Internet Sources For Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants
Internet Sources For Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants
Internet Sources For Reproductive Biology of Flowering Plants
Magnoliophyta
Fossil Angiosperms
Stamen
5 cm
(a) Archaefructus sinensis, a 125-million-yearold fossil.
Angiosperm Evolution
Clarifying the origin and diversification of angiosperms
Poses fascinating challenges to evolutionary biologists
Angiosperm Diversity
The two main groups of angiosperms
Are monocots and dicots
Basal angiosperms
Are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages
Magnoliids
Share some traits with basal angiosperms but are more closely related to monocots and eudicots
Amborella trichopoda
Water lily (Nymphaea Rene Gerard) HYPOTHETICAL TREE OF FLOWERING PLANTS Star anise and relatives Water lilies Amborella Monocots Magnoliids Eudicots
MAGNOLIIDS
Magnolia virginiana flower Kindom Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida - Dicots Class Liliopsida - Monocots
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliposida
The dicotyledons
Characteristics of Angiosperms
The key adaptations in the evolution of angiosperms
Are flowers and fruits
Flowers
The flower
Is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
Petal
Sepal
Receptacle Ovule
micropyle
megaspore
Egg nucleus
Egg cell
Megaspore (N)
Female gametophyte (N)
Stamen anther
filament
Pollen sac
microsporocyte
microspore microsporocyte
Creation of microspores
Creation of microspores
exine
Generative cell
pollination
Pollen germination
sperm
Tube nucleus
sperm
Tube nucleus
microspore (N)
Male gametophyte (N)
Tube nucleus
Tube nucleus
3N
2N
Zygote Egg cell
Double Fertilization
Seed coat
endosperm
embryo
fruit
The endosperm
Nourishes the developing embryo
The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants
Reduced gametophytes Heterospory Ovules Pollen
MEIOSIS
Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) 7 When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a mature sporophyte. Germinating Seed Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary MEIOSIS Stigma 3 In the megasporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides by meiosis and produces four megaspores. The surviving megaspore in each ovule forms a female gametophyte (embryo sac). Pollen tube Sperm Surviving megaspore (n) Pollen tube Style Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n)
Generative cell
Tube cell
Pollen grains
Megasporangium (n)
Seed
6 The zygote develops into an embryo that is packaged along with food into a seed. (The fruit tissues surrounding the seed are not shown).
Pollen tube
Zygote (2n) Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n) Egg Nucleus (n) Sperm (n)
FERTILIZATION
5 Double fertilization occurs. One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The other sperm combines with the two polar nuclei to form the nucleus of the endosperm, which is triploid in this example.
4 After pollination, eventually two sperm nuclei are discharged in each ovule.
Fruits
Fruits
(a) Tomato, a fleshy fruit with soft outer and inner layers of pericarp (b) Ruby grapefruit, a fleshy fruit with a hard outer layer and soft inner layer of pericarp
(c) Nectarine, a fleshy fruit with a soft outer layer and hard inner layer (pit) of pericarp
Can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations, enhancing seed dispersal
(a) Wings enable maple fruits to be easily carried by the wind.
(b) Seeds within berries and other edible fruits are often dispersed in animal feces.
(c) The barbs of cockleburs facilitate seed dispersal by allowing the fruits to hitchhike on animals.
(a) A flower pollinated by honeybees. This honeybee is harvesting pollen and nectar (a sugary solution secreted by flower glands) from a Scottish broom flower. The flower has a tripping mechanism that arches the stamens over the bee and dusts it with pollen, some of which will rub off onto the stigma of the next flower the bee visits.
(b) A flower pollinated by hummingbirds. The long, thin beak and tongue of this rufous hummingbird enable the animal to probe flowers that secrete nectar deep within floral tubes. Before the hummer leaves, anthers will dust its beak and head feathers with pollen. Many flowers that are pollinated by birds are red or pink, colors to which bird eyes are especially sensitive.
(c) A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals. Some angiosperms, such as this cactus, depend mainly on nocturnal pollinators, including bats. Common adaptations of such plants include large, light-colored, highly fragrant flowers that nighttime pollinators can locate.
Leaf venation
Roots
Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose Taproot (main root) usually present Pollen Pea (Lathyrus nervosus, Lord Ansons blue pea), a legume Pollen grain with three openings
Flowers Anther Stigma Filament Ovary Floral organs usually in multiples of three Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo), female (left) and male flowers