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Beyond the Wall: East Germany, 1949-1990

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In 1990, a country disappeared. When the Iron Curtain fell, East Germany simply ceased to be. For over forty years, from the ruin of the Second World War to the cusp of a new millennium, the GDR presented a radically different German identity to anything that had come before, and anything that exists today. Socialist solidarity, secret police, central planning, barbed wire: this was a Germany forged on the fault lines of ideology and geopolitics.

In Beyond the Wall, acclaimed historian Katja Hoyer offers a kaleidoscopic new vision of this vanished country. Beginning with the bitter experience of German Marxists exiled by Hitler, she traces the arc of the state they would go on to create, first under the watchful eye of Stalin, and then in an increasingly distinctive German fashion. From the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, to the relative prosperity of the 1970s, and on to the creaking foundations of socialism in the mid-1980s, Hoyer argues that amid oppression and frequent hardship, East Germany was yet home to a rich political, social and cultural landscape, a place far more dynamic than the Cold War caricature often painted in the West.

Powerfully told, and drawing on a vast array of never-before-seen interviews, letters and records, this is the definitive history of the other Germany, the one beyond the Wall.

496 pages, Hardcover

First published April 6, 2023

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Katja Hoyer

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 313 reviews
37 reviews4 followers
May 21, 2023
The acclaim for this in Britain astounds me. It is, at best, a competent popular history – but groundbreaking scholarship this emphatically is not.

To those familiar with East German history, little will be new. Hoyer rehashes all the surface-level events and GDR trivia without injecting substance. The incisive authorial reflections that are to be found in other history books I’ve read are conspicuously absent here. The narrative unfolds in simplistic, caricatured fashion. There is also a certain immaturity to the writing. Stalin is said several times to be Walter Ulbricht’s ‘hero’. Cliches abound. Hoyer takes every opportunity that presents itself to say ‘literally’ after a metaphor.

Most irritating to me were the novelistic intros that start many of the copious sub-chapters. ‘Regina Faustmann was fairly happy with how things had turned out. The sixteen year old girl…’ Seven pages later: ‘Anneliese Fleischer, a fourteen year old girl, was sent home from school. When she arrived...’ Five pages later: ‘Heinz Just was frustrated. Day in and day out, the seventeen year old boy dragged himself to his dead end job…’ Five pages later: Gerlinde Bohnisch-Metzmacher, a seventeen year old schoolgirl, walked through the historic Bachstrasse…’ And on it goes. I found it exhausting being introduced to a new ‘character’ so frequently, who is then quickly jettisoned. Worse is that they don’t achieve what I imagine Hoyer intends which is to ground the story in real life people. Instead, by dramatising their lives and only sporadically quoting them directly, they may as well be fictitious.

Given the overwhelmingly positive reaction to the book in the UK, it will come as a surprise to many people that the reaction has been the exact opposite in Germany, where her scholarship and perceived leniency towards the GDR have been panned. Some of the reviews have been genuinely vitriolic. It should be no surprise that I’m largely in agreement on the first criticism but I think it is an overreaction to consider this overwhelmingly critical book sympathetic.

Many German critics seem to resent any account of the GDR that is not unremittingly negative. This seems to be rooted in a political context that fears persistent attempts at rehabilitating the memory of the GDR, connected with post-unification resentment and a lurch to the right in the former GDR states. It seems to be a truism in Germany that you can’t separate the good (or merely neutral) of East Germany from the bad - everything was rooted in the same inhumane dictatorship. To me as an outsider that is obviously reductive and certainly does not deserve to crowd out other interpretations. Hoyer’s explicit intention is to dignify East Germany - for good or bad the cradle of many Germans’ formative years, including Angela Merkel’s - with a history that recognises it as a state and society that cannot be simply dismissed as an abomination. She does this not by sugar-coating but by giving a cohesive account of the political and social history that leaves one in no doubt that this is not a country that should be mourned.

German reviewers have also identified worryingly many factual inaccuracies. For example, Hoyer gets Angela Merkel’s age wrong in the very first sentence of the book. These combined with the immature writing style and a meagre bibliography serve to undermine the pretensions to scholarship.

I think much of the praise for the book in the UK comes from the popular understanding of the GDR being so crude and cliche-ridden. The notion that East Germans went on holidays in the wider Easter Bloc, had birthdays, weddings and dinner parties like anyone else, and were often proud of their country is to them a revelation. If it adds nuance to that simplistic account, it will have served a purpose. And, given the debate that it has sparked in Germany, it may also come to pass that this not-very-good book precipitates a realignment of how Germany views the country that it engulfed thirty years ago.
Profile Image for Boudewijn.
770 reviews152 followers
September 12, 2023
A comfortable dictatorship

Why did the East Germans drink so much more beer than the West Germans? In 1988, they drank 142 litres of beer a year, double the intake of the average West German. Was it to forget their worries, which came with living in the German Democratic Republic?

No says Katja Hoyer, the high beer consumption can be attributed to the fact that East Germans simply had fewer worries. In her book "Beyond The Wall," East German-born historian Katja Hoyer challenges the prevailing narrative that portrays life in the GDR as overwhelmingly negative and oppressive. Instead, she argues that many East Germans enjoyed a relatively stable and comfortable life with fewer concerns compared to Westerners. Her book offers a new perspective by delving into the lives of ordinary people, aiming to depoliticize the past and provide a more balanced view of history.

However, the question of the Stasi remained a recurring thought as I read the book. The German Democratic Republic, with its all-pervasive Stasi and political oppression, instilled fear and earned East Germany the reputation of being one of the most severe authoritarian surveillance states. Those familiar with the book Stasiland by Anna Funder will understand the gravity of this.

Hoyer however, wants to demonstrate that not everything in the GDR was dismal, dreary, and corrupt as the image in the media wants us to believe. She illustrates this through interviews with various GDR citizens, Each chapter typically starts with the introduction of a new citizen, serving as a gateway to the chapter's content. From a young girl presenting flowers at Wilhelm Pieck's acceptance speech, to a young school girl and a factory worker, Hoyer tries to paint a real-life picture on daily life in the various times of the GDR.

Unfortunately, these everyday voices from life in the GDR don't have a lasting impact, as many of them are introduced at the beginning of a chapter but then quickly fade from the narrative. As a reader, I was left wondering about their fate. Did their life circumstances change? Did they become happier or unhappier as they got older? The abrupt dismissal of these witnesses leaves you questioning the purpose of introducing them in the first place. Despite this limitation, it could still be an interesting approach to telling history from the grassroots.

But alas, the author only lets people speak who kept the state functioning. System critics have no voice in this narrative. Hoyer - in my eyes - presents a one-sided and potentially biased perspective of the historical events and the experiences of people in East Germany. A book that promises "a new history of the GDR" in its subtitle raises expectations. But I found the omission of extensive coverage on the Stasi a limitation, The Stasi, after all, was an organization that included harassment, shoot-to-kill orders and its influence on everyday life in East Germany was pervasive and created an atmosphere of fear, mistrust, and self-censorship. A balanced historical account should consider multiple perspectives to offer a more nuanced and accurate depiction of the past. But Hoyer completely fails to provide a comprehensive understanding of the repression of the GDR regime affected the daily lives of its citizens.

Hoyer's narrative ultimately portrays the old story of a dictatorship that was, in her view, relatively comfortable for many. For those who experienced the regime's oppression, this perspective falls short of capturing the full truth.

Trabi World in Berlin
Trabi World in Berlin
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Profile Image for Rob M.
181 reviews72 followers
August 29, 2023
This book has been getting a good reception from critics and fits well with the emerging revisionist history of socialist Eastern Europe from authors like Kristen Ghodsee, Lea Ypi, Gal Kirn etc.

As implied by the title, the purpose of the book is to take a wider look at the history of the German Democratic Republic, beyond the usual focus on the border regime and security apparatus. That's not to say that the Berlin Wall and Stasi don't feature in the history, but they are set in a less hysterical context which also includes a broader discussion on the political system, welfare state, home and family life, foreign relations, and popular culture.

A great strength of the book is its use of anecdotes and personal stories to illustrate the diversity of life in the DDR - salvaging the lives of the citizens of the former DDR from the dustbin of history into which their former state has been unceremoniously dumped. Beyond the Wall is a satisfying synthesis of social history with political and diplomatic history and, as such, reads well; shifting between different conceptual lenses in a way that it feels dynamic and exciting throughout.

For me, the weakness of Beyond the Wall is its unambitious theoretical framework. Hoyer's basic argument is that the DDR was, like the FDR, a legitimate response to Germany's traumatic experience with fascism and defeat. Aside from its hugely disadvantaged territorial and economic starting point, what ultimately held the DDR back was the obsessive paranoia of its leadership. Paranoia, according to Hoyer, was baked so deeply into the political system that even the most necessary reform processes were stifled before they could take full effect. I think Hoyer's argument works as far as it goes (who can doubt the Eastern European communist parties were paranoid to the core?!), but it's limited.

I would also have liked to have read a deeper dive into mechanics of the economic planning system (e.g. Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution or Red Plenty), as well as a bit more about how marxist political theory interacted with real events to produce political decisions, beyond the aforementioned paranoia (e.g. Partisan Ruptures: Self-Management, Market Reform and the Spectre of Socialist Yugoslavia or The Tailor of Ulm: A History of Communism). While Hoyer details many positive aspects of life in the socialist system (women's emancipation, working class social mobility, social security, etc), she seems to obfuscate the systemic reasons for these outcomes for fear of telling too much of a positive story. Hoyer's argument is very careful to maintain that a bad system produced some good outcomes, not the other way around. This feels less a result of the author's own convictions, and more like an intellectual prophylactic against the inevitable right wing backlash to a book like this.

Missing also was a real exposition of the sheer brutality of the privatisation process which followed the annexation of the DDR by the FDR, something Hoyer alludes too in her epilogue, but draws back from really opening up on. Again, it feels as though Hoyer is too afraid to make her full argument out in the open, because of the potential backlash. (read Stasi State or Socialist Paradise?: The German Democratic Republic and What Became of It).

Despite these slight criticisms, I still enjoyed the book immensely and would certainly recommend it. Hoyer walks a fine line between conforming to liberal expectations of history, while carefully and cleverly transgressing them to paint a more sympathetic picture of the DDR than many readers will be used to. From a socialist perspective, a more full throated defence of the DDR might have been more satisfying, but the strength of Beyond the Wall is that it opens a mainstream gateway into a reinterpretation of the state socialist project in Europe. In that respect, Beyond the Wall gently (oh so gently) asks as many questions as it answers.
Profile Image for Mervyn Whyte.
Author 1 book27 followers
May 10, 2023
A brilliantly written and researched piece of work. You really get a comprehensive insight and understanding of what life was like in the GDR. And there are many surprises. Such as how high living standards were (comparatively, within the Communist sphere), how content much of the population was and how hard the authorities tried to meet the consumer demands of the people (especially in regards to American jeans!). My only criticism is the way Hoyer occasionally underplays the more sinister aspects of the regime. Yes, the horrors and mass surveillance of the Stasi are mentioned. But not as much as you'd expect. Especially given how all-pervading we now know it to have been. And however much joy sporting success brought to the inhabitants of the GDR, the levels of cheating and - in Olympic sports at least - the amount of physical suffering it caused, shouldn't be forgotten. Hoyer covers it, but - like with the Stasi - not in any great detail. Nevertheless, a superb book, and (especially given that English is not her first language) a superb read.
Profile Image for Great-O-Khan.
308 reviews103 followers
May 22, 2023
"Diesseits der Mauer" von Katja Hoyer ist eines der interessantesten Sachbücher der letzten Monate. Es beschreibt die Geschichte der DDR. Neben der Zeit von 1949 bis 1990 behandelt es auch die Zeit vor der Gründung der DDR und die Zeit nach der sogenannten "Wiedervereinigung". Ich bin Jahrgang 1969. Ich bin im Westen Deutschlands aufgewachsen. Die Zeit seit den 80er-Jahren habe ich über Tageszeitungen, Magazine und Fernsehen mitbekommen. Das Internet gab es noch nicht. In der Schule kam das Thema DDR nur am Rande vor. Eine Ausnahme war die obligatorische Klassenfahrt nach Berlin (in der siebten Klasse). Hier war auch ein Tag im Osten der Stadt eingeplant. Mir ist eigentümlicherweise nur dieses schöne Lenin-Denkmal, welches wir für unsere Fototapete fotografiert haben, in Erinnerung geblieben. Und die Einweisung der Lehrer ("wenn ihr mit Bürgern sprecht, sagt nicht Ost-Berlin, sondern Berlin Hauptstadt der DDR", die Bürger waren ob unserer Ansprache arg verwundert). Über die DDR sagte das alles wenig aus.

