case of any issue during or post-rollout, you can roll back too! Again, using a single line of command, you can instruct Kubernetes, and it will roll back automatically.

      This automated rollout and rollback are generally pretty quick, meaning that you can see the changes happening within a few minutes.

      Automatic Bin Packing

      In the pre-Kubernetes era, deployment procedures invariably contained details of servers on which the application was to be deployed. The Operations team would then deploy the application, ensuring adequate capacity was available on those hosts where the application was to be deployed.

      In the Kubernetes world, you just need to specify the application’s runtime requirements, be it in RAM, CPU, or even parameters like disk type, GPU availability, and more. Kubernetes will then find the appropriate server(s) in the cluster to deploy the application onto. This is called Automatic Bin Packing.

      Self-Healing

      Some of the application pods may crash or hang, or even the node on which they are running may go off the network or keep crashing. This presents a challenging scenario to the Operations teams, who often end up spending a significant amount of effort, sometimes even sleepless nights, recovering from such failures to ensure the high availability of applications.

      Kubernetes runs continuous checks through its controller component, identifies failures, and launches application pods on the available computer capacity (servers) to ensure the desired number of application replicas are running.

      Storage Orchestration

      Most enterprise applications need either temporary or permanent storage to work with. Kubernetes is designed to provide access to various kinds of storage through Volume APIs, regardless of whether storage is needed for the application’s current runtime, across multiple runtimes, or post-restart to maintain the application state. Kubernetes is also designed to work with many external storage providers such as AWS EBS, Azure, Google, Ondat, CephFS, GlusterFS, PortWorx, Cinder, and so on.

      Secrets and Configuration Management

      Sensitive information required by the applications, such as the API key, can be stored in the Secret object provided by Kubernetes. All the information kept in the Secret object is base64 encoded by Kubernetes. Information stored in these Secret objects can be referenced in the application via environment variables or container file systems.

      Kubernetes provides a ConfigMap object to store runtime inputs, say environment variables. This gives the flexibility to deploy the application in various environments like test, pre-prod, prod, and more. Information stored in the Config object is made available to the application at runtime via environment variables or container file system. Kubernetes also ensures that if there is any change in the Config object, then the corresponding application is relaunched automatically to reflect the change in the Config for that particular application.

      Kubernetes Architecture

      Architecture can be best understood by looking at the system from various perspectives/views. We will first examine Kubernetes from a logical view. Then, to understand how different components interact with each other, we will use a dynamic view in the form of a sequence diagram.

      Logical View

      Now, let us understand the different components that make up the architecture of Kubernetes and how these components interact with each other.

      Figure 1.1 shows the logical overview of the Kubernetes cluster:

      Figure 1.1: Kubernetes Architecture - Logical View

      Control Plane

      The control plane consists of one or more servers, also called controller nodes, where the key components that are responsible for managing the Kubernetes cluster are deployed. All control plane components are designed for distributed scaling, and the number of nodes in the control plane is typically an odd number like 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on. Generally, it is 3 or more in the enterprise setups.

      API Controller

      This is the central component in Kubernetes architecture as all other parts/components interact with the API controller. This is the only component that interacts with the ETCD database to store and retrieve cluster information. To manage or operate on the cluster, the User (the external entity to the cluster) can send execution commands using Command Line Interface (CLI) known as ‘Kubectl’. The API Controller exposes itself over the network, allowing utilities like kubectl to send commands (JSON messages over HTTPS) to control the Kubernetes cluster.

      ETCD Database

      This component holds the state of the cluster, and the only component allowed to manage the state of the cluster is the API Controller. Cluster state information is stored in the ETCD database in the form of key and value pairs. Like other control plane components, the ETCD database is designed to be a highly available and scalable software component. It exposes itself over the network and on port 2379.

      Scheduler

      The main responsibility of the scheduler is to schedule pods on appropriate nodes. In Kubernetes, pods are the smallest deployable units. A pod may contain one or more containers. The scheduler watches for all newly created pods and assigns nodes to them so that Kubelet can launch those on the assigned nodes. While assigning nodes to the pod, the scheduler takes into account various computing needs required by the pod such as CPU, memory, disk type, GPU, affinity/anti-affinity preferences, and so on.

      Controller (KCM - Kube Controller Manager)

      Controller, also known as Kube Controller Manager (KCM), is a group of controller processes packaged together to reduce deployment complexity. Following are some of the controller processes:

      Node controller: Monitors and responds whenever the node goes down.

      Job controller: Watches for tasks represented as Jobs and launches them.

      Endpoint Slice controller: Links pods to their service object.

      ServiceAccount controller: Creates a service account that pods can use to communicate with the API Controller. For example, the CI/CD pipeline uses a service account to deploy the built application in the cluster.

      Cloud Controller (CCM - Cloud Controller Manager)

      CCM consists of controllers that interact with the cloud provider to provide features such as a cloud load balancer, manage the cloud provided with nodes, and set up routes in the cloud infrastructure.

      Worker Plane

      This plane consists of nodes where applications are typically deployed. Kubelet, Kube-proxy, and container runtime are also installed on all the worker plane nodes.

      Kubelet

      Kubelet, which runs on every node, interfaces with the container runtime that implements the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) to create and launch applications. There are many CRI implementations available, such as containerd, rocket, CRI-O, Docker, Mirantis, and so on. Kubelet also interfaces with a networking plugin that implements Container Network Interface (CNI). Many plugins, such as Weave, Calico, and Flannel, are available in the market. Kubelet continuously works with the API Controller to take appropriate action on the node, such as, launching applications, destroying applications, sending health status information, and so on.

      Kube-proxy

      Kube-proxy, too, runs on every node and routes the requests to one of the application instances. Kube-proxy either makes use of iptables or IP Virtual Server (IPVS) for highly performant request routing.

      Dynamic View

      Figure 1.2 captures the interaction among components when the user requests the creation of a pod:

      Figure 1.2: POD Creation Sequence Diagram

      As you can see in the diagram, when a user requests a pod creation, the API Controller (also known as API-server) responds after saving the request in the ETCD database. Controllers continually check for new changes in the cluster with the API server, whille the scheduler keeps track of all the pods that are yet to be assigned a node and assigns nodes as soon as the necessary conditions are met. Once a pod is assigned a node, the scheduler notifies the API server, which in turn saves this new information in the ETCD database. Meanwhile, the Kubelet obtains information about newly assigned pods and launches them using the container runtime on the assigned nodes. Kubelet also updates this to the API server, which then saves the latest state in the ETCD database.

      Tip: You can use a control plane node to deploy your application in the test setup; hence, in Figure 1.1, the number of nodes is shown as 0..*, meaning 0 or

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