GATE CLOUD

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

GATE CLOUD

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

R. K. Kanodia Ashish Murolia

JHUNJHUNUWALA
Jaipur

GATE CLOUD Signals & Systems, 1e R. K. Kanodia, Ashish Murolia

AA1213 Copyright by Jhunjhunuwala

Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable. However, neither Jhunjhunuwala nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information herein, and Jhunjhunuwala nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that Jhunjhunuwala and its author are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services.

JHUNJHUNUWALA
B-8, Dhanshree Tower Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur 302023 Ph : +91-141-2101150. www.jhunjhunuwala.com email : [email protected]

Printed By: Jaipur Printing Centre, Jaipur

Preface to First Edition

GATE Question Cloud caters a versatile collection of Multiple Choice Questions to the students who are preparing for GATE(Gratitude Aptitude Test in Engineering) examination. This book contains over 1500 multiple choice solved problems for the subject of Signals & Systems, which has a significant weightage in the GATE examinations of EC, EE & IN branches. The GATE examination is based on multiple choice problems which are tricky, conceptual and tests the basic understanding of the subject. So, the problems included in the book are designed to be as exam-like as possible. The solutions are presented using step by step methodology which enhance your problem solving skills. The book is categorized into eleven chapters covering all the topics of syllabus of the examination. Each chapter contains : Exercise 1 : Theoretical & One line Questions Exercise 2 : Level 1 Exercise 3 : Level 2 Exercise 4 : Mixed Questions taken form previous examinations of GATE & IES. Detailed Solutions to Exercise 2, 3 & 4 Summary of useful theorems Although we have put a vigorous effort in preparing this book, some errors may have crept in. We shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments, criticism and suggestion from the users of this book which leads to some improvement. Wish you all the success in conquering GATE.

Authors

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
R. K . Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
GATE CLOUD is an exclusive series of books which offers a completely solved question bank
to GATE aspirants. The book of this series are featured as
Over 1300 Multiple Choice Questions with full & detailed explanations. Questions are graded in the order of complexity from basic to advanced level. Contains all previous year GATE and IES exam questions from various

GATE CLOUD

branches.
Each question is designed to GATE exam level.

Upcoming titles in this series

& Circuit Analysis (For EC, EE & IN branches)

& Analog Circuit and Devices (For EC, EE & IN branches) & Control Systems (For EC, EE & IN branches)

CHAPTER 6
THE Z TRANSFORM

EXERCISE 6.1

MCQ 6.1.1

The z -transform is used to analyze (A) discrete time signals and system (C) both (A) and (B)

(B) continuous time signals and system (D) none

3

MCQ 6.1.2

Which of the following expression is correct for the bilateral z -transform of x [n] ? (A) (C)

/ x [ n] z
n=0 3 n = 3

(B)
n

/ x [ n] z
n=0 3 n = 3 3

/ x [ n] z
n

(D)

/ x [ n] z

MCQ 6.1.3

The unilateral z -transform of sequence x [n] is defined as (A) (C)

/ x [n] z
n=0 3 n=0

(B) (D)

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 3 n = 3 3

/ x [ n] z
3

/ x [ n] z
n

MCQ 6.1.4

The z -transform of a causal signal x [n] is given by (A) (C)

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 3 n = 3

(B) (D)

/ x [ n] z
n=0 3 n=0

/ x [ n] z

/ x [ n] z

MCQ 6.1.5

For a signal x [n], its unilateral z -transform is equivalent to the bilateral z -transform of (A) x [n] r [n] (B) x [n] [n] (C) x [n] u [n] (D) none of these

MCQ 6.1.6

The ROC of z -transform X (z) is defined as the range of values of z for which X (z) (A) zero (B) diverges (C) converges (D) none

MCQ 6.1.7

In the z -plane the ROC of z -transform X (z) consists of a (A) strip (B) parabola (C) rectangle (D) ring

MCQ 6.1.8

If x [n] is a right-sided sequence, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then (A) the values of z for which z > r0 will also be in the ROC

Page 484

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

(B) the values of z for which z < r0 will also be in the ROC (C) both (A) & (B) (D) none of these
MCQ 6.1.9

The ROC does not contain any (A) poles (C) zeros

(B) 1s (D) none

MCQ 6.1.10

Let x [n] (A) z < 1

X (z) be a z -transform pair. If x [n] = [n], then the ROC of X (z) is (B) z > 1 (D) none of the above

(C) entire z -plane

MCQ 6.1.11

The ROC of z -transform of unit-step sequence u [n], is (A) entire z -plane (B) z < 1 (C) z > 1 (D) none of the above The ROC of the unilateral z -transform of n is (A) z > (B) z < (C) z < 1 (D) z > 1

MCQ 6.1.12

MCQ 6.1.13

Which of the following statement about ROC is not true ? (A) ROC never lies exactly at the boundary of a circle (B) ROC consists of a circle in the z -plane centred at the origin (C) ROC of a right handed finite sequence is the entire z -plane except z = 0 (D) ROC contains both poles and zeroes

MCQ 6.1.14

The z -transform of unit step sequence is (A) 1 (B) (C)

z z1

1 z1

(D) 0

MCQ 6.1.15

The ROC for the z -transform of the sequence x [n] = u [ n] is (B) z < 1 (A) z > 0 (C) z > 1 (D) does not exist
Z

MCQ 6.1.16

Let x [n] X (z), then unilateral z -transform of sequence x1 [n] = x [n 1] will be 1 (B) X1 (z) = z1 X (z) x [1] (A) X1 (z) = z X (z) + x [0] (C) X1 (z) = z1 X (z) x [ 1] (D) X1 (z) = z1 X [z] + x [ 1]
Z

MCQ 6.1.17

Let x [n] (A) zX (z)

X (z), the bilateral z -transform of x [n n 0] is given by (B) zn X (z) (D) 1 X (z) z

0

(C) zn X (z)
0

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.1.18

The Z Transform

Page 485

If the ROC of z -transform of x [n] is Rx then the ROC of z -transform of x [ n] is (A) Rx (B) Rx (C) 1/Rx (D) none of these If X (z) = Z {x [n]} , then X (z) = Z {an x [n]} will be (A) X (az) (B) X a z k a (C) X a a k z (D) X b 1 l az

MCQ 6.1.19

MCQ 6.1.20

If x [n] and y [n] are two discrete time sequences, then the z -transform of correlation of the sequences x [n] and y [n] is (A) X (z1) Y (z1) (B) X (z) Y (z1) (C) X (z) * Y (z) (D) X * (z) Y * (z1)

MCQ 6.1.21

If X (z) = Z {x [n]}, then, value of x [0] is equal to (A) lim zX (z) (B) lim (z 1) X (z)
z"0 z"1

(C) lim X (z)

z"3

(D) lim X (z)

z"0

MCQ 6.1.22

The choice of realization of structure depends on (A) computational complexity (B) memory requirements (C) parallel processing and pipelining (D) all the above

MCQ 6.1.23

Which of the following schemes of system realization uses separate delays for input and output samples ? (A) parallel form (B) cascade form (C) direct form-I (D) direct form-II

MCQ 6.1.24

The direct form-I and II structures of IIR system will be identical in (A) all pole system (B) all zero system (C) both (A) and (B) (D) first order and second order systems

MCQ 6.1.25

The number of memory locations required to realize the system, 2 3 H (z) = 1 + 3z 2+ 2z 4 is 1 + 2z + z (A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 2 (D) 10

MCQ 6.1.26

The mapping z = esT from s -plane to z -plane, is (A) one to one (B) many to one (C) one to many *********** (D) many to many

EXERCISE 6.2

MCQ 6.2.1

Consider a DT signal which is defined as follows 1 n n$0 b2l , x [n] = * 0, n<0 The z -transform of x [n] will be 1 (A) 2z (B) 2z z1 2z 1 (C) 1 z 1 2 (D) 1 2z

MCQ 6.2.2

If the z -transform of a sequence x [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1} is X (z), then what is the value of X ^1/2h ? (A) 9 (B) 1.125 (C) 1.875 (D) 15

MCQ 6.2.3

The z -transform and its ROC of a discrete time sequence n n<0 b 1 l , x [n] = * 2 0, n$0 will be (A) 2z , z > 1 (B) z , z < 1 2z 1 2 z2 2 (C) 2z , 2z 1 z <1 2
1 (D) 2z , z1

z >1 2

MCQ 6.2.4

The ROC of z -transform of the discrete time sequence x [n] = ^ 1 h| n | is 2 (B) z > 2 (A) 1 < z < 2 2 (C) 2 < z < 2 (D) z <
1 2

MCQ 6.2.5

n n Consider a discrete-time signal x [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [ n 1]. The ROC of its z 3 2 -transform is (A) 3 < z < 2 (B) z < 1 2

(C) z > 1 3

(D) 1 < z < 1 3 2

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 487

MCQ 6.2.6

For a signal x [n] = [n + n] u [n], the ROC of its z -transform would be (A) z > min e , 1 o (C) z > max e , 1 o (B) z > (D) z <

MCQ 6.2.7

Match List I (discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-I (Discrete Time Sequence) P. Q. R. S. u [n 2] u [ n 3] u [n + 4] u [ n] 1. 2. 3. 4. List-II (z -Transform) 1 , z2 (1 z1) z1 , 1 z1 z <1

z <1 z >1

1 , z4 (1 z1) z2 , 1 z1

z >1

Codes : P (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 4

MCQ 6.2.8

Q 4 4 1 2

R 2 1 3 3

S 3 3 2 1

The z -transform of signal x [n] = e jn u [n] is (A) z , ROC : z > 1 (B) z , ROC : z > 1 z+1 zj (C) z , ROC : z < 1 z2 + 1 (D) 1 , ROC : z < 1 z+1

MCQ 6.2.9

Consider the pole zero diagram of an LTI system shown in the figure which corresponds to transfer function H (z).

Page 488

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Match List I (The impulse response) with List II (ROC which corresponds to above diagram) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below: {Given that H (1) = 1} List-I (Impulse Response) P. [( 4) 2 + 6 (3) ] u [n]
n n

List-II (ROC) 1. 2. 3. 4. does not exist z >3 z <2 2< z <3

Q. ( 4) 2n u [n] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1] R. (4) 2n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1] S. 4 (2) n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [n] Q 1 1 4 4 R 3 3 2 3 S 2 4 3 1 Codes : P (A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 2

MCQ 6.2.10

The z -transform of a discrete time signal x [n] is X (z) = z + 1 . What are the z (z 1) values of x [0], x [1] and x [2] respectively ? (A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 0, 1, 2 (C) 1, 1, 2 (D) 1, 0, 2

MCQ 6.2.11

The z -transform of a signal x [n] is X (z) = ez + e1/z , z ! 0 . x [n] would be (B) u [n] + 1 (A) [n] + 1 n! n! (C) u [n 1] + n! (D) [n] + (n 1) !

Statement For Q. 12 - 13 :
Consider a discrete time signal x [n] and its z -transform X (z) given as 2 X (z) = 2 z + 5z z 2z 3
MCQ 6.2.12

If ROC of X (z) is z < 1, then signal x [n] would be (A) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1] (C) 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n] (B) [2 (3) n ( 1) n] u [n] (D) [2 (3) n + 1] u [n]

MCQ 6.2.13

If ROC of X (z) is z > 3 , then signal x [n] would be (B) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1] (A) [2 (3) n ( 1) n u [n] (C) 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n] (D) [2 (3) n + 1] u [n]

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.2.14

The Z Transform

Page 489

If ROC of X (z) is 1 < z < 3 , the signal x [n] would be (B) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1] (A) [2 (3) n ( 1) n] u [n] (C) 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n] (D) [2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1]

MCQ 6.2.15

Consider a DT sequence x [n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n] where, x1 [n] = (0.7) n u [n 1] and x2 [n] = ( 0.4) n u [n 2]. The region of convergence of z -transform of x [n] is (A) 0.4 < z < 0.7 (B) z > 0.7 (C) z < 0.4 (D) none of these

MCQ 6.2.16

The z -transform of a DT signal x [n] is X (z) = 2 z . What will be the z 8z 2z 1 -transform of x [n 4] ? (A) (C) (z + 4) 2 8 (z + 4) 2 (z + 4) 1 4z 128z2 8z 1 (B) (D) z5 8z2 2z 1 1 8z 2z 4 z3
5

MCQ 6.2.17

If x [n] = n u [n], then the z -transform of x [n + 3] u [n] will be

2 (A) z z

(B)

z4 z

(C) 3 a z k z
MCQ 6.2.18

3 (D) z z

Let x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] be three discrete time signals and X1 (z), X2 (z) and X 3 (z) are their z -transform respectively given as z2 , X1 (z) = (z 1) (z 0.5) X2 (z) = and X 3 (z) = z (z 1) (z 0.5) 1 (z 1) (z 0.5)

Then x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] are related as (A) x1 [n 2] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n] (B) x1 [n + 2] = x2 [n + 1] = x 3 [n] (C) x1 [n] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n 2]
MCQ 6.2.19

(D) x1 [n + 1] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n]

9 The inverse z -transform of a function X (z) = z is z

(A) n 10 u [n 10] (C) n/10 u [n]

(B) n u [n 10] (D) n 9 u [n 9]