Das Buch von Frau Hoyer war für mich eine gute Gelegenheit, Bildungslücken auf eine unterhaltsame und trotzdem ernsthafte Art und Weise zu schließen. Es beschreibt die politischen Entwicklungen. Einiges kennt man bereits, anderes ist zumindest für mich neu. In die großen Themen ist das Leben "normaler" Bürger eingeflochten. Das hilft ein Gefühl für das Leben in der DDR zu bekommen. Dieser Ansatz hat auch zu Kritik geführt. Es wäre eine Verherrlichung des Systems. Die Autorin würde ein Land beschreiben, in dem man auch heute noch leben wollen würde. Das ist Unsinn. Die Repressalien werden ebenso ausführlich geschildert. Es ist kein Buch von einer Historikerin für andere Historikerinnen und Historiker. Es ist ein Buch für das allgemeine interessierte Publikum. Für Menschen wie mich, die im Westen aufgewachsen sind und sich bisher nie die Mühe gemacht haben, sich mit der Forschung zum Osten auseinanderzusetzen. Oder für Menschen, die nach dem Ende der DDR geboren worden sind. Das Buch ist informativ und lehrreich ohne belehrend zu sein.

Katja Hoyer ist Jahrgang 1985. Sie lebt mittlerweile in London und forscht dort am King’s College. Vielleicht benötigt ein derartiges Buch den Blick von außen mit dem Wissen von innen.
Profile Image for Vuk Prlainović.
37 reviews
May 23, 2023
Rating this book was a bit of a headache, for reasons I will get into shortly. Ultimately, I decided on a 3/5 since any more would be tacit approval of the current state of historiographical discourse regarding East Germany.

What does that have to do with this particular book? Well, the main impression I got while going through the first half of Beyond the Wall was that Hoyer was utterly terrified by the possibility of being perceived as too sympathetic to the "Stasiland" state. The irony of an author forced to self-censor her GDR book because of potential career-endangering backlash is kind of hilarious, but I digress.

To allay these fears, she devotes way too many pages of this 400-page book to set the record straight on how communism is bad, Stalin is bad, everyone was paranoid, etc. The usual spiel. Easily the weakest part of the book, it's riddled with and conjecture and weird misuse of sources that I wasn't sure whether to attribute to sloppiness or malice. Unfortunately, it's the type of thing you could only know if you happen to have read the cited source itself. Just cross-reference the Dimitrov quote about Stalin and you'll see what I mean.

The second half of the book feels more confident since Hoyer is actually able to tell us about everything she researched, having gotten the disclaimers out of the way. From the Vietnam coffee scheme to Honecker's interesting relationship with Kohl, there are some great stories in this book. And to give credit where credit is due, Hoyer gives a great account of Stallin's role in the formation of the GDR. Leaning on the work of historians like Loth, she gives the topic much more nuance than I'd expect from an entry-level work like this.

Ultimately, I feel this book could have been so much more if the author was less concerned with staving off criticism and focused her attention on what she set out to do in the first place - peel back the layers of cold war mythology to show what life looked like beyond the wall. And looking at the "controversy" surrounding the book in Germany, where various intellectual pygmies are panning it for not covering the eeevil Stasi in enough detail, the self-censorship seems to have been for naught. Such a shame.
Profile Image for Nathaniel Flakin.
Author 3 books78 followers
August 7, 2023
this new history of the German Democratic Republic has made a big swath of the German press boil with rage: "it whitewashes the evil Stalinist dictatorship," etc. Well, I've read it, and it struck me as a fairly standard Western view of the East. The author even claims that Stalin was responsible for the division of Germany, despite acknowledging that Stalin desired to see a united, capitalist, neutral Germany. It was the the imperialist Allies, with their plan to create a militarized West German bulwark, who divided the country.

The unspeakable sin that this book commits is that the author interviewed a broad cross section of people who lived in the GDR. And while they complain about repression, surveillance, and shortages, they also point out that some elements of life in Ostdeutschland were nicer than today in late capitalism. To name a few: there were no restrictions on abortion, there was free childcare, and everyone got housing, education, health care, and jobs.

Today the German state pays far-right "historians" to tell us that East Germany was *at least* as bad as fascism. This book breaks all of their taboos, by acknowledging that citizens of the GDR were not miserable every second of their lives, and in fact have some pleasant memories. Recently, I have read a number of autobiographies from the GDR — Günter Stillmann, Markus Wolf, Victor Grossman — but I think this was actually my first complete history of the GDR from beginning to end. I learned a lot about the transition from Ulbricht to Honecker, about how the entire East German leadership ended up living in a walled-off village, and stuff like that.

This is an easy read for beginners. It would have been important to include more about East German support for anti-colonial movements in Africa. The author makes no attempt at all to define what the GDR was (socialism or something else) and therefore there's nothing to debate about from a Marxist perspective. I hope to write a review soon so I'll leave it at that.
Profile Image for Florian Lorenzen.
120 reviews67 followers
June 5, 2023
Als „Diesseits der Mauer. Eine neue Geschichte der DDR“ der britisch-deutschen Historikerin Katja Hoyer vor rund einem Monat erschien, waren die Feuilletons voll mit aufgeregten Debattenbeiträgen zum Buch. Somit konnte auch ich mich der Durchsicht dieses 550-Seiten-Starken Buches nicht verwehren.

In „Diesseits der Mauer“ präsentiert uns Katja Hoyer einen geschichtlichen Abriss der DDR, beginnend mit den Jahren des Moskauer Exils ihrer Gründerväter und -mütter, bis hin zur Deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Unterteilt ist das Buch in viele kleine, gut konsumierbaren Unterkapiteln, die einem ein schnelles Durchlesen ermöglichen. Der Untertitel „Eine neue Geschichte der DDR“ ist zwar etwas dick aufgetragen, fördert das Buch doch dafür insgesamt zu wenig Neues zu tage. Jedoch ist die Erzählweise in dem Sinne neu, da es die DDR-Geschichte zumeist anhand der Biografien einzelner, „normaler“ DDR-Bürger wiedergibt. Dieser Ansatz ist für ein breites Publikum gewiss nicht ungeeignet, wird der klassische Historiker-Schreibstil doch oftmals als zu trocken empfunden. Insofern würde ich annehmen, hat das Buch auch deswegen eine breite, nicht zwingend deutsche Leserschaft gefunden.

Doch dieser erzählerische Ansatz, der auf von Hoyer geführten Interviews mit ehemaligen DDR-Bürgern und auf anderen biografischen Quellen basiert, hat auch seine Nachteile. Sie ermöglicht zwar eine alltagsnahe Darstellung der DDR-Geschichte, öffnet damit Nostalgie und historischen Verklärungen aber Tür und Tor. Das liegt auch an der fragwürdigen Umsetzung dieses Ansatzes. Denn Hoyer will speziell jenen Menschen eine Stimme geben, die „den Staat funktionieren ließen“ – also letztlich dem systemtreuen Teil der DDR-Bevölkerung – und ordnet diese Stimmen selten kritisch ein. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass systemkritische Personen und ihre Schicksale demgegenüber zumeist nur am Rande thematisiert werden. Hierdurch kommt die DDR in Hoyers Gesamtschau gar nicht mal so schlecht weg.

Keine Frage, die Verbrechen der SED-Diktatur werden von Hoyer benannt und auch angemessen dargestellt, egal ob es sich um Bespitzlungen der Stasi, Folter in Gefängnissen oder die Militarisierung der DDR-Gesellschaft handelt. Man kann ihr nicht vorzuwerfen, dass sie diese Punkte unterschlägt. Jedoch ist Hoyer gleichermaßen darum bemüht, die positiven Seiten der DDR herauszustellen, die DDR also „zustimmungsfähiger“ (Kocka) zu machen. Doch wenn günstiger Wohnraum und flächendeckende Kindertagesstätten dafür herhalten müssen, fehlende Kunstfreiheit, Ausreise-Verbote, Schießbefehle an der Mauer, mediale Gleichschaltung und sonstiges Unrecht aufzuwiegen, so wie Hoyer es impliziert, dann wird hierdurch der diktatorische Charakter des DDR-Regimes relativiert. Ich habe zwar grundsätzlich kein Problem damit, wenn auch positive Aspekte der DDR beim Namen genannt werden, so wie das beispielsweise Steffen Mau in „Lütten Klein“ gelungen ist. Doch diese sollten immer vor dem Hintergrund der Diktatur und seiner Verbrechen verstanden und eingeordnet werden. Hierauf verzichtet Hoyer zumeist, weswegen die in „Diesseits der Mauer“ forcierte Ausgewogenheit eher zu einem false balancing gerinnt.

Neben diesen geschichtspolitischen Unannehmlichkeiten ist noch ein anderer Kritikpunkt zu nennen, nämlich dem Fehlen einer systemischen Analyse der DDR. Hoyer vermeidet es, die auch von ihr diagnostizierten Defizite der DDR, wie fehlende Kunstfreiheit, Einparteiendiktatur der SED, Mauerbau etc. systemisch zu erklären. Im Hinblick auf die fehlende wirtschaftliche Innovationskraft und Effizienz der DDR wird das beispielsweise schön deutlich. So führt Hoyer die wirtschaftliche Rückständigkeit der DDR im Wesentlichen auf die hohen Reparationszahlungen in Richtung Moskau zurück, welche die BRD so nicht abzuleisten hatte. Das ist sicherlich nicht komplett falsch, führt aber am Kern der Ursache vorbei. Denn die DDR war als Bestandteil des real existierenden Sozialismus bestimmten wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen und wirtschaftspolitischen Dogmen unterworfen, deren Effekte wie fehlende Anreizstrukturen, fehlendes unternehmerisches Denken etc. maßgeblich zur eigenen ökonomischen Rückständigkeit beitrugen. Diese Vorgehensweise ist für „Diesseits der Mauer“ leider symptomatisch. Strukturelle Defizite werden von ihr nicht systemisch, sondern zumeist individuell gedeutet. Ein systemischer Blick aber hätte zu Tage fördern können, dass jene Defizite der DDR, die auch Hoyer nicht bestreitet, weniger mit Fehlentscheidung der SED-Führungsriege etc. zu tun haben, sondern viel mehr dem System des real existierenden Sozialismus an sich. Dadurch dass diese Analysetiefe fehlt, verbleibt „Diesseits der Mauer“ an entscheidenden Stellen oftmals auf einem recht oberflächlichen Niveau.

