Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Last Updated : 21 Jun, 2024

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide range of applications and the use of the Internet of Things is growing so faster. Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their architecture to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or to the external environment. In this article, we are going to discuss the architecture of the Internet of Things.

Architecture of IoT

The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.

Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture and is responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical parameters. Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these devices to the network layer.
Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each other and with the wider internet. Examples of network technologies that are commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G technology. Additionally, the network layer may include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries between devices and the wider internet, and may also include security features such as encryption and authentication to protect against unauthorized access.
Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from the devices, processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action.The data processing layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such as data management systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms. These tools are used to extract meaningful insights from the data and make decisions based on that data. Example of a technology used in the data processing layer is a data lake, which is a centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.
Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices.This layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure. It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and systems to communicate and share data seamlessly.The application layer also includes analytics and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful insights. This can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and other advanced analytics capabilities.

Architecture of IoT

Advantages of IoT

Execute multiple tasks at a time like a computer.
Easiest internet connectivity
Works on GUI (Graphical User Interface) mode because of HDMI port.
Best suited for server-based applications i.e., can be connected via SSH–Secure Shell-to access the Rpi command line remotely and file sharing via FTP–File Transfer Protocol.
More reliable for software applications.

Disadvantages of IoT

Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
High initial investment costs.
Limited battery life on some devices.
Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to confusion and uncertainty.

Modern Applications of IoT

Smart Grids and energy saving
Smart cities
Smart homes/Home automation
Healthcare
Earthquake detection
Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
Smartphone detection
Water flow monitoring
Traffic monitoring
Smart door lock protection system
Robots and Drones
Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)

Conclusion

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important technology that allows physical devices to connect and interact with one another and their surroundings via embedded electronics. The IoT architecture, which consists of Sensing, Network, Data Processing, and Application layers, allows for the seamless collecting, analysis, and utilization of data. While IoT provides various benefits, such as increased automation, efficiency, and the capacity to complete multiple jobs at the same time, it also introduces security threats, privacy concerns, and high initial expenses.

Frequently Asked Questions on Architecture of IoT – FAQs

Which types of sensors are used in the Sensing Layer?

Sensors used in the Sensing Layer include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, light sensors, motion detectors, pressure sensors, and gas sensors.

How does the Internet of Things protect data security and privacy?

Encryption, authentication, access control methods, and secure communication protocols all contribute to data security and privacy in the Internet of Things.

How do Internet of Things devices control power consumption?

IoT devices control power consumption using energy-efficient designs, low-power communication protocols, and battery management approaches to increase device durability and reliability.