English/Language Arts Unpacked Content

For the new Common Core State Standards that will be effective in all North Carolina schools in the 2012-13 school year

This document is designed to help North Carolina educators teach the ELA Common Core State Standards. NCDPI staff are continually updating and improving these tools to better serve teachers.

What is the purpose of this document? To increase student achievement by ensuring educators understand specifically what the new standards mean a student must know, understand and be able to do. What is in the document? Descriptions of what each standard means a student will know, understand and be able to do. The unpacking of the standards done in this document is an effort to answer a simple question What does this standard mean that a student must know and be able to do? and to ensure the description is helpful, specific and comprehensive for educators. How do I send Feedback? We intend the explanations and examples in this document to be helpful and specific. That said, we believe that as this document is used, teachers and educators will find ways in which the unpacking can be improved and made ever more useful. Please send feedback to us at [email protected] and we will use your input to refine our unpacking of the standards. Thank You! Just want the standards alone? You can find the standards alone at http://www.corestandards.org

English/Language Arts Unpacked Content

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR ANCHOR STANDARD College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. 2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. 3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.

CCSS STANDARD Reading Literature Key Ideas and Details 1. Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

UNPACKING

Students are required to use textual evidence to support their thinking as they ask and answer general questions. These questions (who, what, when, where, why, and how) focus on what the text says explicitly and include key details. Students are required to retell stories and determine the central message using literature from diverse cultures, including folktales and fables. Students begin to understand that characters are people who are involved in a story. Character development is discussed in terms of the characters reaction to what is taking place in the story. Use questions and prompts such as: Who are the characters in the story? What are the most important events that happened in the story? How do you know? What lesson is this story teaching you? How did the characters solve the problem in this story?

2. Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral. 3. Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. 5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole. 6. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. CCSS Standard Reading Literature Craft and Structure 4. Describe how words and phrases (e.g., regular beats, alliteration, rhymes, repeated lines) supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song. 5. Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action. 6. Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud. Unpacking

Students are required to tell how words and phrases provide meaning to a story, poem, or song. They begin to understand story structure by explaining how the introduction is the beginning and the conclusion is where the action ends. Students at this level begin to understand how characters points of view differ. As students read orally, they should read using different voices for different characters. Use questions and prompts such as: Describe the parts of a story (beginning and end). Which parts of this poem rhyme? Can you find the part that shows the beat? Can you find a part that has alliteration? How are the characters thinking/feeling about this event? Are the characters thinking the same way about? Think about this character. How would this character say this part?

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 7. Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.1 8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence. 9. Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take. CCSS Standard Reading Literature Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7. Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot. 8. (Not applicable to literature) Unpacking

Students are required to use information from pictures, print, or digital text to show they understand characters, setting and plot. They read versions of the same story and find similarities and differences.

9. Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story (e.g., Cinderella stories) by different authors or from different cultures.

Use questions and prompts such as: What do the illustrations tell you about the setting? Can you find an illustration that tells you how a character is feeling? What is the same about the characters in the two stories? What is different? What happened to the characters that is the same? What happened that is different? Look at these two stories. How did the authors solve the same problem in different ways?

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard CCSS Standard Unpacking College and Career Readiness Anchor Reading Literature Standards for Reading Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. Read and comprehend complex literary 10. By the end of the year, read and With assistance as needed, students are and informational texts independently and comprehend literature, including stories required to read proficiently and proficiently. and poetry, in the grades 23 text understand various types of literature for complexity band proficiently, with the 2-3 text complexity band. scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. The Reading standards place equal emphasis on the sophistication of what students read and the skill with which they read. Standard 10 defines a grade-by-grade staircase of increasing text complexity that rises from beginning reading to the college and career readiness level. Whatever they are reading, students must also show a steadily growing ability to discern more from and make fuller use of text including making an increasing number of connections among ideas and between texts, considering a wider range of textual evidence, and becoming more sensitive to inconsistencies, ambiguities, and poor reasoning in texts. Students also acquire the habits of reading independently and closely, which are essential to their future success. Students should encounter appropriately complex texts at each grade level in order to develop the mature language skills and
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

the conceptual knowledge needed for success in school and life. Effective scaffolding should allow the reader to encounter the text with minimal clarifications. It should not replace the text by translating its contents for students.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. 2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. 3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. CCSS Standard Reading Informational Text Key Ideas and Details 1. Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text. Unpacking

2. Identify the main topic of a multiparagraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text. 3. Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text.