Insofern sehe ich in „Diesseits der Mauer“ vor allem eine vertane Chance. Ein an sich interessante Buch-Idee, nämlich die DDR-Geschichte aus der Perspektive des Alltagslebens ihrer Bürger nachzuerzählen, scheitert tragisch an der fehlenden geschichtspolitischen Redlichkeit und der ausbleibenden Bereitschaft zur analytischen Tiefe ihrer Autorin

Review bei Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/p/CtGbo6eAz0m/
Profile Image for Miroslav Beblavy.
30 reviews142 followers
September 17, 2023
highly recommended

Reads like a thriller and social history together - too bad there is nothing like that for Czechoslovakia 1948 - 1989
Profile Image for Bagus.
429 reviews88 followers
June 22, 2023
Katja Hoyer begins her book with a strong narrative, highlighting an important moment in modern German history. On 3 October 2021, Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel stepped down after almost 20 years held the position. In her remarks, she emphasised that her experience growing up in East Germany was not only “lost years”, as the common narrative about her life often describes. Her political career is often counted only in the period following the fall of the Berlin Wall, ignoring her formative years in East Germany that shaped the person she is today.

Beyond the Wall really goes beyond the Wall, offering a comprehensive and meticulously researched exploration of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as well as shedding light on the multifaceted aspects of its history, society, and political landscape. With a nuanced analysis and a wealth of primary sources, Hoyer presents a valuable contribution to the literature on the GDR, providing us with a deeper understanding of this complex and tumultuous period. Hoyer's work stands out for its thoroughness and attention to detail. She skillfully navigates the chronology of the GDR, from its establishment in 1949 to its dissolution in 1990, and examines key political events, economic policies, and social dynamics. By drawing on an extensive range of primary sources, including archival documents, oral histories, and contemporary media, Hoyer paints a vivid and comprehensive picture of life in the GDR.

One strength of Beyond the Wall lies in its exploration of the GDR's political structure and the mechanisms of control employed by the regime. Hoyer delves into the role of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and its leadership, spanning from the time of Gruppe Ulbricht returning to the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany all the way to Honecker’s era, in shaping and maintaining the GDR's socialist system. She does not only begin the GDR’s history from 1949 alone, but goes all the way back to the experience of the German communists exiled in Moscow during the Nazi era, who experienced double persecution back at home (due to their commitments as socialists) and in the Soviet Union (during the Stalin’s purges). This experience would be instrumental for Walter Ulbricht and the German communist apparatus in shaping the political system in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany and later in the post-war GDR. Hoyer also provides insights into the everyday lives of East Germans, delving into topics such as education, healthcare, housing, and consumer culture. She examines the ways in which the GDR sought to cultivate a sense of collective identity and loyalty to the state, exploring initiatives such as youth organisations and socialist cultural events. Additionally, Hoyer illuminates the economic challenges faced by the GDR, including the stagnation of its planned economy and the restrictions on travel and trade.

Comparing Beyond the Wall with Mary Fulbrook's The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker and much more popular Anna Funder's Stasiland: Stories from Behind the Berlin Wall reveals the complementary nature of these works. While Fulbrook's book provides a comprehensive analysis of the GDR's socio-political structures and state-society relations, Funder's work offers a more personal and emotionally charged perspective through personal testimonies of people involved with the Stasi–the GDR’s state security apparatus. Hoyer's Beyond the Wall bridges the gap by offering a broader exploration of the GDR's history, encompassing political, social, and economic dimensions. One notable aspect of Hoyer's work is her inclusion of diverse voices and perspectives. She highlights the range of experiences and attitudes within East German society, acknowledging that not all individuals held the same view of the GDR. This nuanced approach allows readers to appreciate the complexities of living under a totalitarian regime and avoids oversimplification.

Beyond the Wall also delves into the profound impact of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent reunification of Germany. Hoyer explores the mixed emotions experienced by East Germans during this period of profound change, including the loss of familiar structures and the challenges of transitioning to a market-based economy. She also reflects on the lasting legacy of the GDR and its impact on Germany's political and social landscape in the present day. I read from Hoyer's experience discussing the book in Germany that the German edition of Beyond the Wall stirred emotions in German readers, despite the fact that the 30-year gap between the German reunification and the present moment may provide relatively enough time to assess the process with more objectivity.

‘The country my mother left behind was a country she believed in; a country we kept alive till her last breath; a country that never existed in that form,’ goes the narrative of the protagonist Alex Kerner at the end of the 2003 film Good Bye Lenin! which describes the German reunification process. Notwithstanding the exaggerated fictional premise of the film, the longing for a country that suddenly disappeared overnight and the need to reassess the German reunification process and discuss it again is emphasised throughout this book, a process that Katja Hoyer describes would entail involving ‘accepting that East and West Germans lived very different realities in the formative postwar decades, and that these are all part of the national story’.

Katja Hoyer’s latest book is a meticulously researched and nuanced exploration of the GDR. Its thorough analysis of the political, social, and economic dimensions of the GDR provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of this complex period in German history. The discourse helps form a more objective and multifaceted perspective on the GDR and its lasting significance. Hoyer's inclusion of diverse voices and her attention to detail make this book a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the intricacies of life in the GDR, which is not as black and white as often describes in most mainstream sources and brings us to rethink the essence of German reunification.
Profile Image for Simon Pressinger.
254 reviews1 follower
April 7, 2024
I loved reading Anna Funder's Stasiland. It's the kind of book you have to re-read, just to appreciate the atmospheric fallout of a big idea gone wrong; i.e. post-Soviet socialism in Germany. I was left thinking the whole project of the GDR was a disaster. But Katja Hoyer's history of the German Deomocratic Republic creates a greatly nuanced, complex and enlightening picture of a country and people that, in the end, simply wanted an alternative to the relentless greed and ruthless competitiveness of capitalism. What a journey... This was so readable and so unendingly interesting. I've been picking at it for weeks and kept finding myself fully engaged at every read.
90 reviews446 followers
July 16, 2024
Li porque estou a pesquisar sobre o assunto. Foi muito útil.
Profile Image for John.
198 reviews11 followers
May 5, 2024
35 years later, the subject of East Germany is still a contentious subject. Growing up in the west, I have been inundated with many stories and anecdotes, both in conversation and the classroom, around what life was actually like in the DDR. As someone who was born and raised in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War this period of history has always been of interest to me, focusing mainly on the division of Germany due to my family history.

I remember doing a semester paper on the Berlin Wall in high school and since then I have taken a casual interest in the subject of East Germany, as well as many other former Iron Curtain cultures. It seems now is the best time to reevaluate this subject as we are a few decades removed but there are still many people who lived in these countries during their existence who are still alive and with us today. Especially with the wealth of knowledge available on the internet, it is a perfect time to learn about this subject. When I saw this book had been published I eagerly awaited my chance to read it. While there is a lot I liked about this book, I will say I am a bit conflicted on its overall presentation.

This book exists as a retaliation to the way that the history of East Germany has been covered, mainly by westerners, in the wake of reunification. At this point images of the wall, those trying to escape, and the persistent surveillance from the Stasi are quite clear in the minds of anyone when you mention East Germany but surely there is more to a nation that existed for over 40 years than just that?

Katja Hoyer sets out to provide a deeper look at the DDR and more of the social, day to day experiences. This is probably the greatest value of this book. There are many accounts by those who lived and worked in the DDR about what life was like. While not deep discussions, these recounts offer an interesting and relatable view of daily life.

Growing up, I would hear many stories from my mother and her siblings of their experiences visiting family in Germany. Most of their time was spent in West Germany but they would on occasion visit East Germany to experience what it was like to peek behind the iron curtain.

Back in 2020, my Grandmother passed away and our family was tasked with cleaning out her house. Born in Pommern in 1930, she had a tumultuous childhood to put it lightly. She was a refugee who found herself in the devastated post war East Germany, eventually making her way west and on to the US in 1952. She always kept in touch with friends and after reunification would visit her childhood village.

While cleaning out her house I found a multitude of 20th century currencies. A personal interest of mine, I took specific notice of what I found. Of course I found many BRD Deutsche Marks, which I had seen around since I was a kid but I also came across DDR Marks. I realized how I had never seen these before and just how different they were. Their bills showcasing women scientists and their coins made of cheap light weight aluminum. I mentioned this to my aunt who recounted how “crap” their money was. I’ve found that many socialist countries don’t put the same amount of effort into the structural durability of their currencies as capitalist ones.

This comment from my aunt wasn’t a one off. I’ve heard many descriptions of how drab and dismal life in East Germany seemed. Of course these accounts are coming from people whose understanding of society was the US and West Germany, two of the most successful capitalist societies of the mid to late 20th century so it must have seemed like a truly harsh contrast.

Beyond The Wall offers the statement that East Germany was always doomed to fail. That many short term solutions were utilized to keep things running, making it a miracle it lasted as long as it did. Many other reviewers seem to think Hoyer is being too sympathetic but this book is actually quite anti Soviet if anything. I think, at least for the earlier parts, she does a great job of offering a balanced assessment of the pros and cons of East German society.

I found the descriptions of the early years to be really good at showcasing the post war rebuilding struggle and how that differed from the experiences of West Germany. Hoyer offers a lot of insight into how the Soviet supervision differed from the west and how that stunted growth in the DDR. There was a lot of excitement around rebuilding a new nation, like in the west, but also how the limited options of the East lead to exodus of many of its citizens.

Where I really took issue with this book was how Hoyer handles the downfall. The 1980s really feel condensed and limited in their overview in comparison to the other decades. This period of East German history is probably the most well known by the general public, which is probably why she felt less of a need to discuss it but considering this book is a reaction to that previously held conception of the DDR it felt like a huge misstep. The events of the final years of East Germany feel like they are rushed through and overall don’t offer much in terms of a rebuttal.

Most egregious of all is probably Hoyer’s limited discussion on the Stasi. She gives a good overview of the Berlin Wall, how it came to be and how it influenced the lives of those who lived within its vicinity but when it comes to the Stasi she really doesn’t offer a good explanation of who they were and what they did in society. There is mention of them all throughout the book but no real explanation on how they came to be or the real influence they had on stunting and stagnating East German culture.

The kind of person who is going to be on the opposite side of understanding East Germany will immediately mention the Stasi as to why the DDR was an evil, authoritarian society with no redeeming qualities, to have a weak understanding of them portrayed here in this book is a huge failure for her argument in portraying the good in East German society.

For my personal expectations, I was hoping to get a better understanding of the middle years of the DDR; as that is the era I am least familiar with. While I learned a lot of new stuff from this book I also found much of it to be rather surface level, basic subjects about East Germany. If you are interested in the history of the DDR you will already be familiar with the doping scandals and coffee shortages.

One of my favorite subjects of East German society is the architecture. Like many communist bloc nations, fabricated apartments are a staple of any major town. Halle-Neustadt is a personal favorite use case of mine. There is one page dedicated to Halle-Neustadt, describing both the optimism in its inception and its problems in actuality. I get that city planning is not the most important or most interesting of subjects when it comes to the history of East Germany but given that the policies and personnel are gone the last thing to stand as a relic of this time period are the buildings.

