INTRODUCTION

Cryptococcosis is an infection caused by opportunistic and We report four cases of systemic cryptococcosis with varied encapsulated fungi of the genus Cryptococcus.¹Cryptococcus gattii cutaneous presentations, including a bacterial cellulitis-like lesion, species is most commonly responsible for cryptococcosis in immu-in renal transplant patients, showing the many forms of this infrenocompetent individuals, while Cryptococcus neoformans is more quent infection in the skin and the importance of the dermatologist common in immunocompromised patients. However, both can be for their identification. This infection can progress to death if not found in any patient, and cause meningitis, pneumonia and cuta-treated early. neous lesions.^2-4

Cryptococcosis can present with skin lesions that are secondary to systemic hematogenous spread or primary, being the latter rarer.^3,5 The clinical presentation of cutaneous lesions can be varied, therefore there are no typical lesions of this infection.³ In the immunocompromised patients, cryptococcosis must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of cellulitis-like or molluscum contagiosum-like lesions, because the delay in diagnosis can lead to a worse prognosis.⁶

We report four cases of systemic cryptococcosis with varied cutaneous presentations, including a bacterial cellulitis-like lesion, in renal transplant patients, showing the many forms of this infrequent infection in the skin and the importance of the dermatologist for their identification. This infection can progress to death if not treated early.

CASE REPORT

Cutaneous cryptococcosis was diagnosed in four male patients seen during dermatological interconsultations of a tertiary hospital, with a mean age of 41 years. Three were renal transplant patients, one of whom also had AIDS; the fourth patient had no diagnosed comorbidities (Table 1). All progressed during admission with skin lesions, that were the reason for dermatology interconsultation. In three of them, the lesions themselves were the reason for hospital admission.

All renal transplant patients were under immunosuppressant treatment. Patient 1 was taking mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; patient 3 mycophenolate sodium, tacrolimus and prednisone; and patient 4, azathioprine, tacrolimus and prednisone. Patient 1 was also on antiretroviral therapy for HIV with lamivudine, zidovudine and lopinavir/ritonavir (Table 1).

On dermatological examination, patient 1 had brown plaques covered with normochromic nodules with smooth surface on the anterior aspect of the legs; patient 2 had erythematous, firm nodules with crusts and hemorrhagic dots on the left eyebrow and forearm; patient 3 had a red-brown plaque with mild scaling on the left leg; and patient 4 had five firm red-purple plaques on the medial aspect of the left knee, forearm and hip, and right leg and thigh (Figures 1 and 2).

A biopsy was taken from the lesions of the patients, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of cryptococcosis in all cases (Figure 3). Cultures of the biopsy specimens were positive for Cryptococcus in three cases and negative in one. All patients were diagnosed with disseminated cryptococcosis with extracutaneous involvement. All patients had central nervous system involvement, and patients 2 and 4 also had the lungs affected.

Treatment was started with amphotericin B and fluconazole for patients 1, 2 and 3 for two weeks, then maintenance therapy with fluconazole alone. Patient 4 received amphotericin B and flucytosine for two weeks, and maintenance therapy was made with fluconazole alone.

DISCUSSION

Cryptococcus infection usually occurs after inhalation of the fungus, with deposition of spores into the pulmonary alveoli. In immunocompetent individuals, the organism develops a polysaccharide capsule that interferes with phagocyte recognition and opsonization. In immunocompromised individuals, and those with cellular immunity deficiency in particular, there can be hematogenous dissemination particularly to the central nervous system, but also to kidneys, bones and skin.⁵ The systemic form is defined as the involvement of two or more non-adjacent areas.⁶

Skin and soft tissue involvement is relatively rare (10% a 20%) but is almost always considered a marker for disseminated disease, and can sometimes precede the diagnosis of systemic infection.^7,8 Cutaneous clinical presentation is varied; there can be papules, pustules, nodules, abscesses, edema, panniculitis, ulcers and cellulitis-like and molluscum contagiosum-like lesions.^4,8 In immunosuppressed patients, such as solid organ transplant patients, the cutaneous presentation can simulate other conditions such as bacterial cellulitis or panniculitis, clinically indistinguishable, in many cases leading to delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment.^1,6-9

Diagnosis can be made by microscopy, culture of secretions, histopathology, serology or PCR.^3,7 The recommended treatment for disseminated infection must include three phases: 1) induction, with amphotericin B (liposomal, if available) associated with 5-flucytosine for two weeks; 2) consolidation, with high doses of fluconazole (400mg/day to 800mg/day) for eight to 10 weeks; and 3) maintenance, with fluconazole (200mg/day) for six to 12 months.¹⁰

We present a series of cases of cryptococcosis with cutaneous manifestation because of its rarity - since only a small percentage of patients will develop it -, and the importance of differentiation with other more common cutaneous infections, such as bacterial cellulitis and molluscum contagiosum. It is a severe systemic infection, that can progress in an unfavorable way when the diagnosis is delayed. We highlight the important role of the dermatologist in these cases.

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