Page 490
Z

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

MCQ 6.2.20

Let x [n] (A) 3 (C) 1

2 X (z) be a z -transform pair, where X (z) = z . The value of x [5] is z3 (B) 9

(D) 0

MCQ 6.2.21

The z -transform of the discrete time signal x [n] shown in the figure is

(A)

zk 1 z1

(B)

zk 1 + z1

k (C) 1 z1 1z

k (D) 1 + z1 1z

MCQ 6.2.22

Consider the unilateral z -transform pair x [n] of x [n 1] and x [n + 1] are respectively (A) (C) z2 , 1 z1 z1 1 , z z1 z1 (B) (D)

X (z) =

z . The z -transform z1

1 , z2 z1 z1 z , z2 z1 z1

MCQ 6.2.23

A discrete time causal signal x [n] has the z -transform z , ROC : z > 0.4 X (z) = z 0.4 The ROC for z -transform of the even part of x [n] will be (A) same as ROC of X (z) (C) z > 0.2 (B) 0.4 < z < 2.5 (D) z > 0.8

MCQ 6.2.24

The z -transform of a discrete time sequence y [n] = n [n + 1] u [n] is (A) (C) 2z2 (z 1) 3 z (z 1) 2 (B) (D) z (z + 1) (z 1) 3 1 (z 1) 2

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.2.25

The Z Transform

Page 491

Match List I (Discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists. List-I (Discrete time sequence) P. Q. n ( 1) n u [n] nu [ n 1] 1. 2. 3. 4. List-II (z -transform) z1 , ROC : z > 1 (1 z1) 2 1 , ROC : z > 1 (1 + z1) z1 , ROC : z < 1 (1 z1) 2 z1 , ROC : z > 1 (1 + z1) 2

R. ( 1) n u [n] S. nu [n]

Codes : P (A) 4 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2

MCQ 6.2.26

Q 1 3 1 4

R 2 2 4 1

S 3 1 2 3

A signal x [n] has the following z -transform X (z) = log (1 2z), ROC : z < 1 . 2 The signal x [n] is
n (A) b 1 l u [n] 2 n (C) 1 b 1 l u [ n 1] n 2 n (B) 1 b 1 l u [n] n 2 n (D) b 1 l u [ n 1] 2

MCQ 6.2.27

1 A discrete time sequence is defined as x [n] = n ( 2) n u [ n 1]. The z -transform of x [n] is (A) log bz + 1 l, ROC : z < 1 (B) log bz 1 l, ROC : z < 1 2 2 2 2

(C) log (z 2), ROC : z > 2

MCQ 6.2.28

(D) log (z + 2), ROC : z < 2

Z

Consider a z -transform pair x [n] ROC for y [n] = an x [n] will be (A) X a z k, ROC : a Rx a (C) za X (z), ROC : Rx

X (z) with ROC Rx . The z transform and its

(B) X (z + a), ROC : Rx (D) X (az), ROC : a Rx

Page 492

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

MCQ 6.2.29

Let X (z) be the z -transform of a causal signal x [n] = an u [n] with ROC : z > a . Match the discrete sequences S1, S2, S 3 and S 4 with ROC of their z -transforms R1, R2 and R 3 . Sequences S 1 : x [ n 2] S 2 : x [ n + 2] S 3 : x [ n] S 4 : ( 1) n x [n] (A) (S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R 3) (B) (S1, R1), (S2, R1), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R1) (C) (S1, R2), (S2, R1), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3) (D) (S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3) R1 : R2 : R3 : ROC z >a z <a z <1 a

MCQ 6.2.30

Consider a discrete time signal x [n] = n u [n] and its z -transform X (z). Match List I (discrete signals) with List II (z -transform) and select the correct answer using the codes given below: List-I (Discrete time signal) P. Q. S. x [n/2] x [ n 2] u [ n 2 ] 2n x [n] Q 2 4 4 1
Z

List-II (z -transform) 1. 2. 3. 4. z2 X (z) X (z2) X (z/ 2) 2 X (z)

R. x [n + 2] u [n] Codes : P (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 2

MCQ 6.2.31

R 4 1 2 4

S 3 3 3 3

Let x [n]

X (z) be a z -transform pair. Consider another signal y [n] defined as

x n/2 , if n is even y [n] = * 6 @ 0, if n is odd The z -transform of y [n] is (A) 1 X (z) 2 (C) X (2z) (B) X (z2) (D) X (z/2)

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.2.32

The Z Transform

Page 493

The z -transform of a discrete sequence x [n] is X (z), then the z -transform of x [2n] will be (A) X (2z) (B) X a z k 2 1 X ( z ) + X ( z ) (C) 8 (D) X ( z ) B 2 Let X (z) be z -transform of a discrete time sequence x [n] = ( 1 ) 2 u [n]. Consider 2 another signal y [n] and its z -transform Y (z) given as Y (z) = X (z3). What is the value of y [n] at n = 4 ? (A) 0 (B) 212 (C) 212 (D) 1

MCQ 6.2.33

MCQ 6.2.34

Consider a signal x [n] and its z transform X (z) given as X (z) = 2 4z 8z 2z 1 The z -transform of the sequence y [n] = x [0] + x [1] + x [2] + ..... + x [n] will be (A) (C) 4z2 (z 1) (8z2 2z 1) 4z2 (z + 1) (8z2 2z 1) 4z (z 1) 8z2 2z 1 4z (z + 1) (D) 2 8z 2z 1 (B)

MCQ 6.2.35

Let h [n] = {1, 2, 0, 1, 1} and x [n] = {1, 3, 1, 2} be two discrete time sequences. What is the value of convolution y [n] = h [n] * x [n] at n = 4 ? (A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 1
-

MCQ 6.2.36

What is the convolution of two DT sequence x [n] = { 1, 2, 0, 3} and h [n] = {2, 0, 3} (A) { 2, 4, 3, 6, 9} (C) {9, 6, 3, 4, 2}
Z

(B) { 2, 4, 3, 12, 0, 9} (D) { 3, 6, 7, 4, 6}

-

MCQ 6.2.37

If x [n]

X (z) be a z -transform pair, then which of the following is true?

Z Z

(A) x)[n] (C) x)[n]

MCQ 6.2.38

X )( z) X)(z))

(B) x)[n] (D) x)[n]

Z Z

X)(z) X)( z))

A discrete time sequence is defined as follows 1, n is even x [n] = ) 0, otherwise What is the final value of x [n] ? (A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 0 (D) does not exist

Page 494
MCQ 6.2.39

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Let X (z) be the z -transform of a DT signal x [n] given as 0.5z2 X (z) = (z 1) (z 0.5) The initial and final values of x [n] are respectively (A) 1, 0.5 (B) 0, 1 (C) 0.5, 1 (D) 1, 0

MCQ 6.2.40

A discrete-time system with input x [n] and output y [n] is governed by following difference equation y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n], with initial condition y [ 1] = 3 2 The impulse response of the system (A) 5 a n 1k, n $ 0 2 2
n1 (C) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2 n (B) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2 n+1 (D) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2

MCQ 6.2.41

Consider a causal system with impulse response h [n] = (2) n u [n]. If x [n] is the input and y [n] is the output to this system, then which of the following difference equation describes the system ? (A) y [n] + 2y [n + 1] = x [n] (B) y [n] 2y [n 1] = x [n] (C) y [n] + 2y [n 1] = x [n] (D) y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n] 2 The impulse response of a system is given as h [n] = [n] ( 1 ) n u [n]. For an input 2 x [n] and output y [n], the difference equation that describes the system is (A) y [n] + 2y [n 1] = 2x [n] (B) y [n] + 0.5y [n 1] = 0.5x [n 1] (C) y [n] + 2ny [n 1] = x [n] (D) y [n] 0.5y [n 1] = 0.5x [n 1]

MCQ 6.2.42

MCQ 6.2.43

The input-output relationship of a system is given as y [n] 0.4y [n 1] = x [n] where, x [n] and y [n] are the input and output respectively. The zero state response of the system for an input x [n] = (0.4) n u [n] is (A) n (0.4) n u [n] (B) n2 (0.4) n u [n] (D) 1 (0.4) n u [n] (C) (n + 1) (0.4) n u [n] n A discrete time system has the following input-output relationship y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n]. If an input x [n] = u [n] is applied to the system, then its 2 zero state response will be (A) :1 (2) nD u [n] 2
n (C) ;1 b 1 l E u [n] 2 2 n (B) ;2 b 1 l E u [n] 2

MCQ 6.2.44

(D) [2 (2) n] u [n]

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.2.45

The Z Transform

Page 495

Consider the transfer function of a system 2z (z 1) H (z) = 2 z + 4z + 4 For an input x [n] = 2 [n] + [n + 1], the system output is (B) 2 [n] 6 ( 2) n u [n] (A) 2 [n + 1] + 6 (2) n u [n] (C) 2 [n + 1] 6 ( 2) n u [n] (D) 2 [n + 1] + 6 b 1 l u [n] 2
n

MCQ 6.2.46

The signal x [n] = (0.5) n u [n] is when applied to a digital filter, it yields the following output y [n] = [n] 2 [n 1]. If impulse response of the filter is h [n], then what will be the value of sample h [1] ? (A) 1 (B) 2.5 (C) 0 (D) 0.5

MCQ 6.2.47

The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is given as H (z) = 2 z , ROC : z > 1 z +1 Consider the following statements 1. The system is causal and BIBO stable. 2. 3. 4. The system is causal but BIBO unstable. The system is non-causal and BIBO unstable.

Impulse response h [n] = sin a n k u [n] 2 Which of the above statements are true ? (A) 1 and 4 (B) 2 and 4 (C) 1 only
MCQ 6.2.48

(D) 3 and 4

Which of the following statement is not true? An LTI system with rational transfer function H (z) is (A) causal if the ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole. (B) stable if the ROC of H (z) includes the unit circle z = 1. (C) causal and stable if all the poles of H (z) lie inside unit circle. (D) none of above

MCQ 6.2.49

If h [n] denotes the impulse response of a causal system, then which of the following system is not stable? n (B) h [n] = 1 [n] (A) h [n] = n b 1 l u [n] 3 3 (C) h [n] = [n] b 1 l u [n] 3
n

(D) h [n] = [(2) n (3) n] u [n]

Page 496
MCQ 6.2.50

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

A causal system with input x [n] and output y [n] has the following relationship y [n] + 3y [n 1] + 2y [n 2] = 2x [n] + 3x [n 1] The system is (A) stable (B) unstable (C) marginally stable (D) none of these

MCQ 6.2.51

A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation y [n] = x [n] + y [n 1] Consider the following statement 1. Impulse response of the system is h [n] = u [n] 2. 3. The system is BIBO stable For an input x [n] = (0.5) n u [n], system output is y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n]

Which of the above statements is/are true? (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3
MCQ 6.2.52

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Match List I (system transfer function) with List II (property of system) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below List-I (System transfer function) P. H (z) = z3 , ROC : z > 1.2 (z 1.2) 3 z2 , ROC : z < 1.2 (z 1.2) 3 z4 , ROC : z < 0.8 (z 0.8) 3 z3 , ROC : z > 0.8 (z 0.8) 3 Q 2 4 1 2 R 1 2 2 1 S 3 3 4 4 1. 2. 3. 4. List-II (Property of system) Non causal but stable Neither causal nor stable Causal but not stable Both causal and stable

Q.. H (z) = R. S. H (z) = H (z) =

Codes : P (A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 3

MCQ 6.2.53

The transfer function of a DT feedback system is P H (z) = 1 + Pa z k z 0. 9 The range of P , for which the system is stable will be (A) 1.9 < P < 0.1 (B) P < 0 (C) P > 1 (D) P > 0.1 or P < 1.9

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.2.54

The Z Transform

Page 497

Consider three stable LTI systems S1, S2 and S 3 whose transfer functions are z 1 S1 : H (z) = 2 1 2 3 2z + 2 z 16 S2 : H (z) = 2 3 z 1+1 4 3z 2z 2+ 3 +z 1 + 1 z2 4 z1 2 3 S 3 : H (z) = 1 1 1 z ^1 3 z h^1 1 z1h 2 Which of the above systems is/are causal? (A) S1 only (B) S1 and S2 (C) S1 and S 3 (D) S1, S2 and S 3

MCQ 6.2.55

The transfer function for the system realization shown in the figure will be

(A) 2z + 3 z4 (C) z + 4 2z 3
MCQ 6.2.56

(B) 4z + 3 z2 (D) z + 3 z2

Consider a cascaded system shown in the figure

n h1 [n] = [n] + 1 [n 1] and h2 [n] = b 1 l u [n] 2 2 If an input x [n] = cos (n) is applied, then output y [n] equals to (B) 5 cos (n) (A) 1 cos (n) 3 6

where,

(C) 13 cos (n) 6

MCQ 6.2.57

(D) cos (n)

The block diagram of a discrete time system is shown in the figure below

The range of for which the system is BIBO stable, will be (A) > 1 (B) 1 < < 1 (C) > 0 *********** (D) < 0

EXERCISE 6.3

MCQ 6.3.1

Let x [n] = [n 1] + [n + 2]. The unilateral z -transform is (A) z2 (C) 2z2 (B) z2 (D) 2z2

MCQ 6.3.2

The unilateral z -transform of signal x [n] = u [n + 4] is (B) 1 (A) 1 + z + z2 + 3z + z 4 1z (C) 1 + z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 (D) 1 1 z1

MCQ 6.3.3

The z -transform of [n k], k > 0 is (A) zk , z > 0 (C) zk , z ! 0 The z -transform of [n + k], k > 0 is (A) zk , z ! 0 (C) zk , all z