Students are required to use textual evidence to ask and answer general questions about key details using who, what, when, where, why, and how. They are required to be able to read several paragraphs and identify the main idea. Along with recognizing main idea, students need to be able to understand the overall focus of a text with several paragraphs. Students at this level are required to describe how historical events, scientific ideas or how to procedures are linked together in a text.

Use questions and prompts such as: Think about what you read and create your own questions (using who, what, when, where, why, and/or how) about an important idea in this text. What is the main idea of this text? What are the important ideas in this text? How do you know? Which step comes first? After that? What happened first? What
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

happened after that? Can you tell me how these ideas are the same? Can you tell me how they are different?

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. 5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole. 6. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. CCSS Standard Reading Informational Text Craft and Structure 4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area. Unpacking

Students are required to find out word meanings and phrases that are specific to grade 2. As students continue to build the skill of using text features to find information with proficiency, they need to 5. Know and use various text features (e.g., be able to use captions, bold print, subheadings, glossaries, electronic menus, captions, bold print, subheadings, icons, etc. to analyze the text information. glossaries, indexes, electronic menus, icons) to locate key facts or information in Students are required to tell the main purpose of a text according to what the a text efficiently. author wants the reader to know. 6. Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, Use questions and prompts such as: explain, or describe. What features in the text help you find important information about what you are reading? How do the subheadings help you understand what you are reading? How does the glossary help you? How does bold print help you? Why do you think the author wrote this text? What does the author want you to learn from this text?

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading 7. Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.1 8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence. 9. Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take. CCSS Standard Reading Informational Text Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7. Explain how specific images (e.g., a diagram showing how a machine works) contribute to and clarify a text. 8. Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text. Unpacking

9. Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

Students are required to integrate visual and print information to clarify understanding. At this level, students should also be able describe the authors reasoning by finding support within the text. Second grade students are required to identify the most important points in a text. Then, they should be able to find similarities and differences in the points they have indentified when reading about two texts that share the same topic. Use questions and prompts such as: How does the diagram/image help you understand what you are reading? Can you tell ways the author uses specific information in a text to help you understand? Can you find the reason why the author thinks that? Can you find the reason why the author believes? Look at these two texts about the same topic. What is the same about the points presented in these two texts? What is different?
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard CCSS Standard Unpacking College and Career Readiness Anchor Reading Informational Text Standards for Reading Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity 10. Read and comprehend complex literary 10. By the end of year, read and Students are required to read informational and informational texts independently and comprehend informational texts, including text in the grade 2-3 text complexity band proficiently. history/social studies, science, and proficiently with scaffolding as needed. technical texts, in the grades 23 text complexity band proficiently, with The Reading standards place equal scaffolding as needed at the high end of the emphasis on the sophistication of what range. students read and the skill with which they read. Standard 10 defines a grade-by-grade staircase of increasing text complexity that rises from beginning reading to the college and career readiness level. Whatever they are reading, students must also show a steadily growing ability to discern more from and make fuller use of text including making an increasing number of connections among ideas and between texts, considering a wider range of textual evidence, and becoming more sensitive to inconsistencies, ambiguities, and poor reasoning in texts. Students also acquire the habits of reading independently and closely, which are essential to their future success. Students should encounter appropriately complex texts at each grade level in order to develop the mature language skills and the conceptual knowledge needed for
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

success in school and life. Effective scaffolding should allow the reader to encounter the text with minimal clarifications. It should not replace the text by translating its contents for students.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard CCSS Standard Reading Foundational Skills Phonics and Word Recognition 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. a. Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled onesyllable words. b. Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams. c. Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels. d. Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes. e. Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences. f. Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words. Unpacking

Students continue learning specific strategies for decoding words in texts. Learning prefixes, suffixes, and vowel patterns enhances decoding, spelling ability, and vocabulary development. Use questions and prompts such as: Does that sound right? Does that look right? Does that make sense? Look for chunks you know and say them. Look at the beginning of the word and try it again. Look at the end of the word and try it again. Look at the word, does it look like ? You said does it look like ?

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard CCSS Standard Reading Foundational Skills Fluency 4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. a. Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding. b. Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression. c. Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary. Unpacking

Fluency helps the reader process language for meaning and enjoyment. Fluent readers are able to focus attention on the meaning of the text. Readers at this stage still benefit from opportunities to read texts multiple times at an independent level. Use questions and prompts such as: Make your reading sound like the characters are talking. Make your voice go up when you see the question mark at the end. Make you voice go down when you see the period at the end. Go back and reread when it doesnt sound or look like you think it should.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing 1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. CCSS Standard Writing Text Types and Purposes 1. Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or book they are writing about, state an opinion, supply reasons that support the opinion, use linking words (e.g., because, and, also) to connect opinion and reasons, and provide a concluding statement or section. 2. Write informative/explanatory texts in which they introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement or section. 3. Write narratives in which they recount a well-elaborated event or short sequence of events, include details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings, use temporal words to signal event order, and provide a sense of closure. Unpacking

