Neural Basis of Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Epidemiology
4. Clinical Anatomy of Cervico-Cranial Junction
4.1. Spinal Nerves
4.2. Spinal System and Trigeminocervical Convergence
4.2.1. Trigeminocervical Nucleus
4.2.2. Pontine Trigeminal Nucleus
4.2.3. Mesencephalic Nucleus
4.2.4. Motor Trigeminal Nucleus
4.3. Temporomandibular Joint
Temporomandibular Function
5. Integrative Function of the Cervico-Cranial Complex
6. Novel Concepts of Functional Synthesis of Cervico-Cranial Interactions
6.1. Rocabado Tricentric Concept of Mouth Sensorimotor Control
The Importance of the Skeletal Midline
6.2. Concept of Cervical Origin of Bruxism
7. Clinical Syndromes in Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain
7.1. Cervical Spondylosis
7.2. Occipital Neuralgia
7.3. Ponticulus Posticus Syndrome
7.4. Triggered Pain
7.5. Atypical Facial (Oro-Facial) Pain
7.6. Pain Due to Iatrogenic Causes
8. Diagnosis of Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain
8.1. Diagnostic Criteria
8.2. Importance of Prompt and Accurate Diagosis
8.3. Local Anesthetic Blockade as a Diagnostic Tool
9. Differential Diagnosis
9.1. Dissecting Aneurysms
9.2. Lesions of the Posterior Cranial Fossa
9.3. Migraine
9.4. Neck-Tongue Syndrome
9.5. Miscellaneous
10. Diagnostic Use of Imaging Techniques
10.1. Neck X-ray
10.2. Computed Tomography of Cervical Spine
10.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cervical Spine
10.4. Sonography of Cervical Area
11. Treatment
11.1. Conservative Treatment
11.2. Orthopedic Manual Therapy
11.3. Correction of Body Posture to Address TMJ Dysfunction
11.4. Treatments Based of Concepts of Trigeminal-Cervical Convergence
11.5. Axis and Atlas Derotation
11.6. Treatments Focused on Temporomandibular Joint
11.7. Treatment of Occlusion
11.8. Other Therapeutic Modalities
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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A. Any headache fulfilling criterion C. |
B. Clinical and/or imaging evidence of a disorder or lesion within the cervical spine or soft tissues of the neck, known to be able to cause headache. |
C. Evidence of causation demonstrated by at least two of the following: 1. headache has developed in temporal relation to the onset of the cervical disorder or appearance of the lesion; 2. headache has significantly improved or resolved in parallel with improvement in or resolution of the cervical disorder or lesion; 3. cervical range of motion is reduced and headache is made significantly worse by provocative maneuvers; 4. headache is abolished following diagnostic blockade of a cervical structure or its nerve supply. |
D. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis. |
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Šedý, J.; Rocabado, M.; Olate, L.E.; Vlna, M.; Žižka, R. Neural Basis of Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain. Medicina 2022, 58, 1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101324
Šedý J, Rocabado M, Olate LE, Vlna M, Žižka R. Neural Basis of Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain. Medicina. 2022; 58(10):1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101324
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠedý, Jiří, Mariano Rocabado, Leonardo Enrique Olate, Marek Vlna, and Radovan Žižka. 2022. "Neural Basis of Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain" Medicina 58, no. 10: 1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101324
APA StyleŠedý, J., Rocabado, M., Olate, L. E., Vlna, M., & Žižka, R. (2022). Neural Basis of Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Cervicogenic Orofacial Pain. Medicina, 58(10), 1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101324