(B) zk , z > 0 (D) zk , z ! 0 (B) zk , z ! 0 (D) zk , all z

MCQ 6.3.4

MCQ 6.3.5

The z -transform of u [n] is 1 , 1 z1 z , (C) 1 z1 (A) z >1 z <1 1 , 1 z1 z , (D) 1 z1 (B) z <1 z >1

MCQ 6.3.6

n The z -transform of b 1 l (u [n] u [n 5]) is 4 5 5 z (0.25) z5 (0.25) 5 (A) 4 (B) 4 , z > 0.25 , z (z 0.25) z (z 0.25)

z > 0. 5

(C)
MCQ 6.3.7

z5 (0.25) 5 , z3 (z 0.25)

z < 0.25

(D)

z5 (0.25) 5 , all z z 4 (z 0.25)

n The z -transform of b 1 l u [ n] is 4 (A) 4z , z > 1 4z 1 4

(B)

4z , 4z 1

z <1 4

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 499

(C)
MCQ 6.3.8

1 , 1 4z

z >1 4

(D)

1 , 1 4z

z <1 4

The z -transform of 3n u [ n 1] is (A) z , z > 3 3z (C) 3 , z >3 3z

(B) (D)

z , z <3 3z 3 , z <3 3z

MCQ 6.3.9

n The z -transform of b 2 l is 3 5z (A) , 3 < z <2 2 3 (2z 3) (3z 2)

(C)
MCQ 6.3.10

5z , 2< z <2 3 (2z 3) (3z 2) 3

5z , 2< z <3 2 (2z 3) (3z 2) 3 5z (D) , 3 < z <2 2 3 (2z 3) (3z 2) (B)

The z -transform of cos a n k u [n] is 3 z (2z 1) (A) , 0< z <1 2 (z2 z + 1) z (1 2z) (C) , 0< z <1 2 (z2 z + 1)
-

z (2z 1) , 2 (z2 z + 1) z (1 2z) (D) , 2 (z2 z + 1) (B)

z >1 z >1

MCQ 6.3.11

The z -transform of {3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 1, 4} (A) 3z + 6 + z 4z ,

5 1 2

0# z <3 0< z <3

-

(B) 3z5 + 6 + z1 4z2, (D) 3z5 + 6 + z 4z2,

0< z <3 0# z <3

(C) 3z5 + 6 + z 4z2,

MCQ 6.3.12

The z -transform of x [n] = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1} (A) 2z + 4z + 5 + 7z + z ,

2 3

z!3
3

(B) 2z + 4z + 5 + 7z + z , (C) 2z2 + 4z1 + 5 + 7z + z3, (D) 2z + 4z + 5 + 7z + z ,

2 1 3

z!3 0< z <3 0< z <3

MCQ 6.3.13

The z -transform of x [n] = {1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1} is

-

(A) 1 + 2z 4z + 5z , (C) 1 2z2 + 4z 4 5z5,

MCQ 6.3.14

z!0

(B) 1 z2 + z4 z5, (D) 1 z2 + z 4 z5, z2 3z , z + 3z1 2

2

z!0

z!0

z!0

The time signal corresponding to (A) 1n u [n] 2n + 1 u [ n 1] 2 (C) 1n u [n] + 2n + 1 u [n + 1] 2

1 < z < 2 is 2 (B) 1n u [n] 2n + 1 u [n + 1] 2 (D) 1n u [n] 2n 1 u [ n 1] 2

Page 500

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

MCQ 6.3.15

The time signal corresponding to (A) : 49 ( 4) n + 47 4nD u [n] 32 32 (C) 49 ( 4) n u [ n] + 47 4n u [n] 32 32

3z2 1 z 4 , z2 16

z > 4 is

(B) : 49 4n + 47 4nD u [n] 32 32 (D) 49 4n u [n] + 47 ( 4) n u [ n] 32 32

MCQ 6.3.16

4 3 2 The time signal corresponding to 2z 22z 2z , z > 1 is z 1 n (B) 2 [n + 2] + [1 ( 1) n] u [n + 2] (A) 2 [n 2] + [1 ( 1) ] u [n 2]

(C) 2 [n + 2] + [( 1) n 1] u [n + 2]
MCQ 6.3.17

(D) 2 [n 2] + [( 1) n 1] u [n 2]

The time signal corresponding to 1 + 2z6 + 4z8, z > 0 is (A) [n] + 2 [n 6] + 4 [n 8] (B) [n] + 2 [n + 6] + 4 [n + 8] (C) [ n] + 2 [ n + 6] + 4 [ n + 8]
10

(D) [ n] + 2 [ n 6] + 4 [ n 8] z > 0 is
k=5 10

MCQ 6.3.18

The time signal corresponding to (A) (C) 1 / k [n + k ] 1 / k [ n + k ]

10 10

k=5

1 / k zk, (B)

k=5

1 / k [n k ] 1 / k [ n k ]

10

(D)

k=5

k=5

MCQ 6.3.19

The time signal corresponding to (1 + z1) 3 , z > 0 is (A) [ n] + 3 [ n 1] + 3 [ n 2] + [ n 3] (B) [ n] + 3 [ n + 1] + 3 [ n + 2] + [ n + 3] (C) [n] + 3 [n + 1] + 3 [n + 2] + [n + 3] (D) [n] + 3 [n 1] + 3 [n 2] + [n 3] The time signal corresponding to z6 + z2 + 3 + 2z3 + z4, z > 0 is (A) [n + 6] + [n + 2] + 3 [n] + 2 [n 3] + [n 4] (B) [n 6] + [n 2] + 3 [n] + 2 [n + 3] + [n + 4] (C) [ n + 6] + [ n + 2] + 3 [ n] + 2 [ n + 3] + [ n + 4] (D) [ n 6] + [ n 2] + 3 [ n] + 2 [ n 3] + [ n 4]

MCQ 6.3.20

MCQ 6.3.21

The time signal corresponding to 2n, (A) * 0, 2n, (C) * 0, n even and n $ 0 otherwise n odd, n > 0 n even

1 z

1 2 4

z >1 2

2n (B) b 1 l u [n] 4

(D) 2n u [n]

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 501

MCQ 6.3.22

The time signal corresponding to (A) / 22 (k + 1) [ n 2 (k + 1)]

k=0 3 3

1 , 1 1 z2 4

z < 1 is 2

(B) / 22 (k + 1) [ n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0 3

(C) / 22 (k + 1) [n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0 3

(D) / 22 (k + 1) [n 2 (k + 1)]
k=0

MCQ 6.3.23

The time signal corresponding to ln (1 + z1), z > 0 is (A) (C) ( 1) k 1 [n k ] k ( 1) k [n k ] k (B) (D) ( 1) k 1 [n + k] k ( 1) k [n + k ] k

MCQ 6.3.24

If z -transform is given by X (z) = cos (z3), z > 0 , the value of x [12] is (B) 1 (A) 1 24 24 (C) 1 6 (D) 1 6

MCQ 6.3.25

X [z] of a system is specified by a pole zero pattern as following :

Consider three different solution of x [n] n x1 [n] = ;2n b 1 l E u [n] 3 x2 [n] = 2n u [n 1] 1n u [n] 3 x 3 [n] = 2n u [n 1] + 1n u [ n 1] 3 Correct solution is (A) x1 [n] (B) x2 [n] (C) x 3 [n] (D) All three

Page 502
MCQ 6.3.26

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Consider three different signal n x1 [n] = ;2n b 1 l E u [n] 2 x2 [n] = 2n u [ n 1] + 1n u [ n 1] 2 x 3 [n] = 2n u [ n 1] 1n u [n] 2 Following figure shows the three different region. Choose the correct for the ROC of signal

(A) (B) (C) (D)

MCQ 6.3.27

R1 x 1 [ n] x 2 [ n] x 1 [ n] x 3 [ n]

R2 x 2 [ n] x 3 [ n] x 3 [ n] x 2 [ n]

R3 x 3 [ n] x 1 [ n] x 2 [ n] x 1 [ n]

Given the z -transform 1 + 7 z1 6 X (z) = 1 1 1 ^1 2 z h^1 + 1 z h 3 For three different ROC consider there different solution of signal x [n] : n 1 (a) z > 1 , x [n] = ; n 1 b 1 l E u [n] 2 3 2
n 1 (b) z < 1 , x [n] = ; 1 + b 1 l E u [ n + 1] n 3 3 2 n 1 (c) 1 < z < 1 , x [n] = n 1 u [ n 1] b 1 l u [n] 3 2 3 2

Correct solution are (A) (a) and (b) (C) (b) and (c)
MCQ 6.3.28

(B) (a) and (c) (D) (a), (b), (c)

The X (z) has poles at z = 1 and z = 1. If x [1] = 1, x [ 1] = 1, and the ROC 2 includes the point z = 3 . The time signal x [n] is 4 (A) 1 u [n] ( 1) n u [ n 1] 2n 1 (B) 1n u [n] ( 1) n u [ n 1] 2

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 503

(C)

1 u [n] + u [ n + 1] 2n 1

(D) 1n u [n] + u [ n + 1] 2

MCQ 6.3.29

If x [n] is right-sided, X (z) has a signal pole and x [0] = 2, x [2] = 1 , then x [n] is 2 u [n] u [ n] (B) n 1 (A) n 1 2 2 u [ n] u [ n] (C) n + 1 (D) a n + 1 2 2
n n The z -transform of b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [ n 1] is 2 4 1 1 , 1< z <1 (A) 1 1 2 1 2z 1 1 z1 4 4 1 1 1 1 (B) 1 1 + 1 1 , 4 < z < 2 1 2z 1 4z 1 1 (C) , z >1 2 1 1 z1 1 1 z1 2 4

MCQ 6.3.30

(D) None of the above

Statement for Q. 31-36 :

z2 , z < 4 z 16 The z -transform of the signal x [n 2] is 4 (z + 2) 2 (A) 2 z (B) z 16 (z + 2) 2 16 Given the z -transform pair x [n]
Z 2

MCQ 6.3.31

(C)
MCQ 6.3.32

1 z2 16

(D)

(z 2) 2 (z 2) 2 16

The z -transform of the signal y [n] = 1n x [n] is 2 2 2 (z + 2) (B) 2 z (A) 2 z 4 (x + 2) 16 (C) (z 2) 2 (z 2) 2 16 (D) z2 z 64
2

MCQ 6.3.33

The z -transform of the signal x [ n] * x [n] is 2 z2 (A) (B) 16z 2 (z2 16) 16z2 257z 4 16 (C) z2 257z 16z 4 16
2

(D)

16z2 (z 16) 2
2

Page 504
MCQ 6.3.34

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

The z -transform of the signal nx [n] is 2 (A) 2 32z 2 (z 16) (C) 2 32z 2 (z 16)

32z2 (z2 16) 2 (D) 2 32z 2 (z 16) (B)

MCQ 6.3.35

The z -transform of the signal x [n + 1] + x [n 1] is z (z2 + 1) (z + 1) 2 (z 1) 2 (B) 2 (A) + z 16 (z + 1) 2 16 (z 1) 2 16 z2 ( 1 + z) (C) (D) None of the above z2 16 The z -transform of the signal x [n] * x [n 3] is 7 3 (B) 2 z (A) 2 z 2 (z 16) 2 (z 16) 5 (C) 2 z (D) 2 z (z 16) 2 (z 16) 2

MCQ 6.3.36

Statement for Q. 37-41 :

Given the z -transform pair 3n n2 u [n]
MCQ 6.3.37
z

X (z)
n (B) b 3 l n2 u [n] 2

The time signal corresponding to X (2z) is (A) n2 3n u [2n]

n (C) b 3 l n2 u [n] 2

(D) 6n n2 u [n]

MCQ 6.3.38

The time signal corresponding to X (z1) is (A) n2 3n u [ n] (B) n2 3n u [ n] 1 1 (C) 12 3 n u [n] (D) 12 3 n u [ n] n n The time signal corresponding to d X (z) is dz 3 n1 (A) (n 1) 3 u [n 1] (B) n3 3n u [n 1] (C) (1 n) 3 3n 1 u [n 1] (D) (n 1) 3 3n 1 u [n]
2 2 The time signal corresponding to b z z l X (z) is 2 (A) 1 (x [n + 2] x [n 2]) (B) x [n + 2] x [n 2] 2

MCQ 6.3.39

MCQ 6.3.40

(C) 1 x [n 2] x [n + 2]) 2
MCQ 6.3.41

(D) x [n 2] x [n + 2]

The time signal corresponding to {X (z)} 2 is

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 505

(A) [x [n]] 2 (C) x (n) * x [ n]

MCQ 6.3.42

(B) x [n] * x [n] (D) x [ n] * x [ n]

A causal system has x [n] = [n] + 1 [n 1] 1 [n 2] 8 4 Output, y [n] = [n] 3 [n 1] 4 The impulse response of this system is n n (B) (A) 1 ;5 b 1 l 2 b 1 l E u [n] 3 2 4 Input,
n n (C) 1 ;5 b 1 l 2 b 1 l E u [n] 3 2 4

and

1 5 1 n + 2 1 n u [ n] b 4 lE 3; b 2 l

n n (D) 1 ;5 b 1 l + 2 b 1 l E u [n] 3 2 4

MCQ 6.3.43

A causal system has input x [n] = ( 3) n u [n] and output y [n] = 64 (2) n ( 1 ) n@ u [n]. 2 The impulse response of this system is n n n (A) ;7 b 1 l 10 b 1 l E u [n] (B) ;7 (2n) 10 b 1 l E u [n] 2 2 2
2 (C) ;10 b 1 l 7 (2) nE u [n] 2 n (D) ;10 (2n) 7 b 1 l E u [n] 2

