Placi Curbe

Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor
PLCI CURBE SUBIRI

- CURS 5 Fenomene de instabilitate ale PCS
Conf.dr.ing Conf dr ing Adrian CIUTINA
INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: GENERAL

What is buckling? Buckling is a process by which a structure cannot withstand loads g p y with its original shape, so that it changes this shape in order to find a new equilibrium configuration. This is an undesired process (from the point of view of the engineer), and occurs for a welldefined value engineer) of the load. The consequences of buckling are basically geometric:
There are large displacements in the structure There may also be consequences for the material, in the sense that deflections in the tank may induce plasticity in the walls of the structure
Local buckling g of a tank
Global buckling of a wind t bi t i d turbine tower
INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: GENERAL

What is buckling? Stability and instability: Behavior of a given structure (slender!) can be controlled by design if the three characteristic ranges of loaddeformation curve are correctly defined: y
Pre-critical range Critical point (or range) Post-critical Post critical range
P(0, Pcr] ( P > Pcr Structural stability y Structural instability
Pcr
Critical point Post-critical range
Buckling:
elastic plastic y dynamic
Pre-critical range
INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Probably first example of loss of stability is the collapse of the Tower of Babel (c. 610 B.C.), under its own weight (c BC) Heron of Alexandria (c. 100 B.C.) observed thast the strength of a piece of wood reduces as its length increases Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (15641642) provided empirical rules for the strength of column in compression Marsenne M. (1588-1648) observed that iron, copper and other metal members, when subjected to a force or weight, curve and bend to the form of an arch before breaking breaking. Musschebroek (1692-1791) confirmed by systematic tests observations of Marsenne and proposed a qualitative low for failure in compression of a wood parallelepiped. Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) assumed the parabolic shape of beam deflection in establishing the relationship between bending moment and curvature
Pcr
Pcr = EI L
Pin ended column
Leonard E l (1707 1783) L d Euler (1707-1783)

Lagrange (1736-1813) applied variation principle to elastic stability Tomas Young (1773 - 1829): lateral buckling of column of variable cross-section and influence of imperfections Hppl (1854-1924) and V. Karmann (1881-1963): equations for large deflections of thin plates with in-plane stress Timoshenko S.P. (1878-1972) theoretised solution for critical SP axial load of cylindrical shells Donnel L.H: A new theory for the buckling of thin cylinders under axial compression and bending (1934) Koiter W. (1914-1997): post-buckling theory, in 1945

Bifurcation instability When the pre-critical deformations do not correspond with the p p instability deformations. For instance, the portal frame (a) has a symmetrical pre-critical deformation, while the post-critical deformation is asymmetrical one; When the structure is an ideal one, without geometrical imperfections, as in case of compression bar (b), when the bar in the pre-critical state is straight, straight while the post critical form is bended; post-critical When the structure is an actual one with geometrical imperfections, but these are not similar with the post-critical deformations. As example, the arch can have a symmetrical deviation from the designed form, but the post-critical deformation is asymmetrical one (c).
P
Pcr
Bufurcation point Post-critical path Pre-critical path
INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: Bifurcation Instability Of Cylinders
sup Nx,cr inf Nx,cr
L L
INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS Divergence of equilibrium
Divergence of equilibrium
INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

Instability by limitation The post critical path is an extension of the p p pre-critical one and the load-deformation curve presents a maximum value. It might be for:
The shallow structures with transversal loads, as shallow , arches (a) The actual structure with geometrical imperfections with the same form as the post-critical deformations. For instance, the actual elastic-plastic compressed bar (b) i t th t l l ti l ti db The structure for which the pre-critical deformations contain as well the instability deformations (c)
P PlimPul
In principle a structure that in theoretical ideal principle, case (no imperfections) buckles by bifurcation, in almost all real cases (with imperfections) may buckle b li it ti b kl by limitation Thick short cylinders may buckle by limitation in post-elastic range g Elephant foot buckling of cylinders can be regarded as limitation buckling
Instability by limitation

Jump of Equilibrium or Snap Through Instability Affects shallow arches and shells, shells reticulated shells
EREN Exhibition hall, Bucharest, Bucharest 1963

Dynamic Instability Conservative and non conservative loads non-conservative Static equivalent loads Dynamic instability under different load types: step load, impulsive load, periodic loads
Dynamic loads
INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

Dynamic propagation of instability or progressive instability Domino effect (d bl layer D i ff t (double l grids) Instability p p g y propagation (single ( g layer reticulated shells)
Domino effect for double-layer grids Instability propagation f single-layer I bili i for i l l reticulated shells
Agreement of theoretical and experimental values: a) bars; b) shells
Types of bifurcation and influence of imperfections: a) Eulers type; b) unsymmetrical; c) stable-symmetrical; d)unstable-symmetrical stable symmetrical; d)unstable symmetrical
INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According to the Instability Type g y yp

Symmetrical stable bifurcation Double - symmetrical cross-section compressed bar with fixed ends Lateral buckling of bending members Symmetrical frames Ring under radial, hydrostatic or constant direction pressure Rectangular and circular compressed plate Sphere with concentrated loads
Stable post-critical behavior Low sensitivity to imperfections

Symmetrical unstable bifurcation Bar with elastically fixed ends Bar and ring on elastic bed g Ring under variable pressure Double-hinged and double-restrained arch Axially symmetrical buckling of the axially loaded cylinder Axially symmetrical buckling of the sphere under uniform pressure
Unstable post-critical behavior Moderate sensitivity to imperfections

