Check if characters of a given string can be rearranged to form a palindrome

Last Updated : 24 Jun, 2022

Given a string, Check if the characters of the given string can be rearranged to form a palindrome.
For example characters of “geeksogeeks” can be rearranged to form a palindrome “geeksoskeeg”, but characters of “geeksforgeeks” cannot be rearranged to form a palindrome.

A set of characters can form a palindrome if at most one character occurs an odd number of times and all characters occur an even number of times.
A simple solution is to run two loops, the outer loop picks all characters one by one, and the inner loop counts the number of occurrences of the picked character. We keep track of odd counts. The time complexity of this solution is O(n²).

We can do it in O(n) time using a count array. Following are detailed steps.

Create a count array of alphabet size which is typically 256. Initialize all values of the count array as 0.
Traverse the given string and increment count of every character.
Traverse the count array and if the count array has more than one odd value, return false. Otherwise, return true.

Below is the implementation of the above approach.

C++

// C++ implementation to check if
// characters of a given string can
// be rearranged to form a palindrome
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define NO_OF_CHARS 256
 
/* function to check whether 
 characters of a string can form a palindrome */
bool canFormPalindrome(string str)
{
    // Create a count array and initialize all
    // values as 0
    int count[NO_OF_CHARS] = { 0 };
 
    // For each character in input strings,
    // increment count in the corresponding
    // count array
    for (int i = 0; str[i]; i++)
        count[str[i]]++;
 
    // Count odd occurring characters
    int odd = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < NO_OF_CHARS; i++) {
        if (count[i] & 1)
            odd++;
 
        if (odd > 1)
            return false;
    }
 
    // Return true if odd count is 0 or 1,
    return true;
}
 
/* Driver code*/
int main()
{
    canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks")
      ? cout << "Yes\n"
      : cout << "No\n";
    canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks") 
      ? cout << "Yes\n"
      : cout << "No\n";
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java implementation to check if
// characters of a given string can
// be rearranged to form a palindrome
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG {
 
    static int NO_OF_CHARS = 256;
 
    /* function to check whether characters
    of a string can form a palindrome */
    static boolean canFormPalindrome(String str)
    {
 
        // Create a count array and initialize all
        // values as 0
        int count[] = new int[NO_OF_CHARS];
        Arrays.fill(count, 0);
 
        // For each character in input strings,
        // increment count in the corresponding
        // count array
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++)
            count[(int)(str.charAt(i))]++;
 
        // Count odd occurring characters
        int odd = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < NO_OF_CHARS; i++) {
            if ((count[i] & 1) == 1)
                odd++;
 
            if (odd > 1)
                return false;
        }
 
        // Return true if odd count is 0 or 1,
        return true;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
            System.out.println("Yes");
        else
            System.out.println("No");
 
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
            System.out.println("Yes");
        else
            System.out.println("No");
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari.

Python3

# Python3 implementation to check if
# characters of a given string can
# be rearranged to form a palindrome
 
NO_OF_CHARS = 256
 
# function to check whether characters
# of a string can form a palindrome
 
 
def canFormPalindrome(st):
 
    # Create a count array and initialize
    # all values as 0
    count = [0] * (NO_OF_CHARS)
 
    # For each character in input strings,
    # increment count in the corresponding
    # count array
    for i in range(0, len(st)):
        count[ord(st[i])] = count[ord(st[i])] + 1
 
    # Count odd occurring characters
    odd = 0
 
    for i in range(0, NO_OF_CHARS):
        if (count[i] & 1):
            odd = odd + 1
 
        if (odd > 1):
            return False
 
    # Return true if odd count is 0 or 1,
    return True
 
 
# Driver code
if(canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks")):
    print("Yes")
else:
    print("No")
 
if(canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks")):
    print("Yes")
else:
    print("No")
 
# This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari.

C#

// C# implementation to check if
// characters of a given string can
// be rearranged to form a palindrome
 
using System;
 
class GFG {
 
    static int NO_OF_CHARS = 256;
 
    /* function to check whether characters
    of a string can form a palindrome */
    static bool canFormPalindrome(string str)
    {
 
        // Create a count array and initialize all
        // values as 0
        int[] count = new int[NO_OF_CHARS];
        Array.Fill(count, 0);
 
        // For each character in input strings,
        // increment count in the corresponding
        // count array
        for (int i = 0; i < str.Length; i++)
            count[(int)(str[i])]++;
 
        // Count odd occurring characters
        int odd = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < NO_OF_CHARS; i++) {
            if ((count[i] & 1) == 1)
                odd++;
 
            if (odd > 1)
                return false;
        }
 
        // Return true if odd count is 0 or 1,
        return true;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void Main()
    {
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
            Console.WriteLine("Yes");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("No");
 
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
            Console.WriteLine("Yes");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("No");
    }
}

Javascript

<script>
 
// Javascript implementation to check if
// characters of a given string can
// be rearranged to form a palindrome
 
    let NO_OF_CHARS = 256;
  
    /* function to check whether characters
    of a string can form a palindrome */
    function canFormPalindrome(str)
    {
  