MCQ 6.3.44

A system has impulse response h [n] = ( 1 ) n u [n]. The output y [n] to the input x [n] 2 is given by y [n] = 2 [n 4]. The input x [n] is (A) 2 [ n 4] [ n 5] (B) 2 [n + 4] [n + 5] (C) 2 [ n + 4] [ n + 5] (D) 2 [n 4] [n 5]

MCQ 6.3.45

A system is described by the difference equation y [n] = x [n] x [n 2] + x [n 4] x [n 6] The impulse response of system is (A) [n] 2 [n + 2] + 4 [n + 4] 6 [n + 6] (B) [n] + 2 [n 2] 4 [n 4] + 6 [n 6] (C) [n] [n 2] + [n 4] [n 6] (D) [n] [n + 2] + [n + 4] [n + 6] The impulse response of a system is given by h [n] = 3n u [n 1]. The difference 4 equation representation for this system is (A) 4y [n] y [n 1] = 3x [n 1] (B) 4y [n] y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1] (C) 4y [n] + y [n 1] = 3x [n 1] (D) 4y [n] + y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1] The impulse response of a system is given by h [n] = [n] [n 5]. The difference equation representation for this system is (A) y [n] = x [n] x [n 5] (B) y [n] = x [n] x [n + 5] (C) y [n] = x [n] + 5x [n 5] (D) y [n] = x [n] 5x [n + 5]

MCQ 6.3.46

MCQ 6.3.47

Page 506
MCQ 6.3.48

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Consider the following three systems y1 [n] = 0.2y [n 1] + x [n] 0.3x [n 1] + 0.02x [n 2] y2 [n] = x [n] 0.1x [n 1] y 3 [n] = 0.5y [n 1] + 0.4x [n] 0.3x [n 1] The equivalent system are (A) y1 [n] and y2 [n] (B) y2 [n] and y 3 [n] (C) y 3 [n] and y1 [n] (D) all

MCQ 6.3.49

2 3 z1 2 The z -transform function of a stable system is H (z) = . The (1 2z1) (1 + 1 z1) 2 impulse response h [n] is (A) 2n u [ n + 1] b 1 l u [n] 2
n

(B) 2n u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n] 2
n

(C) 2n u [ n 1] b 1 l u [n] 2
n

(D) 2n u [n] b 1 l u [n] 2

n

MCQ 6.3.50

The z -transform of a anti causal system is X (z) = 12 21z 2 . The value of x [0] is 3 7z + 12z (B) 0 (A) 7 4 (C) 4 (D) Does not exist The transfer function of a causal system is H (z) = (A) (3n + ( 1) n 2n + 1) u [n] (C) (3n 1 + ( 1) n 2n + 1) u [n] 5z2 . The impulse response is z2 z 6 (B) (3n + 1 + 2 ( 2) n) u [n] (D) (3n 1 ( 2) n + 1) u [n] z (3z 2) . The system is z2 z 1 4 (B) causal, stable and minimum phase none of the above

MCQ 6.3.51

MCQ 6.3.52

The transfer function of a system is given by H (z) = (A) causal and stable (C) minimum phase

(D)

MCQ 6.3.53

3 The z -transform of a signal x [n] is X (z) = . If X (z) converges on the 10 1 1 3 z + z2 unit circle, x [n] is (A) (C) 3
n1

1 (8)

u [ n] 3

n+3

u [ n 1]

(B)

n1

u [ n] 3 u [ n] (8) (8) 1
n+3

n+3

u [ n] 3 u [ n] n1 (8) 3 (8)

n+3

(D)

u [ n] 3 u [ n] n1 (8) 3 (8) z > 1 . The h [n] is 4

MCQ 6.3.54

The transfer function of a system is H (z) = (A) stable (C) stable and causal

4z1 , 1 2 ^1 1 z h 4 (B) causal

(D) none of the above

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.3.55

The Z Transform

Page 507

The transfer function of a system is given as 2 ^z + 1 h 2 H (z) = 1 1 ^z 2 h^z 3 h Consider the two statements Statement (i) : System is causal and stable. Statement (ii) : Inverse system is causal and stable. The correct option is (A) (i) is true (B) (ii) is true (C) Both (i) and (ii) are true (D) Both are false

MCQ 6.3.56

The system y [n] = cy [n 1] 0.12y [n 2] + x [n 1] + x [n 2] is stable if (A) c < 1.12 (B) c > 1.12 (C) c < 1.12 (D) c > 1.12

MCQ 6.3.57

The impulse response of the system shown below is

(A) 2^ (C) 2^
MCQ 6.3.58

n 2

2h

(1 + ( 1) n) u [n] + 1 [n] 2 (1 + ( 1) n) u [n] 1 [n] 2

n (B) 2 (1 + ( 1) n) u [n] + 1 [n] 2 2 n (D) 2 [1 + ( 1) n] u [n] 1 [n] 2 2

n 2

2h

The system diagram for the transfer function H (z) =

z . is shown below. z2 + z + 1

The system diagram is a (A) Correct solution (C) Correct and unique solution

(B) Not correct solution (D) Correct but not unique solution

***********

EXERCISE 6.4

MCQ 6.4.1
IES EC 2007

What is the z -transform of the signal x [n] = n u [n] ? (A) X (z) = (C) X (z) = 1 z1 z z
3 k=0

(B) X (z) = (D) X (z) =

1 1z 1 z

MCQ 6.4.2
GATE EC 1998

The z -transform of the time function (A) z 1 z (C) z (z 1) 2

/ [n k] is
(B) (D) z z1 (z 1) 2 z

MCQ 6.4.3
GATE EC 1999

The z -transform F (z) of the function f (nT) = anT is (A) (C) z z aT z z aT

Z

(B) (D)

z z + aT z z + aT

MCQ 6.4.4
GATE EE 2006

3 3 The discrete-time signal x [n] denotes a X (z) = n = 0 2 + n z2n , where transform-pair relationship, is orthogonal to the signal n 3 3 (B) y2 [n] ) Y2 (z) = n = 0 (5n n) z - (2n + 1) (A) y1 [n] ) Y1 (z) = n = 0 ` 2 j z - n 3
n

(C) y3 [n] ) Y3 (z) =

MCQ 6.4.5
IES E & T 1994

3 /n =- 3 2- n z- n

(D) y4 [n] ) Y4 (z) = 2z - 4 + 3z - 2 + 1

Which one of the following is the region of convergence (ROC) for the sequence x [n] = bn u [n] + bn u [ n 1]; b < 1 ? (A) Region z < 1 (B) Annular strip in the region b > z > 1 b (C) Region z > 1 (D) Annular strip in the region b < z < 1 b

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 509

MCQ 6.4.6
IES EC 2002

Assertion (A) : The signals an u [n] and an u [ n 1] have the same z -transform, z/ (z a). Reason (R) : The Reason of Convergence (ROC) for an u [n] is z > a , whereas the ROC for an u [ n 1] is z < a . (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (C) A is true but R is false (D) A is false but R is true

MCQ 6.4.7
IES EC 2006

Which one of the following is the correct statement ? The region of convergence of z -transform of x [n] consists of the values of z for which x [n] rn is (A) absolutely integrable (C) unity (B) absolutely summable (D) < 1

MCQ 6.4.8
GATE EC 2009

n n The ROC of z -transform of the sequence x [n] = b 1 l u [n] b 1 l u [ n 1] is 3 2

(A) 1 < z < 1 3 2 (C) z < 1 3

MCQ 6.4.9
GATE EC 2005

(B) z > 1 2 (D) 2 < z < 3

The region of convergence of z transform of the sequence 5 n 6 n b 6 l u [n] b 5 l u [ n 1] must be (A) z < 5 6 (C) 5 < z < 6 6 5 (B) z > 5 6 (D) 6 < z < 3 5

MCQ 6.4.10
GATE IN 2008

The region of convergence of the z -transform of the discrete-time signal x [n] = 2n u [n] will be (A) z > 2 (C) z > 1 2 (B) z < 2 (D) z < 1 2 (B) z < 1 (D) (Real part of z ) < 0

MCQ 6.4.11
GATE EC 2001

The region of convergence of the z transform of a unit step function is (A) z > 1 (C) (Real part of z ) > 0

Page 510
MCQ 6.4.12
IES EC 2005

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Match List I (Discrete Time signal) with List II (Transform) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List I A. Unit step function B. Unit impulse function C. sin t, t = 0, T, 2T D. cos t, t = 0, T, 2T, ..... Codes : A (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 3 B 4 1 1 4 C 1 4 4 1 D 3 2 3 2 List II 1. 1 2. 3. 4. z cos T z 2z cos T + 1
2

z z1 z sin T z 2z cos T + 1
2

MCQ 6.4.13
IES EC 2006

What is the inverse z -transform of X (z) (B) 2j # X (z) zn + 1 dz (A) 1 # X (z) zn 1 dz 2 j (C) 1 2j

# X (z) z1 n dz

(D) 2j # X (z) z (n + 1) dz

MCQ 6.4.14
IES E & T 1997

Which one of the following represents the impulse response of a system defined by H (z) = zm ? (A) u [n m] (B) [n m] (C) [m] (D) [m n] 1 with z > 1, then what is the corresponding x [n] ? 1 z1 (B) en (D) (n)
1

MCQ 6.4.15
IES EC 2008

If X (z) is (A) en (C) u [n]

MCQ 6.4.16
GATE EC 2007

0 The z transform X (z) of a sequence x [n] is given by X [z] = 1 .25z . It is given that the region of convergence of X (z) includes the unit circle. The value of x [0] is (B) 0 (A) 0.5

(C) 0.25
MCQ 6.4.17
GATE EE 2005

(D) 05

If u (t) is the unit step and (t) is the unit impulse function, the inverse z -transform 1 of F (z) = z + 1 for k > 0 is (A) ( 1) k (k) (B) (k) ( 1) k (C) ( 1) k u (k) (D) u (k) ( 1) k

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 511

MCQ 6.4.18
IES EC 2002

5 ^2z 6 h 1 1 ^z 2 h^z 3 h Match List I (The sequences) with List II (The region of convergence ) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :

For a z -transform X (z) =

List I A. [(1/2) n + (1/3) n] u [n] B. (1/2) n u [n] (1/3) n u [ n 1] C. (1/2) n u [ n 1] + (1/3) n u [n] D. [(1/2) n + (1/3) n] u [ n 1] Codes : A (A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 1 B 2 3 3 2 C 1 4 1 4 D 3 2 2 3 z < (1/3)

List II 1. (1/3) < z < (1/2) 2. 3. 4. z < 1/3 & z > 1/2 z > 1/2

MCQ 6.4.19
IES EC 2005

Which one of the following is the inverse z -transform of z X (z) = , z <2 ? (z 2) (z 3) (B) [3n 2n] u [ n 1] (A) [2n 3n] u [ n 1] (C) [2n 3n] u [n + 1] (D) [2n 3n] u [n]

MCQ 6.4.20
GATE EE 2008

z Given X (z) = with z > a , the residue of X (z) zn 1 at z = a for n $ 0 will 2 (z a) be (A) an 1 (B) an (C) nan (D) nan - 1
1 2 1

MCQ 6.4.21
GATE IN 2004

Given X (z) =

3 + , a and b < 1 with the ROC specified as 1 az1 1 bz1 a < z < b , then x [0] of the corresponding sequence is given by (B) 5 (A) 1 6 3

(C) 1 2
MCQ 6.4.22
IES EC 2002
3 If X (z) = z + z1 then x [n] series has z+z (A) alternate 0s

(D) 1 6

(B) alternate 1s (D) alternate 1s

(C) alternate 2s

Page 512
MCQ 6.4.23
GATE EC 2010

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Consider the z -transform x (z) = 5z2 + 4z1 + 3; 0 < z < 3. The inverse z transform x [n] is (A) 5 [n + 2] + 3 [n] + 4 [n 1] (B) 5 [n 2] + 3 [n] + 4 [n + 1] (C) 5u [n + 2] + 3u [n] + 4u [n 1] (D) 5u [n 2] + 3u [n] + 4u [n + 1]

MCQ 6.4.24
GATE IN 2003

The sequence x [n] whose z -transform is X (z) = e1/z is (A) 1 u [n] (B) 1 u [ n] n! n! (C) ( 1) n 1 u [n] n! (D) 1 u [ n 1] (n + 1) !

