Quadruple-stranded DNA seen in healthy human cells for the first time

The world’s most famous molecule – the DNA double helix – sometimes doubles up again. Researchers have now found this quadruple-stranded form in healthy human cells for the first time.

Four-stranded DNA has been seen before in some cancer cells and in lab-based chemistry experiments, but this is the first time the molecule has been visualised in healthy, living human cells, as a stable structure created by normal cellular processes.

“We’ve undoubtedly demonstrated that the quadruple-strand DNA forms in living cells,” says Marco Di Antonio at Imperial College London. “This forces us to rethink the biology of DNA.”

The DNA molecule is made up of four nucleobases – adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine – and can configure itself in a number of ways. It creates a four-stranded structure when four guanine bases form a square – guanine is the only base able to bond with itself.

Di Antonio, who conducted the work while at the University of Cambridge, and his colleagues were able to visualise the quadruple form within human tissue by attaching a new kind of fluorescent marker to DNA in living cells. He says the discovery may improve our understanding of how the genetic material divulges its information.

“We know exactly what DNA does,” says Di Antonio, “but how does the cell know where to express genes and how much protein to make?” The researchers speculate that the quadruplex structure forms to hold the molecule open and facilitate the reading of the genetic code and thus the production of proteins. It may also influence the amount of each protein that is made.

Usually, this function is performed by epigenetic markers – chemical tags on DNA that increase or decrease the activity of genes – and it seems that the quadruplex form of DNA has a similar role. “There is a sort of crosstalk between the formation of quadruplex DNA and epigenetic markers,” says Di Antonio. “The quadruplex form is an epigenetic mark in its own right.”

Zoë Waller at the University of East Anglia, UK, says the work adds to the evidence that the quadruplex structures form part of normal DNA regulation and function, and that our view of the DNA double helix may be out of date. “We presume that this is the normal, native state of DNA, but this work is another exceptional example of mounting evidence that DNA is not a fixed structure or shape,” she says.