2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. 3. Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Second grade students should be able to express their opinion and demonstrate the ability to share their opinion and reasoning with others. In order to do so, students need multiple opportunities to express opinions (verbally and in writing) and develop reasoning to support their thinking. Students need to engage in behaviors (turn and talk, small group discussion, and emergent writing and speaking activities) that lead to the expression of ideas both verbally and in writing. Students will also need a purposeful focus on choice-making throughout ELA. For example, second grade students need to be able to choose descriptive words to use within their writing that show their thinking, relate their feelings, and describe actions.

At this level, students begin to write more complex sentences using linking words (because, and, also). Second grade students are required to include both an introduction and a sense of closure or a closing
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

statement in their writing. Students will need to build strategies for introducing concepts (such as beginning with a fact or question about the topic) and concluding their thoughts (learning to write a summary statement) when writing. They will begin to use transitional words to show order of events and write with more complex sentences to link the parts of their writing together. Second grade students write across genres including (opinion, informative/explanatory, and narrative). They must be able to find and include facts and definitions as part of informative/explanatory writing. In order to do so, students need strategies for researching a topic (gathering facts), selecting relevant information (picking the facts to use/note taking), and developing a way to present the ideas from beginning to end (format and organization of written presentation). Narrative writing must describe the order of events as they occurred using temporal words (first, next, then, last, etc).

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing 4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. 5. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach. 6. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others. CCSS Standard Writing Production and Distribution of Writing 4. (Begins in grade 3) Unpacking

With assistance from adults and peers, students should focus their writing on a topic and develop revising and editing skills. In order to do so, students need to understand how to change word choice and 5. With guidance and support from adults sentence structure in their writing to and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen strengthen their piece. They also need to writing as needed by revising and editing. 6. With guidance and support from adults, develop the ability to recognize spelling, use a variety of digital tools to produce and grammar, and punctuation errors and have publish writing, including in collaboration strategies for correcting these errors with assistance (conferences, check sheets, peer with peers. editing). With assistance, students continue to use digital tools to publish their writing independently and in collaboration with peers (use of keyboarding and technology). At this grade level, students will need to be able to log on to programs, computer stations, and hand-held devises to engage with digital media.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing CCSS Standard Writing Unpacking

Research to Build and Present Knowledge 7. Conduct short as well as more sustained 7. Participate in shared research and research projects based on focused writing projects (e.g., read a number of questions, demonstrating understanding of books on a single topic to produce a report; the subject under investigation. record science observations). 8. Gather relevant information from 8. Recall information from experiences or multiple print and digital sources, assess gather information from provided sources the credibility and accuracy of each source, to answer a question. and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism. 9. Draw evidence from literary or 9. (Begins in grade 4) informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Second grade students are required to participate in shared research projects. Students will need to understand their role (job on the team) and how they will contribute (work they will do) on the project from beginning to end. Items, such as, task charts, check sheets, and graphic organizers will be helpful to students as they learn to work together. At this level, students are working with provided research. They need to know how to scan the information provided (words, pictures, digital sources) and/or recall from their own background knowledge to find the key information they need to answer research questions and take notes.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing 10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences. CCSS Standard Writing Range of Writing 10. (Begins in grade 3) Unpacking

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening CCSS Standard Speaking and Listening Unpacking

Comprehension and Collaboration 1. Prepare for and participate effectively in 1. Participate in collaborative a range of conversations and collaborations conversations with diverse partners about with diverse partners, building on others grade 2 topics and texts with peers and ideas and expressing their own clearly and adults in small and larger groups. persuasively. a. Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics and texts under discussion). b. Build on others talk in conversations by linking their comments to the remarks of others. c. Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed about the topics and texts under discussion. 2. Integrate and evaluate information 2. Recount or describe key ideas or details presented in diverse media and formats, from a text read aloud or information including visually, quantitatively, and presented orally or through other media. orally. 3. Evaluate a speakers point of view, 3. Ask and answer questions about what a reasoning, and use of evidence and speaker says in order to clarify rhetoric. comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding of a topic or issue.