MCQ 6.4.25
GATE EC 2006

If the region of convergence of x1 [n] + x2 [n] is 1 < z < 2 then the region of 3 3 convergence of x1 [n] x2 [n] includes (B) 2 < z < 3 (A) 1 < z < 3 3 3 (C) 3 < z < 3 2 (D) 1 < z < 2 3 3

MCQ 6.4.26
IES EC 2000

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List I A. n u [n] B. n u [ n 1] C. nn u [ n 1] D. nn u [n] Codes : A (A) (B) (C) (D) 2 1 1 2 B 4 3 4 3 C 3 4 3 4 D 1 2 2 1 1. 2. 3. 4. List II z1 , ROC : z > (1 z1) 2 1 , ROC : z > (1 z1) 1 , ROC : z < | (1 z1) z1 , ROC : z < | (1 z1) 2

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.4.27
IES E & T 1997

The Z Transform

Page 513

Match List-I (x [n]) with List-II (X (z)) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List-I A. B. C. D. a n u [ n] an 2 u [n 2] e jn an nan u [n] B 2 3 4 4 C 4 4 2 2
0

List-II 1. 2. 3. 4. D 1 1 1 3 az (z a) 2 zej zej a z za z1 za

Codes : A (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1

MCQ 6.4.28
IES EC 2007

Algebraic expression for z -transform of x [n] is X [z]. What is the algebraic expression for z -transform of {e j n x [n]} ? (B) X (ej z) (A) X (z z 0)
0

(C) X (e j z)
0

(D) X (z) e j z
0

MCQ 6.4.29
IES E & T 1997

Given that F (z) and G (z) are the one-sided z -transforms of discrete time functions f (nT) and g (nT), the z -transform of / f (kT) g (nT kT) is given by (A) (C)

/ f (nT) g (nT) zn / f (kT) g (nT kT) zn

/ f (nT) zn / g (nT) zn (D) / f (nT kT) g (nT) zn

(B)

MCQ 6.4.30
IES EC 2005

The output y [n] of a discrete time LTI system is related to the input x [n] as given below : y [n] =
k=0

/ x [k ]

Which one of the following correctly relates the z -transform of the input and output, denoted by X (z) and Y (z), respectively ? (B) Y (z) = z1 X (z) (A) Y (z) = (1 z1) X (z) X (z) dX (z) (C) Y (z) = (D) Y (z) = 1 dz 1z
MCQ 6.4.31
IES EC 2010

Convolution of two sequence x1 [n] and x2 [n] is represented as (A) X1 (z) * X2 (z) (B) X1 (z) X2 (z) (C) X1 (z) + X2 (z) (D) X1 (z) /X2 (z)

Page 514

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

MCQ 6.4.32
GATE EC 1999

The z -transform of a signal is given by C (z) = (A) 1/4 (C) 1.0

1z1 (1 z4) . Its final value is 4 (1 z1) 2 (B) zero (D) infinity

MCQ 6.4.33
IES E & T 1996

Consider a system described by the following difference equation: y (n + 3) + 6y (n + 2) + 11y (n + 1) + 6y (n)= r (n + 2) + 9r (n + 1) + 20r (n) Where y is the output and r is the input. The transfer function of the system will be 2 2 2 z (A) 3 z + 2 + 20 (B) 3 z +29z + 20 3z + 2z + z + 6 z + 6z + 6z + 11
3 2 (C) z +26z + 6z + 11 z + 9z + 20

(D) none of the above

MCQ 6.4.34
IES E & T 1998

If the function H1 (z) = (1 + 1.5z1 z2) and H2 (z) = z2 + 1.5z 1, then (A) the poles and zeros of the functions will be the same (B) the poles of the functions will be identical but not zeros (C) the zeros of the functions will be identical but not the poles (D) neither the poles nor the zeros of the two functions will be identical

MCQ 6.4.35
IES EC 1999

The state model 0 1 0 x [k + 1] = > H x [k] + >1H u [k] x 1 [k ] y [k] = 80 1B> x2 [k]H is represented in the difference equation as (A) c [k + 2] + c [k + 1] + c [k] = u [k] (B) c [k + 1] + c [k] + c [k 1] = u [k 1] (C) c [k 2] + c [k 1] + c [k] = u [k] (D) c [k 1] + c [k] + c [k + 1] = u [k + 1]

MCQ 6.4.36
IES EC 2000

The impulse response of a discrete system with a simple pole shown in the figure below. The pole of the system must be located on the

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 515

(A) real axis at z = 1 (B) real axis between z = 0 and z = 1 (C) imaginary axis at z = j (D) imaginary axis between z = 0 and z = j
MCQ 6.4.37
IES EC 2001

Which one of the following digital filters does have a linear phase response ? (A) y [n] + y [n 1] = x [n] x [n 1] (B) y [n] = 1/6 (3x [n] + 2x [n 1] + x [n 2]) (C) y [n] = 1/6 (x [n] + 2x [n 1] + 3x [n 2]) (D) y [n] = 1/4 (x [n] + 2x [n 1] + x [n 2])

MCQ 6.4.38
IES EC 2001

The poles of a digital filter with linear phase response can lie (A) only at z = 0 (B) only on the unit circle (C) only inside the unit circle but not at z = 0 (D) on the left side of Real (z) = 0 line

MCQ 6.4.39
IES EC 2001

The impulse response of a discrete system with a simple pole is shown in the given figure

The pole must be located (A) on the real axis at z = 1 (C) at the origin of the z-plane
MCQ 6.4.40
IES EC 2002

(B) on the real axis at z = 1 (D) at z = 3

The response of a linear, time-invariant discrete-time system to a unit step input u [n] is the unit impulse [n]. The system response to a ramp input nu [n] would be (B) u [n 1] (A) u [n] (C) n [n] (D)
k=0

/ k [n k ]

MCQ 6.4.41
IES EC 2002

A system can be represented in the form of state equations as s [n + 1] = As [n] + Bx [n] y [n] = Cs [n] + Dx [n]

Page 516

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

where A, B, C and D are matrices, s [n] is the state vector. x [n] is the input and y [n] is the output. The transfer function of the system H (z) = Y (z) /X (z) is given by (B) B (zI C ) 1 D + A (A) A (zI B) 1 C + D (C) C (zI A) 1 B + D
MCQ 6.4.42
IES EC 2004

(D) D (zI A) 1 C + B

What is the number of roots of the polynomial F (z) = 4z3 8z2 z + 2 , lying outside the unit circle ? (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

MCQ 6.4.43
IES EC 2004

y [ n] =

k = 3

/ x [k]

Which one of the following systems is inverse of the system given above ? (A) x [n] = y [n] y [n 1] (B) x [n] = y [n] (C) x [n] = y [n + 4] (D) x [n] = ny [n]

MCQ 6.4.44
IES EC 2006

For the system shown, x [n] = k [n], and y [n] is related to x [n] as y [n] 1 y [n 1] 2 = x [ n]

What is y [n] equal to ? (A) k (C) nk

MCQ 6.4.45
IES EC 2010

(B) (1/2) n k (D) 2n

Unit step response of the system described by the equation y [n] + y [n 1] = x [n] is z2 z (B) (A) (z + 1) (z 1) (z + 1) (z 1) (C) z + 1 z1 (D) z (z 1) (z + 1)

MCQ 6.4.46
IES EC 2011

Unit step response of the system described by the equation y [n] + y [n 1] = x [n] is z2 z (B) (A) (z + 1) (z 1) (z + 1) (z 1) (C) (z + 1) (z 1) (D) z (z 1) (z + 1)

MCQ 6.4.47
IES EC 2011

System transformation function H (z) for a discrete time LTI system expressed in state variable form with zero initial conditions is (B) c (zI A) 1 (A) c (zI A) 1 b + d (C) (zI A) 1 z (D) (zI A) 1

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.4.48
GATE EC 2009

The Z Transform

Page 517

A system with transfer function H (z) has impulse response h (.) defined as h (2) = 1, h (3) = 1 and h (k) = 0 otherwise. Consider the following statements. S1 : H (z) is a low-pass filter. S2 : H (z) is an FIR filter. Which of the following is correct? (A) Only S2 is true (B) Both S1 and S2 are false (C) Both S1 and S2 are true, and S2 is a reason for S1 (D) Both S1 and S2 are true, but S2 is not a reason for S1

MCQ 6.4.49
GATE EC 2004

The z -transform of a system is H (z) = z z0.2 . If the ROC is z < 0.2 , then the impulse response of the system is (A) (0.2) n u [n] (B) (0.2) n u [ n 1] (C) (0.2) n u [n] (D) (0.2) n u [ n 1] A sequence x (n) with the z transform X (z) = z 4 + z2 2z + 2 3z4 is applied as an input to a linear, time-invariant system with the impulse response h [n] = 2 [n 3] where 1, n = 0 [ n] = ) 0, otherwise The output at n = 4 is (A) 6 (B) zero (C) 2 (D) 4

MCQ 6.4.50
GATE EC 2003

MCQ 6.4.51
GATE EE 2009

The z-transform of a signal x [n] is given by 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3 It is applied to a system, with a transfer function H (z) = 3z - 1 2 Let the output be y [n]. Which of the following is true ? (A) y [n] is non causal with finite support (B) y [n] is causal with infinite support (C) y [n] = 0; n > 3 (D) Re [Y (z)] z = e = Re [Y (z)] z = e Im [Y (z)] z = e = Im [Y (z)] z = e ; # <
ji - ji ji - ji

MCQ 6.4.52
GATE EE 2008

H (z) is a transfer function of a real system. When a signal x [n] = (1 + j) n is the input to such a system, the output is zero. Further, the Region of convergence (ROC) of ^1 1 z - 1h H(z) is the entire Z-plane (except z = 0 ). It can then be 2 inferred that H (z) can have a minimum of (A) one pole and one zero (B) one pole and two zeros (C) two poles and one zero (D) two poles and two zeros

Page 518

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

MCQ 6.4.53
GATE EE 2007

X (z) = 1 3z1, Y (z) = 1 + 2z2 are z -transforms of two signals x [n], y [n] respectively. A linear time invariant system has the impulse response h [n] defined by these two signals as h [n] = x [n 1] * y [n] where * denotes discrete time convolution. Then the output of the system for the input [n 1] (A) has z -transform z1 X (z) Y (z) (B) equals [n 2] 3 [n 3] + 2 [n 4] 6 [n 5] (C) has z -transform 1 3z1 + 2z2 6z3 (D) does not satisfy any of the above three

MCQ 6.4.54
GATE IN 2004

A discrete-time signal, x [n], suffered a distortion modeled by an LTI system with H (z) = (1 az1), a is real and a > 1. The impulse response of a stable system that exactly compensates the magnitude of the distortion is n n (A) b 1 l u [n] (B) b 1 l u [ n 1] a a (C) an u [n] (D) an u [ n 1]

MCQ 6.4.55
IES E & T 1998

Assertion (A) : A linear time-invariant discrete-time system having the system function H (z) = z 1 is a stable system. z+ 2 Reason (R) : The pole of H (z) is in the left-half plane for a stable system. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT a correct explanation of A (C) A is true but R is false (D) A is false but R is true

MCQ 6.4.56
IES EC 1999

Assertion (A) : An LTI discrete system represented by the difference equation y [n + 2] 5y [n + 1] + 6y [n] = x [n] is unstable. Reason (R) : A system is unstable if the roots of the characteristic equation lie outside the unit circle. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. (C) A is true but R is false. (D) A is false but R is true.

MCQ 6.4.57
IES EC 1999

Consider the following statements regarding a linear discrete-time system z2 + 1 H (z) = (z + 0.5) (z 0.5) 1. The system is stable 2. The initial value h (0) of the impulse response is 4

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 519

3.

The steady-state output is zero for a sinusoidal discrete time input of frequency equal to one-fourth the sampling frequency.

Which of these statements are correct ? (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 2 (C) 1 and 3 (D) 2 and 3

MCQ 6.4.58
IES EC 2005

Assertion (A) : The discrete time system described by y [n] = 2x [n] + 4x [n 1] is unstable, (here y [n] is the output and x [n] the input) Reason (R) : It has an impulse response with a finite number of non-zero samples. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (C) A is true but R is false (D) A is false but R is true

MCQ 6.4.59
GATE EC 2002

If the impulse response of discrete - time system is h [n] = 5n u [ n 1], then the system function H (z) is equal to (B) z and the system is stable (A) z and the system is stable z5 z5 (C) z and the system is unstable (D) z and the system is unstable z5 z5 H (z) is a discrete rational transfer function. To ensure that both H (z) and its inverse are stable its (A) poles must be inside the unit circle and zeros must be outside the unit circle. (B) poles and zeros must be inside the unit circle. (C) poles and zeros must be outside the unit circle (D) poles must be outside the unit circle and zeros should be inside the unit circle

MCQ 6.4.60
GATE IN 2010

MCQ 6.4.61
IES EC 2002

Assertion (A) : The stability of the system is assured if the Region of Convergence (ROC) includes the unit circle in the z -plane. Reason (R) : For a causal stable system all the poles should be outside the unit circle in the z -plane. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. (C) A is true but R is false (D) A is false but R is true

MCQ 6.4.62
IES EC 2002

Assertion (A) : For a rational transfer function H (z) to be causal, stable and causally invertible, both the zeros and the poles should lie within the unit circle in the z -plane.

