American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide
American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide
American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style Guide
Referencing Intellectual honesty and plagiarism About the APA style In-text citation: Referencing sources within the text Reference list Electronic items Referencing secondary sources Different works of the same author and same year
Audio recording Australian Bureau of Statistics (AusStats) Brochure Government report (online) Image on the Internet Lecture (unpublished)/ personal communication Podcast (from the Internet) Thesis Video recording, television broadcast or episode in a series Video (from the Internet) Web page / document on the Internet
Single author Two authors Three to six authors More than six authors No author (inc dictionaries/encyclopaedias) Edited book Chapter, article or section in a book Chapter or article in an edited book E-book
Journal article (print version) Journal article (full-text from electronic database) Non-English journal article translated into English Newspaper article (available in print) Newspaper article (from electronic database) Article (from the Internet, not available in print version) Proceedings of meetings and symposiums, conference papers Systematic reviews
Referencing
Referencing acknowledges the sources that you use to write your essay or assignment paper. In-text citations are used throughout your writing to acknowledge the sources of your information. The full references for the citations are then listed at the end of your assignment paper in the References list. It is important to first consult your unit outline, lecturer or tutor for the preferred citation style for each unit you undertake. Please see the section of this guide regarding intellectual honesty and plagiarism.
If you use the name of the author(s) in your writing, place the year of publication of the work in parentheses after the authors name. Mullane (2006) conducted research into the effect of If you refer to a work in the text of your paper, place the author's last name and the year of publication of the work in parentheses at the end of the sentence. The research conclusively proved a correlation between the results (Mullane, 2006). Note: When you summarise the general idea of a source in your own words, you must cite the author and year of publication of the work as shown below. APA does not require you to provide the page number unless you use a direct quote, however if you paraphrase or summarise a specific paragraph or section you should consider including the page number. If you directly quote fewer then 40 words, enclose the quotation by double quotation marks within the text. The year of publication of the work along with the page number(s)* of the quote should be provided in parentheses. Mullane (2006) referred to this correlation as a statistical anomaly (p. 118), contributing.... or It was found that the correlation was a statistical anomaly (Mullane, 2006, p. 118). * When there are no page numbers, but the sources contains headings or numbered paragraphs, use a section name or paragraph number, e.g. Jones (2008, Introduction section) or Roberts (2008, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading, e.g. Anderson (2005, Discussion section, para. 2) If the quotation is greater than 40 words it should be displayed in a double-spaced, indented block (1.3 cm) without quotation marks. Mullane (2006) stated that:
If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then stringent controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical anomalies do not occur through lack of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption of data inadequately stored and processed (p. 66).
If you use more than one source to write a statement in your paper, the citation can be presented using semi-colons between works as follows: Separate sources, different authors: and a number of studies have shown identical results (Sanders, 2008; Smith, 2009). Two or more publications by the same author: It was found that...(Smith, 2000, 2004) Sources that you cite in your writing are listed in detail at the end of your document in a reference list.
Reference list
A reference list includes details of the sources cited in your paper. It starts on a separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled References. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper. All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by surname. You may sometimes need to include a bibliography in addition to a references list. In contrast to the reference list, a bibliography includes details of sources not cited in your paper which were only used to support your research. These items should also be listed in alphabetical order. The reference list should be double spaced (no line spaces between references) with hanging indents used for the second and subsequent lines of each entry. A hanging indent is where the left line starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented (approx. 1.3 cm or five spaces). You can use your word processor to automatically format the doublespacing and hanging indents. Italics is the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos. Article and chapter titles are not italicised or put in quotation marks. Volume numbers are italicised but issue numbers are not. Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. For references, the following general rules apply: Book titles - capitalise the first letter of the first word of the title, and the first letter of the first word after a colon. e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia and Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Article, chapter or section titles - capitalise the first letter of the first word of the title, and the first letter of the first word after a colon. e.g. Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Pronouns, acronyms and abbreviations that are normally capitalised should be capitalised in the reference list and citations. See examples on the following pages for each reference type. For further information see section 4.22 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition).