Students in grade two will engage in conversations about grade-appropriate topics and texts. In order to do so, students will need ample opportunities to take part in a variety of rich, structured conversations. Students actively engage as part of a whole class, in small groups, and with a partner, sharing the roles of participant, leader, and observer. Students at this level should engage in collaborative conversations (such as book groups, literature circles, buddy reading), and develop skills in active (close) listening and group discussion (looking at the speaker, turn taking, linking ideas to the speakers idea, sharing the floor, etc). Second grade students should also be able to listen carefully to a text read aloud and to recount or describe details about what they heard. Students need to ask questions and understand and answer questions asked of them in order to clarify or gain more information.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening 4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. 5. Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations. 6. Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. CCSS Standard Speaking and Listening Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas 4. Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly in coherent sentences. 5. Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings. 6. Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification. Unpacking

Second grade students should be able to engage in storytelling and report facts and relevant details about an experience. This should be done orally, with some detail, and with clarity of thought and emotions. They should be able to utilize digital media (Garage Band, personal computers) to make audio recordings of stories or poems and add visual displays to illuminate chosen facts or details. In order to do so, students will need multiple opportunities to present information to others and develop behaviors that will lead to the ability to add appropriate digital media and visual displays. Students will need to engage in behaviors that lead to the expression of complete ideas both verbally and in writing: turn and talk, small group discussion, computer use, and writing and speaking learning activities. Students will also need a purposeful focus on choice-making throughout ELA. For example, second grade students need to be able to choose visual displays that add to and support their thinking about a topic.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

Students must be able to articulate their ideas in complete sentences.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language 1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. CCSS Standard Language Conventions of Standard English 1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. a. Use collective nouns (e.g., group). b. Form and use frequently occurring irregular plural nouns (e.g., feet, children, teeth, mice, fish). c. Use reflexive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves). d. Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs (e.g., sat, hid, told). e. Use adjectives and adverbs, and choose between them depending on what is to be modified. f. Produce, expand, and rearrange complete simple and compound sentences (e.g., The boy watched the movie; The little boy watched the movie; The action movie was watched by the little boy). 2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. a. Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names. b. Use commas in greetings and closings of letters. Unpacking

An understanding of language is essential for effective communication. The inclusion of Language standards in their own strand should not be taken as in indication that skills related to conventions, knowledge of language, and vocabulary are unimportant to reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing; indeed, they are inseparable from such contexts. Second grade students must have a command of the grammar and usage of spoken and written standard English. Standards that are related to conventions are appropriate to formal spoken English as they are to formal written English. In this grade, emphasis expands to include irregular nouns and verbs, reflexive pronouns, adverbs, and more complex sentences. With conventions, students are becoming more adept at ending punctuation, expanding their understanding and usage of capitalization, and are beginning to use reference materials.

2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

c. Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives. d. Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words (e.g., cage badge; boy boil). e. Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language 3. Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening. CCSS Standard Language Knowledge of Language 3. Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening. a. Compare formal and informal uses of English. Unpacking

Students in grade 2 will use what they know about HOW language works when they write, speak, read, and listen. Students at this level will compare writing and speaking that is formal and informal. In order to do so, students will need strategies for reading across various authors and genres to compare writing styles and effects of language usage.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

CCR Anchor Standard College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language 4. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate. CCSS Standard Language Vocabulary Acquisition and Use 4. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 2 reading and content, choosing flexibly from an array of strategies. a. Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase. b. Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word (e.g., happy/unhappy, tell/retell). c. Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root (e.g., addition, additional). d. Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words (e.g., birdhouse, lighthouse, housefly; bookshelf, notebook, bookmark). e. Use glossaries and beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases. 5. Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings. a. Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., describe foods that are spicy or juicy). Unpacking

As students at this level focus on word acquisition and use, the intent of the CCSS is to introduce grammatical knowledge in basic ways that will be relearned in more sophisticated contexts in the upper grades. The overall focus of language learning in regards to vocabulary acquisition is to guide students as they make purposeful language choices in writing and speaking in order to communicate effectively in a wide range of print and digital texts. Students need to understand the diversity in standard English and the ways authors use formal and informal voice (dialects, registers) to craft their message for specific purposes. Students also need strategies for learning to make these kinds of choices for themselves as they write and speak in different contexts and for different purposes. Learning words at this stage consists in part of exploring different shades of the same verb (run/sprint) and closely related adjectives, growing vocabulary by using known word parts (prefix, root or compound part) to acquire unknown words, and developing print and digital
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5. Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS GRADE 2

b. Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs (e.g., toss, throw, hurl) and closely related adjectives (e.g., thin, slender, skinny, scrawny). 6. Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts, including using adjectives and adverbs to describe (e.g., When other kids are happy that makes me happy). reference use (glossary and dictionary).

6. Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when encountering an unknown term important to comprehension or expression.

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