Page 520

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Reason (R) : For a rational system, ROC bounded by poles. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (C) A is true but R is false (D) A is false but R is true
MCQ 6.4.63
GATE EC 2010

The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is given by 2 3 z1 4 H (z) = 1 3 z1 + 1 z2 8 4 Consider the following statements: S1: The system is stable and causal for ROC: z > 1/2 S2: The system is stable but not causal for ROC: z < 1/4 S3: The system is neither stable nor causal for ROC: 1/4 < z < 1/2 Which one of the following statements is valid ? (A) Both S1 and S2 are true (B) Both S2 and S3 are true (C) Both S1 and S3 are true (D) S1, S2 and S3 are all true

MCQ 6.4.64
GATE EC 2004

A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation 2y [n] = y [n 2] 2x [n] + x [n 1] The system is stable only if (A) = 2 , < 2 (B) > 2, > 2 (C) < 2 , any value of (D) < 2 , any value of

MCQ 6.4.65
IES EC 2000

Two linear time-invariant discrete time systems s1 and s2 are cascaded as shown in the figure below. Each system is modelled by a second order difference equation. The difference equation of the overall cascaded system can be of the order of

(A) 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 (C) 2
MCQ 6.4.66
IES EC 2000

(B) either 2 or 4 (D) 4

Consider the compound system shown in the figure below. Its output is equal to the input with a delay of two units. If the transfer function of the first system is given by H1 (z) = z 0.5 , z 0.8

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 521

then the transfer function of the second system would be 2 3 2 3 (B) H2 (z) = z 0.8z 1 (A) H2 (z) = z 0.2z 1 1 0.5z 1 0.4z
1 3 (C) H2 (z) = z 0.2z 1 1 0.4z 2 3 (D) H2 (z) = z + 0.8z 1 1 + 0.5z

MCQ 6.4.67
GATE EC 2011

Two systems H1 (z ) and H2 (z ) are connected in cascade as shown below. The overall output y [n] is the same as the input x [n] with a one unit delay. The transfer function of the second system H2 (z ) is

(A) (C)
MCQ 6.4.68
GATE EC 2010

1 0.6z1 z1 (1 0.4z1) z1 (1 0.4z1) (1 0.6z1)

(B) (D)

z1 (1 0.6z1) (1 0.4z1) 1 0.4 z1 z1 (1 0.6z1)

Two discrete time system with impulse response h1 [n] = [n 1] and h2 [n] = [n 2] are connected in cascade. The overall impulse response of the cascaded system is (A) [n 1] + [n 2] (B) [n 4] (C) [n 3] (D) [n 1] [n 2]

MCQ 6.4.69
GATE EE 2009

A cascade of three Linear Time Invariant systems is causal and unstable. From this, we conclude that (A) each system in the cascade is individually causal and unstable (B) at least on system is unstable and at least one system is causal (C) at least one system is causal and all systems are unstable (D) the majority are unstable and the majority are causal

MCQ 6.4.70
IES EC 2001

The minimum number of delay elements required in realizing a digital filter with the transfer function 1 + az1 + bz2 H (z) = 1 + cz1 + dz2 + ez3 (A) 2 (C) 4 (B) 3 (D) 5

MCQ 6.4.71
GATE IN 2004

1 A direct form implementation of an LTI system with H (z) = is 1 1 0.7z + 0.13z2 shown in figure. The value of a 0, a1 and a2 are respectively

Page 522

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

(A) 1.0, 0.7 and 0.13 (C) 1.0, 0.7 and 0.13
MCQ 6.4.72
GATE IN 2010

(B) 0.13, 0.7 and 1.0 (D) 0.13, 0.7 and 1.0 p 0 + p1 z1 + p 3 z3 is implemented 1 + d 3 z3

A digital filter having a transfer function H (z) =

using Direct Form-I and Direct Form-II realizations of IIR structure. The number of delay units required in Direct Form-I and Direct Form-II realizations are, respectively (A) 6 and 6 (C) 3 and 3
MCQ 6.4.73
GATE EE 2007

(B) 6 and 3 (D) 3 and 2

Consider the discrete-time system shown in the figure where the impulse response of G (z) is g (0) = 0, g (1) = g (2) = 1, g (3) = g (4) = g = 0

This system is stable for range of values of K (A) [ 1,

1 2]

(B) [ 1, 1] (D) [ 1 , 2] 2

(C) [ 1 , 1] 2
MCQ 6.4.74
GATE IN 2006

In the IIR filter shown below, a is a variable gain. For which of the following cases, the system will transit from stable to unstable condition ?

(A) 0.1 < a < 0.5 (C) 1.5 < a < 2.5

(B) 0.5 < a < 1.5 (D) 2 < a < 3

Chapter 6
MCQ 6.4.75
IES EC 2002

The Z Transform

Page 523

The poles of an analog system are related to the corresponding poles of the digital system by the relation z = es . Consider the following statements. 1. Analog system poles in the left half of s -plane map onto digital system poles inside the circle z = 1. 2. 3. 4. Analog system zeros in the left half of s -plane map onto digital system zeros inside the circle z = 1. Analog system poles on the imaginary axis of s -plane map onto digital system zeros on the unit circle z = 1. Analog system zeros on the imaginary axis of s -plane map onto digital system zeros on the unit circle z = 1.

Which of these statements are correct ? (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 3 and 4
MCQ 6.4.76
IES EC 2007

(D) 2 and 4

Which one of the following rules determines the mapping of s -plane to z -plane ? (A) Right half of the s -plane maps into outside of the unit circle in z -plane (B) Left half of the s -plane maps into inside of the unit circle (C) Imaginary axis in s -plane maps into the circumference of the unit circle (D) All of the above

MCQ 6.4.77
IES EC 2008

Assertion (A) : The z -transform of the output of an ideal sampler is given by Z [f (t)] = K 0 + K1 + K22 + .... + Knn z z z Reason (R) : The relationship is the result of application of z = esT , where T stands for the time gap between the samples. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (C) A is true but R is false (D) A is false but R is true

MCQ 6.4.78
IES EC 2010

z and Laplace transform are related by (A) s = ln z (C) s = z (B) s = ln z T (D) T ln z

MCQ 6.4.79
IES EC 2010

Frequency scaling [relationship between discrete time frequency () and continuous time frequency ()] is defined as (A) = 2 (B) = 2TS / (C) = 2/TS (D) = TS

Page 524

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

MCQ 6.4.80
GATE IN 2004

a A casual, analog system has a transfer function H (s) = s + a . Assuming a sampling time of T seconds, the poles of the transfer function H (z) for an equivalent digital system obtained using impulse in variance method are at (B) a j a , j a k (A) (eaT , eaT ) T T
2 2

(C) (e jaT , ejaT )

(D) (eaT/2, eaT/2)

***********

SOLUTIONS 6.1

Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. (B) (D) (C) (D) 5. 6. 7. 8. (C) (C) (D) (A) 9. (A) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (B)

10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (A)

SOLUTIONS 6.2

SOL 6.2.1

Option (B) is correct. z -transform is given as X (z) =

n=0

/ b1l z 2
n

n=0

/ b 21z l

SOL 6.2.2

= 1 = 2z 1 2z 1 1 2z Option (B) is correct. The z -transform of given sequence is X (z) = z3 + z2 z1 z0 = z 3 + z2 z 1 3 2 Now X b 1 l = b 1 l + b 1 l b 1 l 1 = 1.125 2 2 2 2 Option (C) is correct. The z -transform is X (z) =

SOL 6.2.3

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 1

b 1 l zn 2 n = 3

= =

1 1 n ^2z hn b 2 z l = n = 3 n = 3

/ (2z)
m=1

Let n = m so,

The above series converges if 2z < 1 or z < 1 2 X (z) = 2z = 2z , z <1 1 2z 2z 1 2

SOL 6.2.4

Option (A) is correct. We have x [n] = b 1 l 2

3 |n | n n = b 1 l u [ n ] + b 1 l u [ n 1] 2 2 n 3

z -transform is X (z) = = =

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 3

1 n n 1 n n b 2 l z u [ n 1] + b 2 l z u [ n] n = 3 n = 3

/ /
1

n = 3

1 n n b2l z +

n=0

/ b 21z l

Chapter 6
3

The Z Transform

Page 527
n

= =

n=1

14 24 3 4 II 4

/ b 1 z l + / b 21z l 2
n n=0

14 24 3 4 I 4

1 1 + 2z = z z 1 21z 1 1 z z 1 z2 2 2

Series I converges, if 1 z < 1 or z < 2 2 Series II converges, if 1 < 1 or z > 1 2z 2 ROC is intersection of both, therefore ROC : 1 < z < 2 2 Option (D) is correct. X (z) = = = =

SOL 6.2.5

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 3

1 n n 1 n n b 2 l z u [ n 1] + b 3 l z u [n] n = 3 n = 3

/
1

/
n = 3 3 n=1

1 n n b2l z +
n

/ (2z)

1 = 2z + 1 2z 1 1 z1 3 S 14243 I Series I converges, when 2z < 1 or z < 1 2 Series II converges, when 1 < 1 or z > 1 3z 3 So ROC of X (z) is intersection of both ROC: 1 < z < 1 3 2 Option (C) is correct. z -transform of x [n] X (z) = = =
II

n=0

/ b 31z l

n=0

/ b 31z l
n

SOL 6.2.6

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 3

n = 3 3 n=0

n zn u [n] +
1 n

/ (z

) +

1 1 = 1 + 1 z 1 (z) 1 1 4 2 4 3 1 44 2 44 3 I
II

n=0

/ (z)

n = 3 n

n n

z u [ n]

Series I converges, if z < 1 or z > Series II converges, if (z) 1 < 1 or z > 1 or z > 1 So ROC is interaction of both ROC : z > max e , 1 o

Page 528
SOL 6.2.7

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (C) is correct. (P " 4) x1 [n] = u [n 2] X1 (z) = (Q " 1)

n = 3 3

/ u [n 2] z
n = 3 3 n = 3 3

/z
n=2

x2 [n] = u [ n 3] X2 [z] = =

z2 , 1 z1

z >1

/ u [ n 3] z /z
n

/z
m=3

Let, n = m z <1
n

(R " 3)

= z = 2 1 1 , 1z z (1 z ) n x 3 [n] = (1) u [n + 4] X 3 (z) =

n = 3 4

/ u [n + 4] z

/z
n = 4

(S " 2)

= z 1 = 4 1 1 , 1z z (1 z ) n x 4 [n] = (1) u [ n] = =
n = 3 0 n = 3

z >1

/ u [ n] z /z /
3 n

/z
m=0

1 = z1 , 1 z 1 z1
j 1 n

z <1

SOL 6.2.8

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = =

n = 3

e jn zn u [n] =

/ (e
n=0

z )

SOL 6.2.9

1 , z >1 1 e j z1 = z j = z a e j = 1 z+1 ze Option (D) is correct. We can write, transfer function Az2 H (z) = (z 2) (z 3) A H (1) = = 1 or A = 2 ( 1) ( 2) 2z2 so, H (z) = (z 2) (z 3) H (z) 2z = z (z 2) (z 3) From partial fraction H (z) = 4z + 6z (z 2) (z 3) We can see that for ROC : z > 3 , the system is causal and unstable because ROC is exterior of the circle passing through outermost pole and does not include unit circle. so, (P " 2) h [n] = [( 4) 2n + (6) (3) n] u [n], z > 3

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 529

For ROC 2 < z < 3 , The sequence corresponding to pole at z = 2 corresponds to right-sided sequence while the sequence corresponds to pole at z = 3 corresponds to left sided sequence h [n] = ( 4) 2n u [n] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1] (Q " 4) For ROC : z < 2 , ROC is interior to circle passing through inner most pole, hence the system is non causal. h [n] = (4) 2n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1] (R " 3) For the response h [n] = 4 (2) n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [n] ROC : z < 2 and z > 3 which does not exist (S " 1)
SOL 6.2.10

Option (B) is correct. X (z) = z + 1 z (z 1) = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2z1 a z k z z1 z z1

Taking

By partial fraction

inverse z -transform x [n] = [n 1] + 2u [n 1] x [0] = 0 + 0 = 0 x [1] = 1 + 2 = 1 x [2] = 0 + 2 = 2

SOL 6.2.11

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = ez + e1/z

2 3 X (z) = c1 + z + z + z + .....m + b1 + 1 + 1 12 + .....l z 2! z 2! 3! 2 3 2 = c1 + z + z + z + ....m + b1 + z1 + z + ....l 2! 3! 2!

Taking inverse z -transform x [n] = [ n] + 1 n!

SOL 6.2.12

Option (A) is correct. z (z + 5) z2 + 5z = (z 3) (z + 1) z 2z 3 X (z) z+5 = z (z 3) (z + 1) = 2 1 z3 z+1 X (z) =

2

By partial fraction

Thus

X (z) = 2z z z3 z+1

Poles are at z = 3 and z = 1

Page 530

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

ROC : z < 1, which is not exterior of circle outside the outermost pole z = 3 . So, x [n] is anticausal given as x [n] = [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1]
SOL 6.2.13

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = 2z z z3 z+1 If z > 3 , ROC is exterior of a circle outside the outer most pole, x [n] is causal.

x [n] = [2 (3) n ( 1) n] u [n]

SOL 6.2.14

Option (C) is correct. X (z) = 2z z z3 z+1 If ROC is 1 < z < 3 , x [n] is two sided with anticausal part 2z , z < 3 and z3 z , z > 1 causal part z+1

x [n] = 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n]

Chapter 6
SOL 6.2.15

The Z Transform

Page 531

Option (D) is correct. X1 (z) = =

ROC : 0.7z1

0.7z1 1 0.7z1 < 1 or z > 0.7 X2 (z) = = =

n = 3

(0.7) n zn u [n 1] =

/ (0.7z
n=1

1 n

n = 3 3 m=2 3 m=2

/ ( 0.4)

n n

z u [ n 2] = z

n = 3

/ ( 0.4)

n n

/ ( 0.4)

m m

Let n = m (0.4) 1 z 1 + (0.4) 1 z

/ [( 0.4)

z ]m =

ROC : (0.4) 1 z < 1 or z < 0.4 The ROC of z -transform of x [n] is intersection of both which does not exist.
SOL 6.2.16

Option (D) is correct. Z If x [n] X (z) From time shifting property Z x [n n 0] zn X (z)
0