References
Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Atkin, M. (Reporter). (2008, November 13). Bermagui forest disputed turf. The Hack Half Hour. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hack/notes/ Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., ...Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305 Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), Ill fly away. New York, NY: New York Broadcasting Company. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x Potente, S., Anderson, C., & Karim, M. (2011). Environmental sun protection and supportive policies and practices: An audit of outdoor recreational settings in NSW coastal towns. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22(2), 97-101. Wheeler, D.P., & Bragin, M. (2007). Bringing it all back home: Social work and the challenge of returning veterans. Health and Social Work, 32, 297-300. Retrieved from http://www.naswpressonline.org
Electronic items
When referencing electronic resources it is necessary to provide details about the location of the item. The 6th edition of the Publication Manual advises that wherever possible the DOI (digital object identifier) should be provided in the reference. Electronic sources should be referenced in the same format as that for a fixed-media source, such as a book, with the DOI included at the end. If a DOI is available no further publication or location elements are
required. If no DOI is available, provide the direct URL if the item if it is freely accessible, or the home page URL if access is restricted. Retrieved from Use retrieved from when you are giving a direct URL for the item e.g. Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs The date retrieved is also required when an electronic item is subject to further changes eg wikis or web pages. Developing an argument (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2009 from http://web.princeton.edu/sites/writing/Writing_Center/WCWritingResou rces.htm N.B. Be especially careful about using resources without clear authorship or dates to ensure they are credible academic sources.
In-text citations
There are two different ways to cite sources in-text using the APA style (see section 6.11 and 6.12 of the Publication Manual). Author names can be cited in the narrative with year given in parentheses, or the author name and year can be given in parentheses without mention in the narrative. The choice depends on the writer and the flow of the narrative. Examples of the two formats are given throughout this guide. Please note that when a source has been cited (with author and year) earlier in the paragraph, subsequent narrative mentions of the source in the same paragraph do not need to include the year. The rule only applies where the citation could not be confused with another in the paragraph and should only be used in instances when the name is given in the narrative. e.g. First citation in the paragraph: Smith (2009) explained that...... Subsequent citations within the paragraph: Smith also suggested... Pay particular attention to the citation format required for references with multiple authors. The use of et al. varies depending on the number of authors that need to be cited. Examples are shown on pages 8 and 9 of this guide.
For example, the book you are using is written by Smith who quotes another author called Jones. In your essay you wish to use Jones idea. In-text you should acknowledge both the primary source (Jones) and secondary source (Smith) as follows: Jones (as cited in Smith, 2009) agreed that the experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis. or The experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis (Jones, as cited in Smith, 2009). Provide the details of the secondary source in your reference list: Smith, J. (2009). Hypotheses. Penrith, Australia: University of Western Sydney.
For different works by exactly the same author(s), published in the same year, you should differentiate the works by including a, b or c etc after the year when citing in-text and in the references list e.g. Reference list Jones, C. (2008). Developing hypotheses. Penrith, Australia: University of Western Sydney. Jones, C. (1999a). Assessing hypotheses. Penrith, Australia: University of Western Sydney. Jones, C. (1999b). Forming hypotheses. Penrith, Australia: University of Western Sydney. Note: References of same author and same year are ordered alphabetically by title of the book, article or chapter. In-text citation Jones (2008) stated Jones (1999a) stated Jones (1999b) stated Jones (1999a, 1999b) stated...
Two authors
Reference list Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. In-text citation Copstead and Banasik (2005) stated that or It is suggested that (Copstead & Banasik, 2005).
No author
Reference list Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster. In-text citation The Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary (1993, p. 11) defines or can be defined as (Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 1993, p.11). Note: When giving a title in the text capitalise all major words.