I really just wish this book was more of what it could have been. It has a lot of great information and perspectives in it that I think anyone interested in the history of East Germany definitely should still read but in terms of this being the definitive or all encompassing history of East Germany it is sorely lacking; making it no better than those demonizing accounts.
50 reviews
June 20, 2023
Leider muss ich sagen, dass ich den Kritikern recht geben muss: das ist ein sehr einseitig geratenes, die DDR verklärendes Buch.

Ich hätte das Buch gerne gemocht, denn es hat ein paar sehr positive Seiten: es behandelt die DDR als deutsche, nicht als nur ostdeutsche Geschichte. Es behandelt den gesamten relevanten Zeitraum, von 1945 bis 1990. Es ist sehr leicht lesbar und flüssig geschrieben. Es stellt die Menschen, ihre Erfahrungen, Erwartungen und Einschätzungen in den Mittelpunkt. Zugegeben, vor allem Menschen, die es sich in der DDR eingerichtet hatten oder an den Sozialismus glaubten - richtige Opfer der DDR, die dieses System zugrunde gerichtet hatte, kommen fast nicht zu Wort.

Was ich auch interessant fand, war wie die DDR in ihrer Anfangsphase (und später auch) um ihre Eigenständigkeit auch gegenüber der UdSSR pochte. Lange hält sich Hoyer mit der Frage auf, ob Stalin wirklich einen "eigenen" deutschen Staat wollte, oder ob er ihn eher widerwillig in Kauf nahm, nachdem sein Plan, die Westbindung von Westdeutschland zu verhindern, gescheitert war.

Das alles ist sehr spannend und gut erzählt, aber mit der Zeit fand ich die Erzählung immer einseitiger und nerviger. Krass fand ich, dass sie sich mit den Entwicklungen in den anderen sozialistischen Staaten fast überhaupt nicht beschäftigt hat, obwohl gerade der Herbst 1989 unvorstellbar ist ohne die Entwicklungen vor allem in Polen und Ungarn. Generell schreibt sie über die Solidarność nur im Kontext von "sozialen Unruhen" - als ob sie nur ausgebrochen wären, weil die Polen es nicht geschafft hätten, einen ähnlich gut funktionierenden sozialistischen Staat aufzubauen - vom Streben der Polen nach nationaler und individueller Freiheit keine Rede. Und es liest sich über lange Passagen so, als ob die Führung der DDR wirklich aufrichtig und ständig nur ein besseres Deutschland hätte aufbauen wollen - die wird erwähnt, aber es wird der Eindruck erweckt, dass es fast nur diejenigen betraf, die irgendwie sowieso nicht zufrieden gestellt werden konnten. Ich fand das dann doch zu krass.

Das sollte also nicht das einzige Buch sein, das ihr über die DDR lest.
Profile Image for Maine Colonial.
779 reviews189 followers
September 16, 2023
This is a fascinating history of the DDR, with perspectives that were new to me despite having read a lot about the country’s history. The author focuses often on the personalities and personal experiences of both the powerful and ordinary citizens to show why they acted as they did. I particularly appreciated the more nuanced view of how ordinary citizens felt about their country, the difference in social welfare policies between the DDR and West Germany, and why reunification wasn’t a wholly positive step for East Germans.

The audiobook narrator is a standout; an Englishman who pronounces German names and other words very well.
Profile Image for Jen.
155 reviews1 follower
January 9, 2024
As someone who was in middle school when the Berlin Wall fell, I have a very distinct memory of hearing that news. But realized I really don’t know anything about the country beyond that it existed and was socialist. So this book was so educational to start. But what I loved the most is how the author introduced new topics/sections with a specific personal story of how that bit of history affected an individual. And her analysis of what has come after reunification in 1990 was really thought provoking. I’m really glad I read this book!
Profile Image for Cav.
826 reviews158 followers
January 20, 2024
"Consensual reunification does not mean that life in East Germany deserves to be forgotten or filed away as irrelevant history..."

Beyond the Wall was a fairly well-put-together book, but not without a pretty sizeable and glaring flaw. More below. As the title implies, it covers the Communist German Democratic Republic (GDR) from the end of WW2, up until its demise in 1990. I have read a few other books on post-WW2 East Germany, and this one dovetailed into that material.

Author Katja Hoyer is a German-British historian, journalist and writer.

Katja Hoyer:
23808-original


Hoyer writes with a decent style that shouldn't have trouble holding the finicky reader's attention. Historical books are always hit or miss in terms of how readable they are, and my reviews are always heavily weighted towards how engaging the author's prose is.
This was a very long book, however; the PDF I have is 699 pages. The audio: 16 hr, 20 mins. I found the writing to be decently engaging at the start of the book, but then gradually losing energy as the book progressed.

The formatting of the book was also fairly well done. The book covers many individual case studies from history while tying them into the broader historical context. I like books formatted in this fashion and felt that it worked here, too.

As anyone who's read a bit about WW2 knows, April 25, 1945, is the day Soviet and American troops met at the Elbe Rive, as the Allies pushed eastwards, and Stalin's Red Army pushed to the West. Germany would eventually become separated under two very different political and economic systems. It remained this way until the eventual fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

I've always found it fascinating that people who were avowed Fascist Nazis could effectively turn a full 180 on a dime, and become Communists virtually overnight. That people who fought and risked their lives fighting the existential threat to them that Communism was could change course and embrace this ideology is an interesting case study in social psychology. Ideology is a hell of a drug...

The preface talks about Angela Merkl's East German upbringing and life. She drops the quote at the start of this review in the books' preface, and it continues below:
"...The ups and downs of the GDR as a political, social and economic experiment have left a mark on its former citizens, who have brought these experiences with them – and not as mere ‘ballast’. Millions of Germans alive today neither can nor want to deny that they once lived in the GDR. While the world that had shaped them fell with the Berlin Wall in 1989, their lives, experiences and memories were not razed with it. Yet the way much of the Western world saw it, the GDR had well and truly lost the Cold War on German soil, morally invalidating everything in it. When the German Democratic Republic vanished literally overnight on 3 October 1990, it lost the right to write its own history. Instead it had become history. And history is written by victors – East Germany’s is no exception."

She lays out the aim of the book in this bit of writing:
"This book traces the roots of the German Democratic Republic beyond its foundation to provide context for the circumstances out of which the country was born in 1949. I outline the developments that followed through all four decades rather than treating them as a static whole. In the 1950s, the infant republic was almost entirely preoccupied with stabilizing its foundations politically and economically. It did so both with and over the heads of its citizens, resulting in a decade that was marked by a can-do spirit as well as violent outbreaks of discontent."

As the book gets going, she writes of the tragic fate of thousands of Russian WW2 POWs that the Germans sent back to Russia after the war:
"...In a bitter twist of fate, those who had been incarcerated by the Nazis in early concentration camps in 1933 made it to the top of the list of suspicious individuals. In the eyes of Stalin and his henchmen, anyone who had escaped Hitler’s clutches must have given the Nazis something in return. Perhaps a promise to infiltrate the Soviet Union, get a job in a munitions factory and begin to organize systematic sabotage to prepare a German invasion."

In the previous books I have read about the GDR, life sounded unbearably miserable. We've all heard of the Stasi, The Wall, and the thousands of people who tried to defect. She drops this bit of writing, speaking to this:
"Now, it is time to dare to take a new look at the GDR. Those who do so with open eyes will find a world full of colour, not one of black and white. There was oppression and brutality, yes, and there was opportunity and belonging. Most East German communities experienced all of this. There were tears and anger, and there was laughter and pride. The citizens of the GDR lived, loved, worked and grew old. They went on holidays, made jokes about their politicians and raised their children. Their story deserves a place in the German narrative. It’s time to take a serious look at the other Germany, beyond the Wall..."

...Which brings me around to my biggest criticism of this book: That a 700-page book about life in East Germany somehow managed to not cover the absolutely dystopian totalitarian juggernaut that The Ministry for State Security (aka The Stasi) became. An all-encompassing agency that placed a jackboot on the collective throats of all East Germans, the Stasi were legendary for the depth that their espionage, surveillance, and social control repressed their citizenship with. Why was this not written about here??

Over 1,300 people were killed by them. Some 250,000 people were held and interrogated on political grounds. Everyone in East German society lived under complete state surveillance, in the largest information-gathering machine assembled up until that time. I would highly recommend Anna Funder's 2003 book Stasiland: Stories from Behind the Berlin Wall, for a further look into the wholesale horror that unfolded under the Communist regime. For a summary, check out my review here, which contains many statistical quotes from the book.

Although the Stasi are briefly mentioned here and there throughout the book, the full story of how oppressive they became was not covered here. This would be like writing a 700-page book about the Third Reich, and not covering the Holocaust. A very questionable and glaring omission...

There is lots of other information presented here, and the writing is quite in-depth, minus a much-needed chapter on the Stasi. Some more of the material covered includes:
• German communists exiled to Russia.
• Mass rape by the advancing Red Army in WW2.
• The Berlin Wall; attempts to cross to West Berlin.
• Toy production and car ownership in GDR.
• Berlin's TV tower, The Fernsehturm Berlin.
• The GDR's Olympic athletes; AAS usage.
• Levis jeans in GDR.
• Politics in the GDR.
• Food shortages; coffee shortages.
• GDR's relationships with other Communist regimes: Cuba, Algeria, Mozambique, Vietnam, Mongolia, China, and North Korea.
• The heavily fortified East/West border.
• Purchasing foreign goods with Western German money.
• The fall of the Berlin Wall.
• Reunification.