So
SOL 6.2.17

z (x [n 4]) = z4 X (z) =

1 8z5 2z 4 z3

Option (C) is correct. x [n] = n u [n] Let, y [n] = x [n + 3] u [n] = n + 3 u [n + 3] u [n] = n + 3 u [n] Y (z) =

u [n + 3] u [n] = u [n]
n=0

/ y [n] z
n = 3 3 3

/
n = 3

n + 3 zn u [n] =

n + 3 n

1 z 3 1 = a z k 1 z n=0 Note : Do not apply time shifting property directly because x [n] is a causal signal. =
1 n

/ (z

) = 3

SOL 6.2.18

Option (A) is correct. We can see that X1 (z) = z1 X2 (z) = z2 X 3 (z) or z2 X1 (z) = z1 X2 (z) = X 3 (z) So x1 [n 2] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n] Option (A) is correct. We know that n u [n] n 10 u [n 10]
Z

SOL 6.2.19

z z z10 z z (time shifting property)

Page 532
SOL 6.2.20

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (B) is correct. We know that or a n u [n] 3 n u [ n] 3n 3 u [n 3] So

Z

z za z z3

z3 a z k z3 n3 x [n] = 3 u [n 3] x [5] = 32 u [2] = 9

Z

SOL 6.2.21

Option (C) is correct. x [n] can be written in terms of unit sequence as x [n] = u [ n] u [n k ] k so X (z) = z zk z = 1 z1 z1 z1 1z Option (C) is correct. For positive shift If, x [n] then, x [n n 0] So For negative shift x [n + n 0]
Z Z

SOL 6.2.22

Z Z Z

x [ n 1]

X (z) zn X (z), n 0 $ 0 z1 a z k = 1 z1 z1
0

zn e X (z)
0

n0 1 m=0

/ x [ n] z

o, n0 > 0

x [ n + 1] z ^X (z) x [0]h We know that x [n] = u [n] so x [0] = 1 and

SOL 6.2.23

x [ n + 1]

z ^X (z) 1h = z a z 1k = z z1 z1

Option (B) is correct. Even part of x [n], xe [n] = 1 (x [n] + x [ n]) 2 z - transform of xe [n], Xe (z) = 1 ;X (z) + X b 1 lE 2 z 1/z = 1a z k + 1e 2 z 0.4 2 1/z 0.4 o 1 44 2 44 3 1 44 2 44 3 4 II 4 I Xb 1 l z

a x [ n]

Region of convergence for I series is z > 0.4 and for II series it is z < 2.5 . Therefore, Xe (z) has ROC 0.4 < z < 2.5
SOL 6.2.24

Option (A) is correct. y [ n ] = n [n + 1] u [ n ] y [n] = n2 u [n] + nu [n] Z z We know that u [n] z1

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 533

Applying the property of differentiation in z -domain Z If, x [n] X (z) Z then, nx [n] z d X (z) dz Z so, nu [n] z d a z k dz z 1 Z z or, nu [n] (z 1) 2 Again by applying the above property Z n (nu [n]) z d : z 2D dz (z 1) z (z + 1) Z n 2 u [ n] (z 1) 3 z (z + 1) z 2z2 So Y (z) = 2 + 3 = (z 1) (z 1) 3 (z 1)
SOL 6.2.25

Option (B) is correct. (P " 4) y [n] = n ( 1) n u [n] We know that Z 1 , z >1 ( 1) n u [n] 1 + z1 Z If x [n] X (z) dX (z) Z then, (z -domain differentiation) nx [n] z dz Z so, n ( 1) n u [n] z d ; 1 1 E, ROC : z > 1 dz 1 + z 1 Y (z) = z 1 2 , ROC : z > 1 (1 + z ) (Q " 3) y [n] = nu [ n 1] We know that, Z 1 , ROC : z < 1 u [ n 1] (1 z1) Again applying z -domain differentiation property Z nu [ n 1] z d : 11 D, ROC : z < 1 dz 1 z 1 z Y (z) = , ROC : z < 1 (1 z1) 2 (R " 2) y [n] = ( 1) n u [n] Y (z) = = =
n = 3 3 n=0

/ ( 1)

n n

z u [n]

/ ( z

1 n

(S " 1)

1 , ROC : z > 1 1 + z1 y [n] = nu [n]

Page 534
Z

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

We know that so,

1 , ROC : z > 1 1 z1 Z nu [n] z d b 1 1 l, ROC : z > 1 dz 1 z z1 , ROC : z > 1 Y (z) = (1 z1) 2 u [n] X (z) = log (1 2z), z < 1 2
1 dX (z) = 2 = z 1 1 1 2z 1 2 z dz zdX (z) 1 = dz 1 1 z1 2

SOL 6.2.26

Option (C) is correct. Given that Differentiating

or,

From z -domain differentiation property dX (z) Z nx [n] z dz Z 1 so, nx [n] 1 1 z1 2 From standard z -transform pair, we have Z 1 1 n b 2 l u [ n 1] 1 1 z1 2 n Thus nx [n] = b 1 l u [ n 1] 2 or,
SOL 6.2.27
n x [n] = 1 b 1 l u [ n 1] n 2

Option (A) is correct. Its difficult to obtain z -transform of x [n] directly due to the term 1/n . Let y [n] = nx [n] = ( 2) n u [ n 1] So z -transform of y [n] Y (z) = z 1 , ROC : z < 1 2 z+ 2 Since so, y [n] = nx [n] dX (z) Y (z) = z dz dX (z) z = z1 dz z+ 2 dX (z) = 11 dz z+ 2 X (z) = log bz + 1 l, ROC : z < 1 2 2 (Differentiation in z -domain)

or

Chapter 6
SOL 6.2.28

The Z Transform

Page 535

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = Y (z) =

/ x [n] z
n = 3 3

, ROC : Rx

n = x [n] a z k = X a z k, ROC : aRx a a n = 3

n = 3 3

y [n] zn =

/ a x [ n] z
n n = 3

SOL 6.2.29

Option (B) is correct. Using time shifting property of z -transform Z If, x [n] X (z), ROC : Rx Z then, x [n n 0] zn X (z) with same ROC except the possible deletion or addition of z = 0 or z = 3. So, ROC for x [n 2] is Rx (S1, R1) Similarly for x [n + 2], ROC : Rx (S2, R1) Using time-reversal property of z -transform Z If, x [n] X (z), ROC : Rx Z then, x [ n] X b 1 l, ROC : 1 z Rx Z For S 3 , x [ n] X b 1 l, z Because z is replaced by 1/z , so ROC would be z < 1 (S 3, R 3) a S 4 :( 1) n x [n] Using the property of scaling in z -domain, we have Z If, x [n] X (z), ROC : Rx Z then, Xa z k n x [n] z is replaced by z/ so ROC will be Rx Z Here X a z k, = 1 ( 1) n x [n] 1
0

so,
SOL 6.2.30

ROC : z > a

(S 4, R1)

Option (D) is correct. Time scaling property : Z If, x [n] X (z) Z then, x [n/2] X (z2) Time shifting property : Z If, x [n] X (z) Z then, x [ n 2] u [ n 2 ] z2 X (z) For x [n + 2] u [n] we can not apply time shifting property directly. Let, y [n] = x [n + 2] u [n] = n + 2 u [n + 2] u [n] = n + 2 u [n]

(P " 2)

(Q " 1)

Page 536
3

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

so,

Y (z) =

/ y [n] z
n = 3 3 2 n=0 2n

n=0

n + 2 n

= Let, G (z) =

/ (z

1 n

) = 2 X (z)

(R " 4)

g [ n] = x [ n]

/ /

n = b z 2 l = Xb z 2 l n=0

n = 3 3 n

g [n] zn =

n = 3

2n

n zn u [n] (S " 3)

SOL 6.2.31

Option (B) is correct. Y (z) = = x 9n C zn 2 n = 3

/
3

/ x [ k] z
k = 3 2

2k

Put n = k or n = 2k 2

= X (z )
SOL 6.2.32

Option (C) is correct. Let, y [n] = x [2n] Y (z) = =

/ x [2n] z
n = 3 3 k = 3

/ x [ k] z /

k/2

Put 2n = k or n = k , k is even 2

Since k is even, so we can write 3 x [k] + ( 1) k x [k] k/2 Y (z) = ; Ez 2 k = 3 =1 x [k] zk/2 + 1 x [k] ( z1/2) k 2 k = 3 2 k = 3 = 1 8X ( z ) + X ( z )B 2
SOL 6.2.33

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = Y (z) = X (z ) =

3

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 3

= Thus

n = 3 3 k = 3

x [n] (z3) n =
k

/ x [ n] z
n = 3

3n

/ x [k/3] z

Put 3n = k or n = k/3 n = 0, 3, 6, .... otherwise

y [n] = x [n/3] ( 0.5) n/3, y [n] = * 0, y [4] = 0

Thus
SOL 6.2.34

Option (A) is correct. From the accumulation property we know that

Chapter 6
Z Z n

The Z Transform

Page 537

If,
n

x [n]

then, Here,

/ x [k ]
k = 3

X (z) z X (z) (z 1)

y [n] = Y (z) =

/ x [k ]
k=0

z X (z) = 4z2 (z 1) (z 1) (8z2 2z 1)

SOL 6.2.35

Option (C) is correct. By taking z -transform of x [n] and h [n] H (z) = 1 + 2z1 z3 + z4 X (z) = 1 + 3z1 z2 2z3 From the convolution property of z -transform Y (z) = H (z) X (z) Y (z) = 1 + 5z1 + 5z2 5z3 6z4 + 4z5 + z6 2z7 Sequence is y [n] = {1, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 1, 2} y [4] = 6 Option (B) is correct. By taking z -transform of both the sequences X (z) = ( 1 + 2z1 + 0 + 3z3) H (z) = 2z2 + 3 Convolution of sequences x [n] and h [n] is given as y [n] x [n ] * h [n] applying convolution property of z -transform, we have Y (z) = X (z) H (z) = ( 1 + 2z1 + 3z3) (2z2 + 3) = 2z2 + 4z 3 + 12z1 + 9z3 or, y [n] = { 2, 4, 3, 12, 0, 9}
-

SOL 6.2.36

SOL 6.2.37

Option (C) is correct. The z -transform of signal x)[n] is given as follows Z {x)[n]} = X (z) = X)(z) = X)(z)) =

/x
n = 3 3 n = 3

[n] zn =
n

/ 6x [n] (z )
n = 3

) n

...(i)

Let z -transform of x [n] is X (z)

/ x [ n] z
3 n = 3 3

Taking complex conjugate on both sides of above equation

/ [x [n] z
n = 3

n )

Replacing z " z), we will get

/ 6x [n] (z )

) n

...(ii)

Comparing equation (i) and (ii)

Page 538

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Z {x)[n]} = X)(z))
SOL 6.2.38

Option (B) is correct. x [n] can be written as x [n] = 1 [u [n] + ( 1) n u [n]] 2 z -transform of x [n] X (z) = 1 ; 1 1 + 1 1 E 2 1z 1+z From final value theorem x (3) = lim (z 1) X (z)
z"1

= 1 lim (z 1) 9 z + z C 2 z"1 z1 z+1 z (z 1) = 1 lim =z + 2 z"1 (z + 1) G = 1 (1) = 1 2 2

SOL 6.2.39

Option (C) is correct. From initial value theorem x [0] = lim X (z) 0.5z2 z " 3(z 1) (z 0.5) 0.5 = 0.5 = lim 1 1 0.5 z"3 b1 z lb l z From final value theorem x [3] = lim (z 1) X (z) = lim
z"1 z"3

= lim (z 1)
z"1

0.5z2 (z 1) (z 0.5)

2 = lim 0.5z = 1 z " 1 z 0.5

SOL 6.2.40

Option (B) is correct. By taking z -transform on both sides of given difference equation Y (z) 1 z1 6 (z) + y [ 1] z @ = X (z) Y 2 Let impulse response is H (z), so the impulse input is X (z) = 1 H (z) 1 z1 6H (z) + 3z @ = 1 2 H (z) [1 1 z1] = 5 2 2 5/2 H (z) = = 5b z 1 l 2 z 2 1 1 z1 2 n h [ n] = 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2

Chapter 6
SOL 6.2.41

The Z Transform

Page 539

Option (B) is correct. h [n] = (2) n u [n] Taking z -transform Y (z) H (z) = z = z 2 X (z) so, (z 2) Y (z) = zX (z) or, (1 2z1) Y (z) = X (z) Taking inverse z -transform y [n] 2y [n 1] = x [n] Option (B) is correct. h [ n] = [ n] b 1 l u [n] 2 z -transform of h [n] 1 Y (z) H (z) = 1 z 1 = 2 1 = X (z) z+ 2 z+ 2 1 1 bz + 2 l Y (z) = 2 X (z) 1 1 1 1 b1 + 2 z l Y (z) = 2 z X (z) Taking inverse z -transform y [n] + 1 y [n 1] = 1 x [n 1] 2 2 y [n] + 0.5y [n 1] = 0.5x [n 1]
n

SOL 6.2.42

SOL 6.2.43

Option (C) is correct. We have y [n] 0.4y [n 1] = (0.4) n u [n] Zero state response refers to the response of system with zero initial condition. So, by taking z -transform z Y (z) 0.4z1 Y (z) = z 0.4 z2 Y (z) = (z 0.4) 2 Taking inverse z -transform y [n] = (n + 1) (0.4) n u [n] Option (B) is correct. Zero state response refers to response of the system with zero initial conditions. Taking z -transform Y (z) 1 z1 Y (z) = X (z) 2 Y (z) = a z k X (z) z 0.5 For an input x [n] = u [n], X (z) = z z1

SOL 6.2.44

Page 540

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

so,

Thus

z z (z 0.5) (z 1) z2 = (z 1) (z 0.5) Y (z) z = z (z 1) (z 0.5) = 2 1 z 1 z 0.5 Y (z) = 2z z z 1 z 0.5 Y (z) =

By partial fraction

Taking inverse z -transform y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n]

SOL 6.2.45

Option (C) is correct. Input, x [n] = 2 [n] + [n + 1] By taking z -transform X (z) = 2 + z Y (z) = H (z), Y (z) is z -transform of output y [n] X (z) Y (z) = H (z) X (z) 2z (z 1) = (z + 2) (z + 2) 2 2z (z 1) = 2z 6z = z+2 (z + 2) Taking inverse z -transform y [n] = 2 [n + 1] 6 ( 2) n u [n] Option (B) is correct. Taking z transform of input and output X (z) = z z 0.5 Y (z) = 1 2z1 = z 2 z Transfer function of the filter H (z) = Y (z) /X (z) = b z 2 lb z 0.5 l z z
2 = z 2.5z + 1 z2 = 1 2.5z1 + z2 Taking inverse z -transform h [n] = {1, 2.5, 1}

SOL 6.2.46

Therefore

h [1] = 2.5

Chapter 6
SOL 6.2.47

The Z Transform

Page 541

Option (B) is correct. Poles of the system function are at z = ! j ROC is shown in the figure.