Unsymmetrical bifurcation y Unsymmetrical cross-section compressed bar with fixed ends p Three-hinged arch Unsymmetrical frame Truss Latticed planar space structure
V Very unstable post-critical b h i t bl t iti l behavior Very high sensitivity to imperfections and their sign
POST-CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ELASTIC STRUCTURES

P u
length (unloaded)
w P u length (unloaded)
Perfect bar
length (unloaded)
P w
Perfect cylinder
P
u
Perfect plate
P Pcr
Perfect bar
Perfect plate
P Pcr
Perfect cylindrical shell

Pcr Imperfect plate
A
Imperfect bar
Imperfect cylindrical shell
w0
w
w0
w
w0 w
) a)
b)
c)
Post-critical behaviour of elastic structures: a) columns: indifferent post-critical path; b) cylinders: unstable post-critical path; c) plates: stable post-critical path
FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF SPATIALITY

2E t cr, p = 3(1 2 ) b
2E t E b cr,c = + 2 3(1 2 ) b 4 r
2
Stable Unstable component component
Curvature effect in axial compression: a) increase in critical load; b) increase in sensitivity to geometrical imperfections
FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF SPATIALITY
Curvature effect in axis-symmetrical compression: a) increase in critical load; b) increase in sensitivity to geometrical imperfections
FACTORS INTRODUCING UNSTABLE COMPONENTS
Factors which introduce unstable components: a) extensional deformations; b) lateral movable supports; c) coupled instabilities; d) plastic deformations
SINGLE AND COUPLED BUCKLING MODES. IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY.

Erosion of theoretical buckling strength Single and multi-modal buckling modes. Interactive buckling
xt
16 x S.S a k 8 4 y 12 S.S S.S b x

b
m=1 m=2 m=3 m=4
S.S
x
xt
k 0 1 2 3 a/b 4
Rectangular simply supported thin plate subjected to compression stress
Multimodal buckling of rectangular plate (Garland curve)
Pattern change for plate
SINGLE AND COUPLED BUCKLING MODES. IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY.

Erosion of theoretical buckling strength Single and multi-modal buckling modes. Interactive buckling g g g
Buckling modes for a lipped channel in compression: Single modes: (a) local (L); (b) distortional (D); (c) flexural (F); (d) torsional (T); (e) flexural-torsional (FT).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Coupled (interactive) modes: (f) L + D; (g) F + L; (h) F + D; (i) FT + L; (j) FT + D; (k) F + FT
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
COUPLED INSTABILITIES FOR PLATE AND SHELL ELEMENTS
W weak interaction M moderate interaction S strong interaction VS very strong interaction
OVERALL AND LOCAL BUCKLING FOR STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
EROSION CLASSES AND IMPERFECTIONS DUE TO INTERACTION OF BUCKLING MODES

Class 1 strong interaction high erosion 0.5 Class 2 moderate interaction moderate erosion 0.3<0.5 Class 3 weak interaction low erosion 0.3 = Pu / Pcr
Class 3 structure can be evaluated with design code methods Class 2 and Class 1 need for advanced numerical models and appropriate methods
MODELS AND METHODS

Generic classification of structures in terms of characteristic instability types and sensitivity to imperfections i bili d ii i i f i Linear, nonlinear, elastic, plastic models
Linear buckling analysis (eigen-buckling) LBA g y ( g g) Geometrical nonlinear imperfection analysis GNIA Geometrical material nonlinear imperfection analysis GMNIA
Pre-critical solver methods (Newton Raphson) or Postcritical solver methods (Arc-length); Designed load checking or load-deformation curve

Placi Curbe

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Placi Curbe

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Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor

PLCI CURBE SUBIRI

Conf.dr.ing Conf dr ing Adrian CIUTINA

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: GENERAL

Local buckling g of a tank

Global buckling of a wind t bi t i d turbine tower

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: GENERAL

elastic plastic y dynamic

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Pin ended column

Leonard E l (1707 1783) L d Euler (1707-1783)

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Bufurcation point Post-critical path Pre-critical path

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: Bifurcation Instability Of Cylinders

sup Nx,cr inf Nx,cr

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS Divergence of equilibrium

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

Agreement of theoretical and experimental values: a) bars; b) shells

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According to the Instability Type g y yp

Stable post-critical behavior Low sensitivity to imperfections

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According to the Instability Type g y yp

Unstable post-critical behavior Moderate sensitivity to imperfections

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According to the Instability Type g y yp

POST-CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ELASTIC STRUCTURES

Perfect cylindrical shell

FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF SPATIALITY

Stable Unstable component component

FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF SPATIALITY

FACTORS INTRODUCING UNSTABLE COMPONENTS

SINGLE AND COUPLED BUCKLING MODES. IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY.

16 x S.S a k 8 4 y 12 S.S S.S b x

m=1 m=2 m=3 m=4

Rectangular simply supported thin plate subjected to compression stress

Multimodal buckling of rectangular plate (Garland curve)

Pattern change for plate

SINGLE AND COUPLED BUCKLING MODES. IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY.

Coupled (interactive) modes: (f) L + D; (g) F + L; (h) F + D; (i) FT + L; (j) FT + D; (k) F + FT

COUPLED INSTABILITIES FOR PLATE AND SHELL ELEMENTS

W weak interaction M moderate interaction S strong interaction VS very strong interaction

OVERALL AND LOCAL BUCKLING FOR STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

EROSION CLASSES AND IMPERFECTIONS DUE TO INTERACTION OF BUCKLING MODES

MODELS AND METHODS

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