********************

Beyond the Wall had its moments, but I am left questioning why a discussion of the Stasi was omitted from this book. A book on East Germany cannot be complete without detailing the all-encompassing horrors they inflicted upon their own citizens. Perhaps the author is a tankie, or has sympathies for the far-left? I'm not sure, although there were a few passages in here that seemed to hint as much. She's got a blurb in here that paints American Marxist revolutionary Angela Davis in a flattering light.
The book was fairly well done, for the most part, but, I'm taking off a few stars for this very suspicious omission.
2 stars.
Profile Image for Frank.
515 reviews95 followers
July 3, 2023
Die Idee, zu jedem der besprochenen historischen Ereignisse Zeitzeugen zu Wort kommen zu lassen (allerdings wird nicht zitiert, sondern die Autorin beschreibt selbst, was ihr erzählt wurde- Verzeichnis der Interviews im Anhang), überzeugt. Damit wird der trockene "Stoff" aufgelockert und es entsteht ein Geschichtsbild, das "nah am Menschen" bleibt, damit Interesse weckt und somit zur guten Lesbarkeit des Textes beiträgt. Das Verfahren hat einen zweiten Vorteil, der dem Buch allerdings auch als Nachteil ausgelegt werden kann. Während die präsentierten Fakten außer Frage stehen und meines Wissens nicht beanstandet werden, provoziert die mit den Zeitzeugenberichten verfolgte "Linie", die DDR als ein Land vorzustellen, in dem auch gelebt, geliebt und gearbeitet wurde, inklusive des Stolzes auf Qualifizierungs- oder Arbeitsleistungen, auf den ersten Trabbi usw., alle diejenigen, denen eine solche Nicht- Schwerz- Weiß- Darstellung absolut nicht in den Kram passt. Wie kann man nur positive Erinnerungen an die DDR (vereinseitigt als die "andere deutscher Diktatur") zulassen?
Dieser empörte Aufschrei ignoriert bewusst die vielen Zeugnisse, die negative Erfahrungen thematisieren und übergeht den Anspruch der Autorin, zunächst einmal verstehen zu wollen und erst dann zu verurteilen, was nicht zu rechtfertigen war und ist. Von daher ist die Lektüre die ideale Ergänzung zu Oschmanns "Der Osten ist eine westdeutsche Erfindung", denn es zeigt sich in den Diskussionen um Hoyers Buch das von Oschmann ausdrücklich thematisierte Phänomen, dass eine nationalsozialistische Vergangenheit, die Mitgliedschaft in der NSDAP, der SS oder der NS- Richterschaft in Nachkriegswestdeutschland kein besonderer Grund zur Empörung waren und bis heute selbstverständlich zum "Geschichtsbild West" dazugehören, während die Skandalisierung der Mitgliedschaft in einer DDR- Partei oder Massenorganisation nach wie vor so üblich ist, dass viele Ostdeutsche meinen, sich ihres in der DDR gelebten Lebens schämen und sich rechtfertigen zu müssen, wo das Pendent in der NS- Zeit häufig mit einem Schulterzucken ("war eben so", "konnte man ja nichts machen" usw.) übergangen wird. In den SM wird zudem häufig kritisiert, dass Hoyer "Errungenschaften" der DDR herausstellt (Brechung des Bildungsprivilegs, Emanzipation und ausgebautes System der Kinderbetreuung, Leistungen im Sport usw.), die in der offiziellen Medien- Version nie ohne ein "Aber" vorkommen. Dieses "Aber" zerlegt Hoyer, indem sie Menschen zu Wort kommen lässt, die etwa ihre Emanzipationserfahrung positiv darstellen und zeigen, dass in der DDR schon vor 50 Jahren Männer die Kinderbetreuung übernahmen, um ihren Frauen eine Qualifizierung zu ermöglichen usw. Im Sport gab es Doping, der erste Fall wird ausführlich dokumentiert und das System wird kritisiert, aber es gab auch überlegene Leistungen in Bereichen, in denen nicht gedopt werden konnte. Gerade der Sport konnte so zur Identifikation der Bürger mit ihrem Staat beitragen.
Hoyers Leistung besteht darin, ganz an dieser "Linie" orientiert das langsame Hineinwachsen einer Generation der am Ende des Krieges oder in der DDR Geborenen in "ihren Staat" und die Bedingungen dafür unideologisch- einfühlsam darzustellen, nach den Kipp- Punkten zu suchen und gegen Ende auch minutiös nachzuzeichnen, wie und warum es zunehmend zur Entfremdung der Bürger von Partei und Staat kam. Es ist also alles da und wer dem Buch Einseitigkeit vorwirft, kann sich nur von seinem Negativ- Bild nicht lösen, das keine Gründe, sondern nur Meinungen kennt. So meint man eben im Westen Deutschlands zu wissen, dass die Konsumgüter schlecht und der Kaffee knapp waren, was stimmt. Aber die meisten fragen nicht nach den Gründen, was heute mit dazu beitragen mag, dass "der Ossi" allzu oft als ein bisschen dumm und einfältig, auf jeden Fall aber als "nicht leistungsfähig" erscheint. Wer interessiert sich schon dafür, was die DDR an einseitigen Reparationsleistungen an die Sowjetunion erbracht hat, was das Sanktionsregime mit der chronischen Materialknappheit zu tun hatte, oder dass es die DDR war, die mit ihrem (durchaus im Eigeninteresse, aber eben doch solidarisch betriebenen) Projekt, in Vietnam den Kaffee- Anbau zu etablieren, das Land zum drittgrößten Kaffee- Produzenten der Welt gemacht hat? Hoyer macht neben den subjektiven Ursachen und den Mängeln einer Kommando- Planwirtschaft, die dennoch Erfolge zeitigte, völlig zu Recht auf die schlechten Rahmenbedingungen aufmerksam, unter denen findige DDR- Bürger in den 70er Jahren dennoch einen im Weltmaßstab ansehnlichen Wohlstand und wissenschaftlich- technische Höchstleistungen erbrachten. Deutlich wird, dass diese - wesentlich dem fortschrittlichen Bildungssystem geschuldeten - menschlichen Ressourcen in den 80er Jahren ans Ende ihrer Möglichkeiten kamen. Ohne Anschluss an den Weltmarkt, den Honecker versuchte, die UdSSR allerdings hintertrieb, war keine wirtschaftliche Weiterentwicklung möglich, woran die DDR letztlich ganz objektiv gescheitert ist, obwohl sie von vielen ihrer Bürger/innen als "ihr Werk" anerkannt wurde, auf das sie auch stolz waren.
Damit ist das Buch eine Ostdeutsche aufbauende, den interessierten Westdeutschen womöglich mit einer anderen Sichtweise konfrontierende und bereichernde Lektüre, die überdies hervorragend geeignet ist, die jüngere Generation mit diesem Teil gesamtdeutscher (!) Geschichte vertraut zu machen. Dem Buch ist also eine zahlreiche Leserschaft zu wünschen und vielleicht wird ja auch aus den Diskussionen um das Für und Wider der These, man hätte auch in der DDR glücklich sein können, ein neues und in Teilen realistischeres Geschichtsbild der Zeit von 1945 bis 1990. Ich hoffe es und empfehle das Buch in diesem Sinne ganz uneingeschränkt zum Lesen, Erinnern und Nachdenken.
Profile Image for Vivek KuRa.
241 reviews35 followers
January 9, 2024
Up until 2022, if you are interested in reading a book about DDR/ GDR aka East Germany in English language, you had very few choices and pretty much all of them had severe western bias. You had cold war sensationalistic fiction books like “The Spy who came in from the cold by John Carre in fiction category and non-fictions like “Stasiland: Stories from behind the Berlin wall “Anna Funder. None of these books talked about the back story of GDR’s inception, political history and most importantly the story of the people.

But, this book just fixed that. It is a sincere attempt to tell a detailed, unbiased, story of DDR and its people by a person who was born in the GDR. Even though the main layout of the book is chronological in nature, its elements are given in a short paragraph format which always starts with an account of a real person who was involved or affected by that event. Normally most history books are boring, monotonic, banal, dry and academic in nature. But the paragraphed writing style made this history book very engrossing for the most part.
Book can be divided in to three eras.

1.Earlier years(1945-1961). During these years Immediately after WWWII partition of Germany and inception of DDR as a country after Nazi defeat happens. Also, this is the era where the people really struggled with the after effects of the war . Low morale, lack of raw materials, reparation to Soviet Union were the road blocks they faced in rebuilding the country in the socialistic frame work.
2. Middle years (1961-1981) . The main event during this time frame is the building of the Berlin wall. Also the policy and political changes within the politburo between Ulbricht and Honecker.
3. Final Years (1981-1989) Wall comes down, Collapse of soviet union , demise of GDR ,reunification and after effects.

Final chapter and Epilogue talks about how the political/ideological divide, economical imbalance and gender inequality still exists between the West and East German people after 34 years of reunification.

Unlike most of the books written by the western authors on this subject, this book gives equal weightage to both the good and bad of GDR’s story without any bias.
12 reviews
June 17, 2023
Very readable and interesting, but I couldn't avoid a general sense that the author was airbrushing out some of the GDRs worst features in order to present a somewhat rosier picture than is entirely warranted.
Profile Image for Jaak Ennuste.
136 reviews6 followers
May 27, 2024
Four stars, as the book flowed well, and it was easy to keep reading. Katja writes well - clearly and briefly. Also, she focuses on the everyday life in East Germany, which makes it so much more enjoyable in comparison to, say, in depth overview of the political system of East Germany. Coming from Estonia, the book is almost a revelation. I have never thought of East Germany as to having a very similar background to Estonia. While we were under the full Soviet influence and East Germany was economically and industrially more advanced, then there still are so many similarities - essentially both places were closed systems between 1945 - 1990.


The system in East Germany was set up by communists who emigrated to Moscow, and managed to survive Stalin's purges there. To survive, you had to abdicate any principles you had. Thus, the people running East Germany were not some heartfelt socialists or Marxists, but cunning politicians who had the ability to survive.

I am still stunned that the attitudes of East Germany are relatively positive towards Russians. As the II World War was coming to an end, the mass crimes, rape and pillaging that Russian forces conducted across Germany were simply horrific. How on earth there are no deeply negative emotions against this period is beyond me. Some 60% of industrial equipment was carried out of the country. The human toll cannot be measured. It was a clean slate from which East Germany started. When the building of the nation begun, it was the Soviet Union which was the only "ally" that they had - after all the crimes they had committed. Strange relationship between the two, to say the least.

Katja mostly focuses on the everyday life and approach of the majority of the people who lived in East Germany. For many, peace and stability were of utmost importance. The fact that these came with severe restrictions in terms of travel and political freedoms were almost acceptable. At least, this is the sense I get from the book. East Germany might have been industrially weak, but there were some genuine positive socialist tendencies: high employment of women (almost all of women worked), as childcare was provided by the country. Basic necessities were covered for all. No one had much, but likewise, almost nobody was left with nothing.

Yet again, this was in case you were politically inactive, and part of the grey matter in "the system". A common criticism against this book is that while it does state that the system was "brutal" due to the Stasi presence, then it is never quite clear how long the tentacles of the Stasi went. For example, how can we compare the lack of freedom in the Soviet Union against the lack of freedom in East Germany? If the restrictions and randomly handed-out heavy penalties were similar in East Germany, then I would almost like to flush down the toilet the argument that "people had their basic necessities covered" and hence, the system worked for most.

In any case, the book is an important one because we tend to forget that such a substantial part of the largest country and economy in Europe used to be a socialist experiment. The aftershocks of this experiment still live with us today, in the attitudes of the people, and their current economic situaton.
Profile Image for Brayden Raymond.
476 reviews11 followers
May 29, 2024
I can't help but feel after all I've learned recently of the GDR that they really got the bad end of the stick during "reunification". The GDR seems plainly to be the answer to the often refrained right winger question "well where has socialism/communism ever worked before?". Using a base line metric that I don't think capitalism "works" without flaws (worse flaws imo) , the GDR seems to be the answer I would respond with, especially after this insightful read. It is a shame that reunification was less of a combination of the two and more so the FRG inhaling the GDR. What's more it comes as no surprise to me that in the present former East Germans are dissatisfied with the traditional political party offerings of the western liberal democratic system.
Profile Image for Elizabeth Stolar.
489 reviews31 followers
May 11, 2024
5/7. I enjoyed this book and found it enlightening, although perhaps that is because I didn't really know much about the life of East Germans or really, much about East Germany in general during the Cold War. Growing up as an American kid in the 1970s and 1980s, mostly I just had this notion of life behind the iron curtain as bleak and overwhelming with government oppression. People died trying to escape it, so it must have been horrible, no? Well, it turns out no -- not really. Not for many, if not most people.

It was interesting to learn about the Communists who had left Germany prior to WWII and lived in the Soviet Union, only to be hunted down and murdered or jailed because they were Germans, and therefore may have had mixed loyalties or were, perhaps, spies in Stalin's estimation. It was also interesting to learn that East Germany never had much of a chance, economically, because the Soviets insisted on their reparations from WWII, and sucked so much money out of the economy. And it was interesting to learn how connected both Germanies were, yet Moscow would step in to prevent or attempt to prevent any sort of mingling or thawing in relations.