        // Create a count array and initialize all
        // values as 0
        let count = Array(NO_OF_CHARS).fill(0);
  
        // For each character in input strings,
        // increment count in the corresponding
        // count array
        for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++)
            count[str[i].charCodeAt()]++;
  
        // Count odd occurring characters
        let odd = 0;
        for (let i = 0; i < NO_OF_CHARS; i++) {
            if ((count[i] & 1) == 1)
                odd++;
  
            if (odd > 1)
                return false;
        }
  
        // Return true if odd count is 0 or 1,
        return true;
    }
 
// Driver program 
 
      if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
            document.write("Yes");
        else
            document.write("No");
  
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
            document.write("Yes");
        else
            document.write("No");
       
</script>

Output

No
Yes

Time Complexity: O(N), as we are using a loop to traverse N times. Where N is the length of the string.

Auxiliary Space: O(256), as we are using extra space for the array count.

Another approach:
We can do it in O(n) time using a list. Following are detailed steps.

Create a character list.
Traverse the given string.
For every character in the string, remove the character if the list already contains else to add to the list.
If the string length is even the list is expected to be empty.
Or if the string length is odd the list size is expected to be 1
On the above two conditions (3) or (4) return true else return false.

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
/*
* function to check whether characters of
a string can form a palindrome
*/
bool canFormPalindrome(string str)
{
 
    // Create a list
    vector<char> list;
 
    // For each character in input strings,
    // remove character if list contains
    // else add character to list
    for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) 
    {
        auto pos = find(list.begin(), 
                        list.end(), str[i]);
        if (pos != list.end()) {
            auto posi
                = find(list.begin(), 
                       list.end(), str[i]);
            list.erase(posi);
        }
        else
            list.push_back(str[i]);
    }
 
    // if character length is even list is 
    // expected to be empty or if character 
    // length is odd list size is expected to be 1
   
    // if string length is even
   
    if (str.length() % 2 == 0
            && list.empty() 
        || (str.length() % 2 == 1
            && list.size() == 1)) 
        return true;
   
    // if string length is odd
    else
        return false;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
        cout << ("Yes") << endl;
    else
        cout << ("No") << endl;
 
    if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
        cout << ("Yes") << endl;
    else
        cout << ("No") << endl;
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji

Java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
 
class GFG {
 
    /*
     * function to check whether 
     * characters of a string can form a palindrome
     */
    static boolean canFormPalindrome(String str)
    {
 
        // Create a list
        List<Character> list = new ArrayList<Character>();
 
        // For each character in input strings,
        // remove character if list contains
        // else add character to list
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) 
        {
            if (list.contains(str.charAt(i)))
                list.remove((Character)str.charAt(i));
            else
                list.add(str.charAt(i));
        }
 
        // if character length is even 
        // list is expected to be empty or 
        // if character length is odd list size 
        // is expected to be 1
       
       
        // if string length is even
        if (str.length() % 2 == 0
                && list.isEmpty() 
            || (str.length() % 2 == 1
                && list.size()
                       == 1)) 
            return true;
       
        // if string length is odd
        else
            return false;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
            System.out.println("Yes");
        else
            System.out.println("No");
 
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
            System.out.println("Yes");
        else
            System.out.println("No");
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Sugunakumar P

Python3

''' 
* function to check whether characters of 
a string can form a palindrome 
'''
 
 
def canFormPalindrome(strr):
 
    # Create a list
    listt = []
 
    # For each character in input strings,
    # remove character if list contains
    # else add character to list
    for i in range(len(strr)):
        if (strr[i] in listt):
            listt.remove(strr[i])
        else:
            listt.append(strr[i])
 
    # if character length is even 
    # list is expected to be empty
    # or if character length is odd 
    # list size is expected to be 1
    if (len(strr) % 2 == 0 and len(listt) == 0 or
            (len(strr) % 2 == 1 and len(listt) == 1)):
        return True
    else:
        return False
 
 
# Driver code
if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks")):
    print("Yes")
else:
    print("No")
 
if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks")):
    print("Yes")
else:
    print("No")
 
# This code is contributed by SHUBHAMSINGH10

C#

// C# Implementation of the above approach
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
class GFG {
 
    /*
    * function to check whether characters
    of a string can form a palindrome
    */
    static Boolean canFormPalindrome(String str)
    {
 
        // Create a list
        List<char> list = new List<char>();
 
        // For each character in input strings,
        // remove character if list contains
        // else add character to list
        for (int i = 0; i < str.Length; i++) 
        {
            if (list.Contains(str[i]))
                list.Remove((char)str[i]);
            else
                list.Add(str[i]);
        }
 
        // if character length is even
        // list is expected to be empty
        // or if character length is odd
        // list size is expected to be 1
       
        // if string length is even
        if (str.Length % 2 == 0 && list.Count == 0
            || 
            (str.Length % 2 == 1
             && list.Count == 1)) 
            return true;
       