Edited book
Reference list Craven, I. (Ed.). (2001). Australian cinema in the 1990s. London, England: Frank Cass. In-text citation Craven (2001) discussed the successful or The film starred actors (Craven, 2001).
In-text citation
Knowles (1986) demonstrated that or This independent study showed (Knowles, 1986).
E-book
Reference list Storey, K. B. (2004). Functional metabolism: Regulation and adaptation. Retrieved from http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary &v=1&bookid=129390 Note: When available, add a DOI to the end of the reference instead of URL as per format shown in Journal Article (full text from electronic database) example below. In-text citation Storey (2004) stated that or Functional metabolism is (Storey, 2004).
from JSTOR) give the home page URL of the database. Journal with DOI: Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. doi:10.111 1/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x
Journal with no DOI and restricted access: Wheeler, D.P., & Bragin, M. (2007). Bringing it all back home: Social work and the challenge of returning veterans. Health and Social Work, 32, 297300. Retrieved from http://www.naswpressonline.org In-text citation Jackson et al. (2007) found that or Personal resilience has been found to(Jackson et al., 2007)
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Systematic reviews
Reference list Osborn, D. A., & Sinn, J.K.H. (2006, July 26). Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(4). Article No.: CD003741. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD003741.pub4. In-text citation Osborn and Sinn (2006) stated that or It has been found that(Osborn & Sinn, 2006)
Other materials
Audio recording
Use descriptors such as [CD], [record], [cassette]. For online audio see Podcast example. Reference list Handel, A., & Seiler, G. L. (2006). Adoration. On Ghosts and angels [CD]. Sydney, Australia: Feral Media. Note: If there is a producer or recorder who is not one of the authors list their name in square parentheses after the song title e.g. Adoration [Recorded by Initial. Surname]. A recording date can be placed in parentheses after the reference if different from the copyright date e.g. Sydney: Feral Media. (1920)
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In-text citation
Handel and Seilers (2006) track entitled Adoration combines or Classical and electronic styles have been combined(Handel & Seiler, 2006).
Brochure
Reference list University of Western Sydney. (2009). Transport access guide: Penrith Campus. [Brochure]. Penrith, Australia: Author. Note: Author is used in place of a publisher name where the author is also the publisher. In-text citation Buses run on a schedule(University of Western Sydney, 2009) or The University of Western Sydney transport brochure (2009) shows that
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unpublished it is treated as a personal communication and you do not need to provide a reference list entry because there is no recoverable data. All details are provided in the text. It is advisable to consider using published primary sources before using class/ lecture notes as references in your paper. In-text citation H. Dwyer discussed the .... (personal communication, January 10, 2009). or found that in these cases neutrons are dangerous (H. Dwyer, personal communication, January 10, 2009).
Thesis
Reference list Gale, L. (2000). The relationship between leadership and employee empowerment for successful total quality management. (Unpublished PhD thesis), University of Western Sydney. Retrieved from http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/28037 In-text citation Gale (2000) showed that or that this can empower employees (Gale, 2000).
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[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Vja83KLQXZs In-text citation Norton (2003) showed that a cat can be trained or Training a cat requires(Norton, 2006).
Document on the Internet: Este, J., Warren, C., Connor, L., Brown, M., Pollard, R., & OConnor, T. (2008). Life in the clickstream: The future of journalism. Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance. Retrieved from http://www.alliance.org.au/documents/foj_report_final.pdf
Document on the Internet, no author, no date: Developing an argument. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://web.princeton.edu/sites/writing/Writing_Center/WCWriting Resources.htm Note: (n.d.) = no date. Always include details of authorship or publication date when available. Carefully consider the reliability and authority of websites with no author and/or no date before including it as a reference. In-text citation Este et al. (2008) suggest that or it is necessary to develop the argument... (Developing an Argument, n.d.). Note: Capitalise all major words when giving a title in-text. For further assistance with referencing, please contact the Library on 9852 5353.
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