As always, power corrupts and many of East Germany's problems were caused by individual people in power who had motivations other than the overall welfare of the people. Most notably, the Stasi were a real damper on life in East Germany. But I was surprised at just how much the government did try to do to improve the lives of people -- obtaining Levi's jeans, for example. Or allowing shops that sold Western goods. And that East Germany had the highest number of working women, as well as significant gender equality. It was a step backward for many when the countries unified, for example, in terms of child care, which was widely available in East Germany but not so much in West Germany. The failure of East Germany isn't necessarily the fault of Socialism, but of the oppressive nature of the authoritarian government. Had Socialism been combined with some Capitalism, perhaps it could have been a workable state.

I think that both Socialism and Capitalism are imperfect economic systems with significant problems when taken to extremes. But a mixture of the two could yield a 'sweet spot' to maximize happiness and social welfare, along with maintaining individuality and the pursuit of riches. This book underscored that idea.
Profile Image for MassiveMichael.
36 reviews
September 19, 2024
Katja Hoyer's Buch geht chronologisch durch die Geschichte der DDR, obwohl das erste Kapitel die Schrecken Nazideutschlands und der stalinistischen UDSSR für die deutsche Bevölkerung, aber insbesondere für Kommunisten und Sozialisten beschreibt. Man merkt dem gesamten Buch an, das es versucht nicht nur eine Geschichte von Unterdrückung und Mangel an Konsumgütern zu schreiben (auch wenn diese Themen natürlich dennoch omnipräsent sind, weshalb ich den Vorwurf Hoyer würde versuchen das Unrecht in der DRR kleinzureden, nur schwer nachvollziehen kann), sondern auch wenige bekannte Geschichten des Alltags in der DDR hervorzuheben.

Schon die ersten Jahre der DDR waren von Nöten und Schwierigkeiten geprägt. Sein es die zahllosen Vergewaltigungen durch Soldaten der UDSSR, die absolut undemokratischen Wahlen oder die Verbrechen der 1950 gegründeten Stasi, die auch den Rest der Geschichte der DDR deutlich prägen sollten. Sehr interessant für mich waren die Einblicke in die verschieden bewegten Biografien der unterschiedlichen Gründungsfiguren der DDR und wie ihre Hoffnung auf einen Neustart nach der Katastrophe des 2WK leider nicht erfüllt worden.

Immer wieder versucht Hoyer die vielen Mythen über die DDR anzusprechen. Beispielsweise, dass die sehr gut ausgebaute Kinderbetreuung nur dem Zweck diente, mehr dringend benötigte Arbeitskräfte für den Arbeitsmarkt zu befreien. Dabei betont Hoyer, dass es vielerorts um echte Emanzipation ging. Des Weiteren enthält Hoyer's Buch viele sehr interessante Anekdoten aufgrund der vielen von ihr durchgeführten Interviews. Einen davon sind Berichte über die DDR-Kreuzfahrtschiffe und ihre spektakulären Reisen sowie die zahlreichen flüchtigen Passagiere und die gravierenden technischen Mängel.

Ein weiterer Aspekt, der mir als Student sehr ins Auge stach, waren die Abschnitte über das Thema Bildung. So waren praktische Anteile wie Elektrotechnik oder Grundlagen der Landwirtschaft ein großer Teil der Allgemeinbildung und Studenten waren angehalten, kurzzeitig in Fabriken oder landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben zu arbeiten.

Als ich das Kapitel über die Jahre 1989 und 1990 las, fragte ich mich mehrfach, ob nicht ein 3 Weg zwischen sozialistischer Diktatur und dem kapitalistischen Westen möglich gewesen wäre. Außerdem dachte ich mir immer wieder, wie interessant es wäre, in diese Jahre zurückreisen zu können. Was für ein Gefühlsbad aus Euphorie und Unsicherheit muss es damals für die Bürger der DDR gewesen sein.

Für mich war dieses Buch sehr lehrreich, da es einige Mythen über die DDR auflöst und viel neues Wissen über dieses Land vermittelt.


Hier noch ein paar interessante Zitate aus dem Buch:

Als die Deutsche Demokratische Republik am 3. Oktober 1990 buchstäblich über Nacht verschwand, verlor sie das Recht, ihre eigene Geschichte zu schreiben. Stattdessen war sie Geschichte geworden. Und Geschichte wird von Siegern geschrieben - auch die der DDR.

Die Geschichte des ersten Jahrzehnts der DDR als neues soziales, wirtschaftliches und politisches Experiment auf deutschem Boden war eine Geschichte der verpassten Chancen. Im Gegensatz zu vielen späteren Darstellungen war die vorherrschende Stimmung innerhalb der ostdeutschen Bevölkerung nicht von Ablehnung des Ulbricht'schen und Neid auf Adenauers System geprägt, sondern von Erleichterung und sogar Begeisterung. Die überwiegende Mehrheit derjenigen, die in den 1950er-Jahren in der DDR lebten, erinnerten sich an die Kriegsjahre, die Vertreibung aus Osteuropa, die Luftangriffe, die Vergewaltigungen, das Chaos und die Gefangenschaft als schreckliche Erlebnisse, die in starkem Kontrast zur Aufbruchstimmung der späten 1940er- und frühen 1950er-Jahre standen.
Vor allem die Arbeiter störte es weniger, dass ihre Wohnungen klein waren und sie in den Regalen der Lebensmittelläden nur eine begrenzte Auswahl vorfanden - sie hatten sich schon vor dem Krieg nicht viel leisten können, als sie häufig in beengten Mietskasernen oder in ländlicher Armut gelebt hatten. In den 1950er-Jahren erhielten sie die Chance, eine neue Berufslaufbahn als Lehrer, Facharbeiter oder bei den Streitkräften einzuschla-gen. Sie wurden vom Staat respektiert, standen sogar in dessen Mittelpunkt, anstatt als Störfaktor behandelt zu werden, den es bestenfalls zu beschwichtigen, schlimmstenfalls zu unterdrücken galt. Gern tauschten junge Leute die braunen Hemden der Hitlerjugend gegen die blauen der FDJ, wo sie sowohl vertraute Rituale als auch neue Begeisterung durch den Wandel von Moral und Werten fanden. Aufräumen und Wiederaufbau waren sinnvoll und befriedigend, und nach den zermürbenden letzten Kriegsjahren sehnten sich die Menschen nach dem Gemeinschaftsgefühl, das ihnen das sozialistische System bot.

Als die Ära Ulbricht zu Ende ging, blickte die DDR auf ein paar turbulente Jahrzehnte zurück. Sie waren von etlichen schlimmen Ungerechtigkeiten geprägt gewesen. Das Regime hatte seine Ent-scheidung, Ostdeutsche hinter einer Mauer einzusperren, gleichsam besiegelt. Es hatte die Erschießung derjenigen genehmigt, die es wagten, diese Mauer zu überwinden. Und es hatte einen umfangreichen Sicherheitsapparat aufgebaut, der zu den komplexesten und erbarmungslosesten der Weltgeschichte zählte.
Viele Ostdeutsche erinnern sich an die 1960er-Jahre jedoch als ein Jahrzehnt der Modernität und des rasanten Fortschritts. Ihr Partner, die Sowjetunion, bewies, dass sie mit den USA im Wettlauf um die Raumfahrt konkurrieren konnte, was in Ostdeutschland zu einer Raumfahrtbegeisterung führte, insbesondere bei den jüngeren Generationen. Die wirtschaftliche und politische Lage stabilisierte sich, als die Abwanderung von Fachkräften in den Westen durch den Mauerbau gestoppt wurde. Im Rahmen staatlicher Programme entstand zunehmend erschwinglicher Wohnraum, und die Möglichkeiten für die Arbeiterschicht, zu lernen, zu studieren, zu arbeiten und ihre Stellung innerhalb der Gesellschaft zu verbessern, waren nie größer. Sportliche und diplomatische Erfolge verhalfen der DDR zu einer nationalen Iden-tität, die wiederum den Patriotismus und das eigene Selbstwertgefühl steigerte.
Dementsprechend begann sich die ostdeutsche Gesellschaft in zwei Gruppen zu spalten. Die kleinere davon war zutiefst unzufrieden und fühlte sich durch die Politisierung vieler Lebensbereiche gegängelt, ausgebeutet und unterdrückt. Die überwiegende Mehrheit aber hatte sich mit dem Leben in der DDR abgefunden. Großdemonstrationen, Streiks und Unruhen, wie sie in anderen Teilen des Ostblocks zu beobachten waren, etwa beim Prager Frühling von 1968, blieben in den Betrieben und auf den Straßen der DDR weitgehend aus. Ulbricht übergab dem neuen Staatschef Erich Honecker ein relativ stabiles Ostdeutschland.

Trotz zahlreicher nach wie vor vorhandener Probleme markierten die 1970er-Jahre in Ostdeutschland einen Höhepunkt hinsichtlich des Lebensstandards, und viele Menschen erlebten dieses Jahrzehnt als eine in materieller Hinsicht vergleichsweise von Komfort und Stabilität geprägte Zeit. Die DDR besaß das höchste Lebensniveau des gesamten Ostblocks, sodass Existenznöte keine Rolle spielten. Die subventionierten Mieten, selbst in den nagelneuen Wohnungen mit Zentralheizung, Bad und Küche, kosteten nur einen Bruchteil des Einkommens. Kühlschrank, Fernseher und Waschmaschine gehörten tiberall zum Alltag. Zugleich stieg das durchschnittliche Monatseinkommen stetig von 755 Mark im Jahr 1970 auf 1021 Mark im Jahr 1980. Auch wenn der Trabant immer wieder belächelt wurde und Historiker gern auf die langen Wartezeiten verweisen, besaßen 1980 fast 40 Prozent der Haushalte einen Pkw dieses Typs. Honeckers Ansinnen, die Wünsche und Bedürfnisse seiner Bürger an erste Stelle zu setzen, zahlte sich aus.
Darüber hinaus schuf der Staat eine Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten zu lebenslangem Lernen sowie Chancen auf sozialen Aufstieg in allen Lebensphasen, nicht nur innerhalb des Militärs. Menschen aus benachteiligten Verhältnissen begannen Leitungsaufgaben zu übernehmen, indem sie studierten, Ausbildungen absolvierten und Beratung zur berufsbegleitenden Qualifizierung erhielten. In Fabriken wurden Zielvorgaben keineswegs immer als Instrument der Unterdrückung wahrgenommen, sondern waren auch oft mit echten Erfolgserlebnissen verbunden und erzeugten einen Kol-lektivgeist, den viele Menschen als identitäts- und gemeinschafts-stiftend erlebten.