       
        // if string length is odd
        else
            return false;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
            Console.WriteLine("Yes");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("No");
 
        if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
            Console.WriteLine("Yes");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("No");
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji

Javascript

<script>
 
/*
     * function to check whether
     * characters of a string can form a palindrome
     */
function canFormPalindrome(str)
{
     
    // Create a list
    let list = [];
 
    // For each character in input strings,
    // remove character if list contains
    // else add character to list
    for(let i = 0; i < str.length; i++)
    {
        if (list.includes(str[i]))
            list.splice(list.indexOf(str[i]), 1);
        else
            list.push(str[i]);
    }
      
    // If character length is even
    // list is expected to be empty or
    // if character length is odd list size
    // is expected to be 1
    
    // If string length is even
    if (str.length % 2 == 0 && list.length == 0 || 
       (str.length % 2 == 1 && list.length == 1))
        return true;
    
    // If string length is odd
    else
        return false;
}
 
// Driver code
if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
    document.write("Yes<br>");
else
    document.write("No<br>");
 
if (canFormPalindrome("geeksogeeks"))
    document.write("Yes<br>");
else
    document.write("No<br>");
 
// This code is contributed by ab2127
 
</script>

Output

No
Yes

Time Complexity: O(N*N), as we are using a loop to traverse N times and in each traversal, we are using the find function to get the position of a character which will cost O(N) time. Where N is the length of the string.

Auxiliary Space: O(N), as we are using extra space for the array of characters list. Where N is the length of the string.

Another Approach: (Using Bits)

This problem can be solved in O(n) time where n is the number of characters in the string and O(1) space.

The string to be palindrome all the characters should occur an even number of times if the string is of even length and at most one character can occur an odd number of times if the string length is odd. Track of the count of the characters is not required instead, it is sufficient to keep track if the counts are odd or even.

This can be achieved by using a variable as a bit vector.

For every character in the string:

if the bit corresponding to the character is not set: //if it is the character’s odd occurrence set the bit

else if the bit corresponding to the character is set: //if it is the character’s even occurrence toggle the bit

This is similar to performing an XOR operation between bit vector and mask.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ Implementation of the above approach
# include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
bool canFormPalindrome(string a)
{
    // bitvector to store
    // the record of which character appear
    // odd and even number of times
    int bitvector = 0, mask = 0;
    for (int i=0; a[i] != '\0'; i++)
    {
        int x = a[i] - 'a';
        mask = 1 << x;
 
        bitvector = bitvector ^ mask;
    }
 
    return (bitvector & (bitvector - 1)) == 0;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
 
    if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
    cout << ("Yes") << endl;
    else
    cout << ("No") << endl;
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java Implementation of the above approach
import java.io.*;
class GFG 
{
 
  static boolean canFormPalindrome(String a)
  {
 
    // bitvector to store
    // the record of which character appear
    // odd and even number of times
    int bitvector = 0, mask = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < a.length(); i++)
    {
      int x = a.charAt(i) - 'a';
      mask = 1 << x;
 
      bitvector = bitvector ^ mask;
    }
 
    return (bitvector & (bitvector - 1)) == 0;
  }
 
  // Driver Code
  public static void main (String[] args) {
 
    if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
      System.out.println("Yes");
    else
      System.out.println("No");
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by rag2127

Python3

# Python3 implementation of above approach.
def canFormPalindrome(s):
    bitvector = 0
    for str in s:
        bitvector ^= 1 << ord(str)
    return bitvector == 0 or bitvector & (bitvector - 1) == 0
 
 
#s = input()  
if canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"):
    print('Yes')
else:
    print('No')
 
    # This code is contributed by sahilmahale0

C#

// C# Implementation of the above approach
using System;
public class GFG
{
 
  static bool canFormPalindrome(string a)
  {
 
    // bitvector to store
    // the record of which character appear
    // odd and even number of times
    int bitvector = 0, mask = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
    {
      int x = a[i] - 'a';
      mask = 1 << x;
 
      bitvector = bitvector ^ mask;
    }
 
    return (bitvector & (bitvector - 1)) == 0;
  }
 
  // Driver Code
  static public void Main (){
    if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
      Console.WriteLine("Yes");
    else
      Console.WriteLine("No");
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155

Javascript

<script>
 
// JavaScript implementation of the above approach
 
function canFormPalindrome(a)
{
     
    // Bitvector to store the record
    // of which character appear
    // odd and even number of times
    var bitvector = 0, mask = 0;
     
    for(var i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
    {
        var x = a.charCodeAt(i) - 97;
        mask = 1 << x;
 
        bitvector = bitvector ^ mask;
    }
    return ((bitvector & (bitvector - 1)) == 0);
}
 
// Driver Code
if (canFormPalindrome("geeksforgeeks"))
    document.write("Yes" + "<br>");
else
    document.write("No" + "<br>");
 
// This code is contributed by akshitsaxenaa09
 
</script>

Output

No

Time Complexity: O(N), as we are using a loop to traverse N times. Where N is the length of the string.

Auxiliary Space: O(1), as we are not using any extra space.

Longest Non-palindromic substring

Abhishek

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