Eine Staatsführung, die permanent Vergleiche mit dem Ausland zieht und dann hastig nach innen schielt, ob andere dies ebenfalls tun, ist ganz offensichtlich im Innersten zutiefst verunsichert.
Mit dem Streben nach materiellem Komfort und dem Erfüllen von Konsumbedürfnissen hoffte die Regierung, die Bevölkerung kurzfristig zufriedenstellen zu können. Doch damit übernahm sich Honeckers DDR sowohl ökonomisch als auch ideologisch.
Die Transformation der Gesellschaft unter Ulbricht, die auch eine nie da gewesene soziale Mobilität beinhaltete, war Bestandteil einer langfristigen Vision von der klassenlosen Gesellschaft, in der man am oberen Ende des wirtschaftlichen Spektrums freiwillig auf Luxus verzichtete, um am unteren Rand große Armut zu ver-hindern. Ob das realistisch war oder nicht, Ulbricht glaubte fest an eine bescheidenere Gesellschaft, in der das Kollektiv Vorrang vor dem Individuum hatte. Kostenlose Bildung und Gesundheits-versorgung, subventionierte Mieten und Nahrungsmittel für alle hatten zum Preis, dass man lange auf ein Auto oder einen Fernseher warten musste. Honecker interpretierte materielle Wünsche dagegen als Kernelement von Unzufriedenheit und bemühte sich intensiv darum, diese in Form von partieller Verwestlichung zu befriedigen. Indem man Lkw-Ladungen amerikanischer Jeans beschaffte oder den Bürgern erlaubte, im Intershop Waschmittel aus dem Westen zu kaufen, wurde vor allem der Wunsch nach mehr geweckt und die Wahrnehmung der DDR als eine halbherzige Imitation des Westens - oder noch schlimmer: einer neidischen Zuschauerin - verschärft. Der materielle Komfort, den Honecker für die Ostdeutschen importierte, mag die Bürgerinnen und Bürger vorübergehend glücklicher und zufriedener gemacht haben, doch zugleich säte er auch Zweifel in den Köpfen der Menschen und sorgte dafür, dass der DDR im dritten Jahrzehnt ihres Bestehens eine klare Orientierung fehlte.

Die meisten Ostdeutschen arrangierten sich im Allgemeinen mit dem System, in dem sie lebten, was freilich nicht immer einfach war. Schließlich war die DDR ein recht kleines Land, aus dem man - selbst vorübergehend - nur schwer herauskam. Vielen war das Leben zu spießig oder zu provinziell. Doch für Menschen, die sich einen ruhigen Alltag im gemütlichen Heim wünschten, war sie ein stabiler Ort ohne große Sorgen und Nöte. Obwohl die Überwachung zunehmend intensiviert wurde, tolerierte die Honecker-Regierung inzwischen kleinere Verfehlungen. Die Stasi sammelte zwar so viele Informationen wie nie zuvor, doch die hatten häufig keine Konsequenzen. Das Ausspionieren des Privatlebens wurde von vielen schlichtweg ignoriert. Mit dem ambitionierten Eifer der ersten drei Jahrzehnte kam der DDR auch die harte Hand im Umgang mit ihren Bürgern abhanden. Im selben Maße, wie der engagierte Kampf für Gleichheit und Fortschritt der frühen Nachkriegsjahre sowie das Streben nach beruflichem Aufstieg und Konsum nachließen, verfielen viele DDR-Bürger in eine komfortable, jedoch perspektivlose Lethargie.

Als ein amerikanischer Diplomat nach kurzer Abwesenheit in seine Wohnung zurückkehrte, war die Toilette offensichtlich benutzt, aber nicht gespült worden. Ein anderer kam aus dem Urlaub nach Hause und fand das Lieblingsspielzeug seines fünfjährigen Kindes zerbrochen vor. Als Vorbereitung auf die fehlende Privatsphäre, die sie in der DDR erwartete, kauften die Claussens eine »Zauber-tafel«, mit deren Hilfe sie sich in der Wohnung gegenseitig Nachrichten schreiben und diese sofort löschen konnten. »Haben wir [aber] nie gemacht, denn man gewöhnt sich an alles«, erinnerte sich Claussen. »Man gewöhnt sich daran, dass man ausspioniert wird, dass man abgehört wird. Das hat dann weiter nichts [be-wirkt]. Es hat unser Leben nicht zerstört.

So gewillt die Regierung auch war, eine Reformagenda von oben voranzutreiben, so wenig war sie bereit, sich auf Veränderungen einzulassen, die von unten kamen. Obwohl die Mehrheit der Ostdeutschen 1988 weder die Abschaffung des Staates weinschte noch von einer baldigen Wiedervereinigung mit dem Westen träumte, war die Erwartung spürbar, dass die DDR ihre Politik modernisieren müsse. Die starren staatlichen Strukturen und der damit einhergehende Mangel an Öffentlichem Diskurs, Transparenz und Rechenschaftspflicht standen lange Zeit im Widerspruch zu dem schwindelerregenden Tempo der gesellschaftlichen Reformen. Die DDR war eine hoch gebildete, hoch qualifizierte und hoch politisierte Gesellschaft, die selbstbewusst und stolz auf ihre Errungenschaften war und sich weiterentwickeln wollte. Sie war ein fruchtbarer Boden für die Saat von Reformen und Demokratisierung. Gorbatschows Ideen für einen Wandel in der Sowjetunion und die zunehmende Öffnung der DDR für kulturelle Einflüsse aus dem Westen stießen auf wache Köpfe, die bereit waren für einen intellektuellen Diskurs jenseits der engen Grenzen durch staatliche Zensur und den Würgegriff der Stasi. Da die Nöte der Nachkriegszeit längst überwunden und die westlichen Länder zunehmend bereit waren, die Existenzberechtigung der DDR anzuerkennen und sich mit ihr auseinan-derzusetzen, schien es keinen Grund mehr zu geben, in einer permanenten Abwehrhaltung zu verharren. Versuche, die DDR zu öffnen, waren keineswegs Versuche, sie zu zerstören - im Gegen-teil, viele junge Intellektuelle und Arbeiter sahen darin ein Mittel, den Staat und den Sozialismus zu stärken.

Im Mai 1989 waren die Wahlen so undemokratisch wie immer.
Nach wie vor kamen die Wähler mit ihrem Wählerverzeichnis und ihrem Ausweis ins Wahllokal. Sie erhielten einen Stimmzettel mit den Kandidaten der Nationalen Front in ihrem Wahlbezirk. Auf diesem Zettel gab es keine Kreise oder Kästchen zum Ankreuzen, sondern nur eine Liste mit Namen. Um der Liste zuzustimmen, faltete man den Zettel und warf ihn in die Wahlurne. Die einzige Möglichkeit, seine Ablehnung auszudrücken, bestand darin, den Zettel mit in die Wahlkabine zu nehmen. Bei den Volkskammerwahlen 1986 tat dies nur ein einziger der 196 Wahlberechtigten im Stadtbezirk Wernigerode. In der Wahlkabine musste man alle Namen mit einer sauberen horizontalen Linie einzeln durchstreichen, um gegen die Liste zu stimmen. Das Durchstreichen einzelner Namen, aber nicht aller, wurde trotzdem als Jastimme gewertet.

Es ist verlockend, den 3. Oktober 1990 als die Wiederherstellung des Status quo in Deutschland zu deuten. Aber diese Interpretation setzt »westdeutsch« mit »normal« gleich. Viele gingen davon aus, dass es nur eine Frage der Zeit wäre, bis die ehemaligen DDR-Bürger die ihnen durch ein fremdes sozialistisches System aufgezwungenen Gewohnheiten ablegen und wieder zu »normalen« Mitbürgern würden.

Natürlich gibt es gemeinsame kulturelle und gesellschaftliche Wurzeln, doch was seit 1949 daraus erwachsen ist, unterscheidet sich in Ost und West erheblich. Es ist bezeichnend, dass viele Ostdeutsche das Wort »Wiedervereini-gung« nicht verwenden, sondern von einer Wende oder Wendezeit sprechen. Während das Leben der Westdeutschen weiterging wie bisher, löste der 3. Oktober 1990 für die Ostdeutschen eine Welle des Wandels aus, deren Kraft, Richtung und Tempo für sie unkontrollierbar waren. Es hieß: schwimmen oder untergehen.

so tauchen immer wieder die alten Ost-West-Verwerfungen auf: vom Wahlverhalten und der Akzeptanz von Impfstoffen über Fettleibigkeit bis hin zum Sprachgebrauch, der Einstellung zu Russland und dem Weinkonsum. Wie ein Nachbild, das nicht verblasst, sind die Spuren der DDR in Deutschland nach wie vor erkennbar.
Profile Image for Nigel Kotani.
286 reviews2 followers
July 5, 2023
I'm not quite sure what induced me to pick this book up as I've never had any particular interest in East Germany, but having downloaded a sample onto my Kindle - I vaguely recall that it was a result of an automated "If you liked X then you might like this" message - I bought the full title well before I'd come to the end of the sample.

The book was not what I expected. Far from being an analysis of the brutality and repression of the regime and the Stasi, it is an upbeat story of a country which had its own identity and got as much right as it got wrong. By way of example, I had no idea that East Germany had the highest proportion of working women of any country in the world (a proportion which, by the way, has declined since reunification).

The author was born in East Germany and was aged around 5 when reunification occurred, before then moving to the UK - the book was actually written in English. It's clear that her parents had good experiences of their lives in East Germany and that their positivity rubbed off on the author, because the book is overwhelmingly positive. Whilst she doesn't exactly sweep the negativity of the Stasi and the repressive regime under the carpet, I did get the feeling that she placed less emphasis on them than they perhaps deserved. A case in point is that the section dealing with Stalin's purges of German communists who had fled Hitler to the Soviet Union features at least as prominently in the book as does the behaviour of the Stasi.

That said, I'm willing to forgive any personal bias of the author because, on top of this being both an excellent and well-researched book, it is also highly entertaining and well-written. In particular, the book is littered throughout with personal stories and personal experiences which are included to illustrate bigger themes. By way of example, the author describes how she, as a four year old child, together with her father and pregnant mother, observed street protests from the Berlin Television Tower in the last days of the republic.

As I get older non-fiction forms an increasingly higher proportion of my reading, and within the genre of non-fiction history forms an increasingly higher proportion still. This book is right up there with the most absorbing history books I've ever read, and I look forward to reading more from Katja Hoyer because I get the feeling that she could make any subject interesting. I expected a grey book but got one full of colour. Really enjoyable.
Profile Image for Christopher Whalen.
125 reviews3 followers
November 14, 2023
Continuing my fascination with Berlin and the DDR, this history book by KCL academic Katja Hoyer goes beyond the grand narratives and describes life in the former Communist state of East Germany from the perspective of ordinary working people. It’s a great companion to the exhibits I saw at the Museum at the Kulturbrauerei and the DDR Museum on my recent holiday to Berlin.

I originally saw this book in Waterstones in Ayr while waiting for my walking boots to be repaired and decided to buy the audiobook after returning from Berlin.

Each section of the book begins with an individual person’s experience of that particular moment in history, whether that’s a young girl being invited to apply for an advanced secondary school to prepare her for university; a young border guard; or the paranoia-filled career of Erich Mielke, head of the Stasi. The chapters cover 5-year periods from the end of the Second World War to German reunification in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The result is an affectionate portrait of East Germany that captures the enthusiasms and frustrations of what it was like to live there in the second half of the 20th century without glossing over the oppressive and complicated nature of the Soviet-influenced regime.

The audiobook is narrated by a man, Sam Peter Jackson, even though the book is written by a woman. But I don’t think this really matters. Jackson’s German accent and pronunciation is excellent for he is indeed natively bilingual.
Profile Image for Sicofonia.
313 reviews
March 24, 2024
This book is an overview of the origins, development and final demise of the GDR. It tries hard to depict how ordinary citizens life was like, going beyond stereotypes. Therefore, its reading feels more like a collection of anecdotes of individuals strung along the chronology of events in the GDR. If it wasn´t for the inclusion of such stories, the amount of analysis presented here would show up as a nicely packaged Wikipedia article.

It´s a nice read, but not a definitive account of the GDR by any means.
Profile Image for Wandaviolett.
404 reviews58 followers
May 28, 2023
Zehn Kapitel DDR-Geschichte. Eine Einführung.
Kurzmeinung: Es gibt Historiker, die nicht nur denken, sondern auch schreiben können.
In zehn Kapiteln, die immer damit beginnen, dass eine Einzelperson ins Visier genommen wird „als Peter Claussen in der ostdeutschen Hauptstadt ankam, um seinen Posten … anzutreten (Kapitel 10)“, „Der 24jährige Berliner Erwin Jöris wurde in eine kleine Zelle gestoßen“ (Kapitel 1) – um sich von der individuellen Momentaufnahme alsbald zu lösen und das Ganze in den Blick zu nehmen, erzählt Katja Hoyer den Werdegang der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik vom allerersten Anfang an bis zu ihrem Ende. In Großbritannien ist „Beyond the wall“ ein großer Erfolg. Dies mag unter anderem daran liegen, dass sich Katja Hoyers Tonfall und ihre Schreibweise, beides, angenehm von der anderer Historiker unterscheidet.
Es gibt keine Bandwurmsätze, keinen Nominalstil, keine quälenden Daten. Wer öfters historische Sachbücher liest, kennt das: jeder Pieps, jedes Zettelchen wird mit Datum, Jahr, Monat, Tag, Seitenangabe, manchmal sogar mit Uhrzeit, Ort und Autor versehen, selbst wenn es sich um völlig unerhebliche Aktenzettelchen handelt, so was gehört in Fussnoten. Wer was wann wo unterschrieben hat, mit welcher Tinte, interessiert den Historiker, mich jedoch nicht. Es ist ja nicht so, dass Katja Hoyer ohne Daten arbeiten würde, dies würde auch nicht funktionieren, aber es hält sich alles im Rahmen und geht nicht auf Kosten der Verständlichkeit. Auch mit reinen Fachbegriffen wirft Hoyer nicht um sich. Denn sie schreibt nicht für ihre Fachkollegen, sondern für uns Leser. Und das merkt man. So mancher renommierte Geschichtswissenschaftler kann bei ihr in die Lehre gehen.
„Diesseits der Mauer“ ist eine Einführung in die Materie „Leben in der DDR“, die im Prinzip alle Aspekte des dortigen Lebens erfasst. Man wirft der Autorin hierzulande gerne eine Verharmlosung der Diktatur vor, weil das Leben in der Diktatur nicht ihr Thema ist, sondern das Leben in der DDR. Das ist etwas anderes. Trotzdem lässt sie weder die umfassende Bespitzelung durch die Stasi aus noch die Problematik der Grenzsoldaten, sie erzählt von der Militarisierung des Staates und der Gesellschaft, von der Gängelung der Staatsführung durch die Sowjetunion. Wenn man Hoyer überhaupt etwas vorwerfen könnte/wollte, dann eventuell eine gewisse Vereinfachung. Aber man muss sich eben entscheiden, ob man das große Ganze in den Blick nimmt oder sich in den Verästelungen komplizierter Details verfängt - derartige Publikationen gehören dann in die entsprechenden Fachzeitschriften.
Am eindrücklichsten für mich sind die Schilderungen der Zwänge, die von Anfang an vorherrschten: die Wirtschaft wurde durch anhaltende Reparationsforderungen der Sowjetunion und die Ausplünderung und Verschleppung fast sämtlicher lohnender Industriekomplexe über Jahre hinaus gelähmt; eine eigenständige und unabhängige Politik zu entwickeln war auch ideologisch unmöglich. Davon abgesehen waren die Überlebenden der von Stalin durchgeführten „großen Säuberung(en)“, also die aus Moskau zurückgekehrten politischen Akteure, Walter Ulbricht und Konsorten abgebrühte, hartgesottene, machtbesessene und skrupellose Menschen geworden.
Auch die Mangelwirtschaft ist Thema. Die Landumverteilungen. Die Enteignungen. Die Probleme der Bauern. Andererseits gab es keine Arbeitslosigkeit und die DDR-Bürger waren in der Regel samt und sonders gut ausgebildet. Der Blick auf die DDR ist facettenreich.
Katja Hoyer behauptet und mit dieser Behauptung wird sie nicht falsch liegen, dass die DDR für die Mehrzahl ihrer Bürger Heimat gewesen ist, oft eine unbequeme, oft eine gehasste, aber dennoch eine Heimat. Eine Heimat, auf die man stolz war. Eine Heimat mit sozialistischem Grundgedanken, den man prinzipiell bejahte; wenngleich dieser Sozialismus manchmal lächerliche Züge annahm. Und manchmal brutale.
Die DDR war eine Heimat, aus der man nicht weg wollte, die man jedoch gerne verändert und verbessert hätte. Niemand wünscht sich die DDR so zurück, wie sie gewesen ist. Auch nicht Katja Hoyer. Dennoch war die DDR ein Staat, in dem sich die meisten Menschen eingerichtet hatten, so gut es eben möglich war. Der Mensch ist ein Gewohnheitstier.

Fazit: „Diesseits der Mauer“ ist ein verständlich geschriebener 500seitiger Abriß über die Geschichte der DDR und das Leben in diesem Staat. Katja Hoyers Sicht ist eine völlig legitime, ihr Anliegen ist es, das ganze Leben in der DDR abzubilden, ihr Fokus liegt nicht auf dem Leben in einer Diktatur. Ihr Buch ist gerade wegen seiner Verständlichkeit hervorragend, sollte jedoch durch andere Sachbücher zum Thema ergänzt werden.

Kategorie: Sachbuch. Geschichte.
Verlag: Hoffmann & Kampe, 2023
Profile Image for Andrew Deakin.
55 reviews3 followers
May 25, 2023
Hoyer's East Germany

Animal Farm Up against the Wall


German historian and English resident Katja Hoyer's 2023 history of East Germany (Beyond the Wall) is a sympathetic history of the people of the communist totalitarian state of East Germany, which collapsed spectacularly on the night of 9 November 1989, when guards on the Berlin Wall gave up trying to prevent people from walking into West Berlin.

Hoyer records the reaction of one young East Berliner who walked over to the West on that remarkable night: 'It looks just like our Berlin, only the shop windows are more colorful. I will never forget their glaring neon lights.'

That says it all. The dull, grey, managed economy of the East could never compete with the free market liberalism of the West. But, amazingly, the communists who governed East Germany from 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990 remained convinced that a socialist state could succeed. Their stubborn commitment to the communist fantasy persisted until the end, despite by the late 1980s only being able to keep the State financial by borrowing heavily from Western financiers.

Hoyer herself is East German, born in 1985, and four years old when it collapsed. She matured into a successful journalist and historian now living in England. Hoyer has no illusions about the fanatical politics and continual deprivations endured by the Easterners, but seems to want to put on record the authenticity and humanity of the people who lived in East Germany.

It wasn't all bad: East Germany became the most economically successful of the Soviet satellite states (albeit a low pass mark), and the lives and struggles of its people had by the 1970s moments of material success and relative happiness. Their achievements become over time emblematic of the human capacity to survive and even flourish to some extent when circumstances and fate seem to be acting against rational development and humane progress.

Hoyer animates the story of the people of the East by beginning each chapter with an anecdotal snapshot of a personal event that replicates on an individual level broader political and social developments. Otherwise, her account follows a standard historical chronology of the East. It starts with post-war establishment in the late 1940s, and records the struggle to establish a working economy and society in the 1950s and '60s.

Major developments include the brittle management of a restive populace aware of the material wealth flourishing just across the border in the West, and the inevitable economic sclerosis as the centrally planned and managed economy falters badly in the 1980s, leading to growing popular unrest, protest, and eventual revolt.

The modern reader living in the materially comfortable and free West can empathize with the unjustly constrained lives of the Easterners, but sympathy for the rulers is more difficult. Their actions descended quickly into Animal Farm comedy and bathos, with the leaders ensconcing themselves in materially superior private accommodation hidden from the general population.

Social control was a priority, with often ludicrous thought controls such as regulating the amount of western music teenagers could hear and play, and, of course, establishing the notorious Stasi, which spied on people's lives continuously. It often violently disciplined the livelihoods and liberty of those deemed to be entertaining non-socialist thoughts and habits. Hoyer's own father was interred when young for making a politically sensitive joke while working.

The main problem, of course, was the leaders's fanatical communism. That fanaticism may be explicable in the context of their formative years in the '30s and '40s, but their almost religiously cultish commitment to the communist dream is very much of the period, and difficult to accept as in any way a rational act.

Hoyer does not speculate on the durability of the leaders's political beliefs, but a reader might easily suspect that as evidence of the failure of Marxist economics mounted, attachment to the personal attractions and benefits of authority, power, and dictatorship might have supplanted genuine belief.

East Germany's socialist founders certainly had it tough when young. They had been persecuted by the Nazis before the war, and those that survived and fled to the USSR were soon caught up in the deadly Stalin Terror of the late 1930s. Amazingly, incredibly, their Marxist convictions remained firm.

The few left at the end of the war were installed by the Soviets as the initial administration of the Russian sector of occupied Germany, in 1949. Surprisingly, it was the East Germans who successfully lobbied for a separate East German state - the Russians would have preferred a united and neutral Germany as a buffer against the American and British influence in Western Europe. Key Russians such as security chief and deputy to Stalin Lavrentiy Beria regarded East Germany as a joke.

The Russians were the main strategists for East Germany as the fledging state developed: they maintained a substantial military presence, to counter NATO and put down popular revolts such as the widespread civilian unrest in 1953.

Russian control stifled economic development with compulsory war reparations, and although by the end of the 1950s East Germany was progressing moderately well, its limited natural resources and industrial capacity made it heavily dependent on Russian oil and financial support. The withdrawal of the latter in the 1980s as the Russian economy struggled to finance a cripplingly expensive arms race with America exposed the substantial weakness of the East German economy.

While the end for East Germany came fast as its economy collapsed and its population actively protested on the streets, Hoyer seems keen to record some elements of its culture as positive. She notes the very high participation rate of women in the labour market, and the concomitant widely deployed state sponsored childcare facilities, both of which far exceeded comparable developments in the West.

Some might argue that the cost of these state enforced developments were in retrospect prohibitive, and that the social effects of state rather than familial nannying prevent the realisation of the benefits of allowing individuals the freedom to determine their preferred way of raising their children. Having the state set the role of women ought not to be a better alternative to self determination. It seems more like the dystopian 1984, than a symbol of social progress.

The impact of 40 years of communist dictatorship in East Germany did not dissipate quickly after unification. Hoyer records the lingering after effects, as many people in the former Eastern territories struggled to convert easily to the relative comfort of their Western compatriots. Alcoholism and political extemism, both left and right, remain significant problems in the former East up to the present time.

The iconic development in East Germany was of course the erection of the infamous Wall in 1961. What the east government Orwellianly termed the 'anti-fascist protection barrier' was in fact necessitated by the substantial leakage of key personnel from the East. By the time of the Wall's construction, over 300,000 highly credentialed doctors, lawyers, architects and engineers were emigrating to the West each year, to escape repression and earn reasonable incomes.

East Germany began with a population of 18 million in 1950, and ended in 1990 with 16 million. Hardly a vote of confidence by the people (in a 'democracy' where voting entailed going to the polling station and putting the state provided list of ordained candidates into the ballot box, to achieve popular election 'results' of the order of 98 per cent).

Hoyer records the sad tally of people shot trying to flee by jumping the Wall, including the early tragic case of a 19 year old boy who took a bullet in the back and was left to die, his cries for help slowly dwindling while guards looked on unmoved.

Beyond the Wall makes forlorn and cautionary reading. That said, Hoyer's history of East Germany rescues its long suffering people from the dustbin of history.

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