Causality : We know that a discrete time LTI system with transfer function H (z) is causal if and only if ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outer most pole. For the given system ROC is exterior to the circle outside the outer most pole (z = ! j). The system is causal. Stability : A discrete time LTI system is stable if and only if ROC of its transfer function H (z) includes the unit circle z = 1. The given system is unstable because ROC does not include the unit circle. Impulse Response : H (z) = 2 z z +1 We know that Z z sin 0 , z >1 sin (0 n) u [n] z2 2z cos 0 + 1 Here z2 + 1 = z2 2z cos 0 + 1 So 2z cos 0 = 0 or 0 = 2 Taking the inverse Laplace transform of H (z) h [n] = sin a n k u [n] 2
SOL 6.2.48

Option (D) is correct. Statement (A), (B) and (C) are true. Option (D) is correct. First we obtain transfer function (z -transform of h [n]) for all the systems and then check for stability 1 z (A) H (z) = 3 1 2 ^z 3 h Stable because all poles lies inside unit circle. (B) h [ n] = 1 [ n] 3

SOL 6.2.49

Page 542

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

/ h [n]
(C)

=1 3
n

(absolutely summable)

Thus this is also stable. h [ n] = [ n] b 1 l u [n] 3 H (z) = 1 z 1 z+ 3 Pole is inside the unit circle, so the system is stable. (D) h [n] = [(2) n (3) n] u [n] H (z) = z z z2 z3 Poles are outside the unit circle, so it is unstable.
SOL 6.2.50

Option (B) is correct. By taking z -transform (1 + 3z1 + 2z2) Y (z) = (2 + 3z1) X (z) So, transfer function 2 Y (z) (2 + 3z1) H (z) = = = 22z + 3z X (z) (1 + 3z1 + 2z2) z + 3z + 2 H (z) or = 2 2z + 3 = 1 + 1 z z+2 z+1 z + 3z + 2 Thus H (z) = z + z z+2 z+1 Option (B) is correct. y [ n ] = x [ n ] + y [ n 1] Put x [n] = [n] to obtain impulse response h [n] h [ n ] = [ n ] + h [ n 1] For n = 0 , h [0] = [0] + h [ 1] h [0] = 1 n = 1, h [ 1] = [ 1 ] + h [ 0 ] h [1] = 1 n = 2, h [2] = [2] + h [1] h [2] = 1 In general form h [ n] = u [ n] Z Let x [n] X (z) z X (z) = z 0.5 h [ n] H (z) = Output
Z

By partial fraction

Both the poles lie outside the unit circle, so the system is unstable.
SOL 6.2.51

( h [ 1] = 0 , for causal system)

Thus, statement 1 is true.

H (z)

z z1

Y (z) = H (z) X (z)

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 543

Inverse z -transform Statement 3 is also true. y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n] z H (z) = z1 System pole lies at unit circle z = 1, so the system is not BIBO stable.
SOL 6.2.52

= a z ka z k = 2z z z 1 z 0.5 z 1 z 0.5

By partial fraction

Option (C) is correct. (P " 3) ROC is exterior to the circle passing through outer most pole at z = 1.2 , so it is causal. ROC does not include unit circle, therefore it is unstable. (Q " 1) ROC is not exterior to the circle passing through outer most pole at z = 1.2 , so it is non causal. But ROC includes unit circle, so it is stable. (R " 2), ROC is not exterior to circle passing through outermost pole z = 0.8 , so it is not causal. ROC does not include the unit circle, so it is unstable also. (S " 4), ROC contains unit circle and is exterior to circle passing through outermost pole, so it is both causal and stable. P (z 0.9) z 0.9 + Pz P (z 0.9) z 0.9 = = P 1 + P f z 0.9 p (1 + P) z 0.9 1+P 0. 9 Pole at z = 1+P For stability pole lies inside the unit circle, so z <1 0. 9 < 1 or 1+P 0.9 < 1 + P P > 0.1 or P < 1.9 H (z) = Option (D) is correct.

SOL 6.2.53

SOL 6.2.54

Option (A) is correct. For a system to be causal and stable, H (z) must not have any pole outside the unit circle z = 1. z 1 z 1 2 S1 : H (z) = 2 1 2 3 = z 1 h^z + 3 h z + 2 z 16 ^ 4 4 Poles are at z = 1/4 and z = 3/4 , so it is causal. z+1 S2 : H (z) = z + 4 h^1 1 z3h ^ 2 3 one pole is at z = 4/3 , which is outside the unit circle, so it is not causal. S 3 : one pole is at z = 3, so it is also non-causal. Option (B) is correct. Comparing the given system realization with the generic first order direct form II realization

SOL 6.2.55

Page 544

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Difference equation for above realization is y [n] + a1 y [n 1] = b 0 x [n] + b1 x [n 1] Here a1 = 2, b1 = 3, b 0 = 4 So y [n] 2y [n 1] = 4x [n] + 3x [n 1] Taking z -transform on both sides Y (z) 2z1 Y (z) = 4X (z) + 3z1 X (z) Transfer function 1 Y (z) H (z) = = 4 + 3z1 = 4z + 3 z2 X (z) 1 2z
SOL 6.2.56

Option (A) is correct. The z -transform of each system response H1 (z) = 1 + 1 z1, H2 (z) = z 1 2 z 2 The overall system function H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) 1 ^z + 2 h 1 z1 z = = b1 + 2 lb z 1 l ^z 1 h 2 2 Input, x [n] = cos (n) 1 + 1 2 So, z = 1 and H (z = 1) = =1 3 1 1 2 Output of system y [n] = H (z = 1) x [n] = 1 cos n 3 Option (B) is correct. From the given block diagram Y (z) = z1 X (z) + z1 Y (z) Y (z) (1 z1) = z1 X (z) Transfer function 1 Y (z) = z 1 X (z) 1 z For stability poles at z = 1 must be inside the unit circle. So < 1 or 1 < < 1 ***********

SOL 6.2.57

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 545

SOLUTIONS 6.3

SOL 6.3.1

Option (A) is correct. X+ (z) =

n=0

/ x [n] zn = / [n 2] zn = z2
n=0

n = 3

/ f [ n] [ n n ] = f [ n ]
0 0

SOL 6.3.2

Option (D) is correct. X+ (z) =

n=0

/ x [n] zn = / zn = 1 1z1
n=0

SOL 6.3.3

Option (D) is correct. X (z) =

n = 3

/ x [n] zn = / [n k] zn = zk, z ! 0
n = 3

ROC : We can find that X (z) converges for all values of z except z = 0 , because at z = 0 X (z) " 3.
SOL 6.3.4

Option (D) is correct. X (z) =

n = 3

/ x [n] zn = / [n + k] zn = zk , all z
n = 3

ROC : We can see that above summation converges for all values of z .
SOL 6.3.5

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = =

n = 3 3 n

/ x [n] zn = / u [n] zn
n = 3

S I ROC : Summation I converges if z > 1, because when z < 1, then

n=0

/z

= 1 1 1z

/z
n=0

" 3.

SOL 6.3.6

Option (D) is correct. X (z) = = =

/ x [n] z
n = 3 3

n = 3 4 n=0

1 n n b 4 l (u [n] u [n 5]) z
n

1 44 2 44 3 I 1 ^ 1 z1h5 z5 (0.25) 5 4 , all z = = 4 1 ^ 1 z1h z (z 0.5) 4

/ b 1 z1l 4

u [n] u [n 5] = 1, for 0 # n # 4

Page 546

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

ROC : Summation I converges for all values of z because n has only four value.
SOL 6.3.7

Option (D) is correct. X (z) =

/ x [n] z
n = 3 0 3

/
n = 3

1 n n b 4 l u [ n] z

0 n = / b 1 z1 l = / ^4z hn 4 n = 3 n = 3

m=0

14 243 I

1 / (4z) m = 1 4z ,

z <1 4

Taking n " m ,

ROC : Summation I converges if 4z < 1 or z < 1 . 4

SOL 6.3.8

Option (B) is correct. X (z) = = =

/ x [ n] z
n = 3 1 n = 3 1 3

/ (3z1) n = / b 1 z l 3
n=1

n = 3 3

/ 3 u [ n 1] z
n n

u [ n 1] = 1, n # 1

14 24 3 4 I 4 z <3
1 3

z = z , 3z 1 1z 3

ROC : Summation I converges when

SOL 6.3.9

z < 1 or z < 3

Option (B) is correct. X (z) = =

/ x [n] z
n = 3 1

/
n = 3 3 n=0

2 n n b3l z
n

n = 3

2 n b3l z +

/ b 2 l zn 3

In first summation taking n = m , 3 3 m n X (z) = / b 2 l zm + / b 2 l zn 3 3 m=1 n=0 =

m=1

14 24 3 4 I 4
2 3

/ b2zl 3

n=0

1 44 2 44 3 II

/ b 2 z1l 3

z 1 + 1 2 z h ^1 2 z1h ^ 3 3 1 1 = 1 3 1 + ^1 2 z h ^1 2 z h 3 3 ROC : Summation I converges if 2 z < 1 or z < 2 and summation II converges if 3 2 1 3 < 1 or z > 2 . ROC of X (z) would be intersection of both, that is 2 < z < 2 3z 3 3 =
SOL 6.3.10

Option (B) is correct. j^ x [n] = cos a n k u [n] = e 3

hn

+ ej^ 2

hn

u [ n]

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 547

= 1 e j^ 2

hn

u [n] + 1 ej^ 2
j 3

hn

u [ n]
j 3

1 1 X [z] = 1 + 2 >1 e z1 1 e z1 H 1 4 2 4 3 1 44 2 44 3 4 I 4 II
j 3 j 3 j 3 j 3

a n u [ n]

1 , 1 az1

z > a

2 z1 6e + e @ 1 , = > 2 1 z1 ^e + e h + z2 H (2z 1) =z 2 , 2 (z z + 1) z >1

z >1

ROC : First term in X (z) converges for z > e converges for

SOL 6.3.11

j 3

& z > 1. Similarly II term also

z > e

j 3

& z > 1, so ROC would be simply z > 1.

Option (B) is correct. x [n] = 3 [n + 5] + 6 [n] + [n 1] 4 [n 2] X [z] = 3z5 + 6 + z1 4z2, [n ! n 0] z! n 0< z <3 ROC : X (z) is finite over entire z plane except z = 0 and z = 3 because when z = 0 negative power of z becomes infinite and when z " 3 the positive powers of z tends to becomes infinite.
0

SOL 6.3.12

Option (D) is correct. x [n] = 2 [n + 2] + 4 [n + 1] + 5 [n] + 7 [n 1] + [n 3] X (z) = 2z2 + 4z + 5 + 7z1 + z3, 0 < z < 3 ROC is same as explained in previous question. [n ! n 0]
Z

z! n

SOL 6.3.13

Option (B) is correct. x [n] = [n] [n 2] + [n 4] [n 5] X (z) = 1 z2 + z4 z5, z ! 0 [n ! n 0] z! n ROC : X (z) has only negative powers of z , therefore transform X (z) does not converges for z = 0 .
0

SOL 6.3.14

Option (A) is correct. Using partial fraction expansion, X (z) can be simplified as 2 1 3z1 X (z) = 2 z 3z = 3 z + 2 z 1 1 + 3 z1 z2 2 (1 3z1) (1 + 2z1) (1 1 z1) 2 = 2 1 1 + 2z1 1 1 z1 2 S 14243 I
II 1 2

Poles are at z = 2 and z = . We obtain the inverse z -transform using relationship between the location of poles and region of convergence as shown in the figure.

Page 548

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

ROC : 1 < z < 2 has a radius less than the pole at z = 2 therefore the I term of 2 X (z) corresponds to a left sided signal Z 2 (left-sided signal) 2 (2) n u [ n 1] 1 1 + 2z While, the ROC has a greater radius than the pole at z = 1 , so the second term of 2 X (z) corresponds to a right sided sequence. Z 1 u [ n] 1 (right-sided signal) 1 1 2n 1 2z So, the inverse z -transform of X (z) is x [n] = 2 (2) n u [ n 1] 1n u [n] 2
1 1

SOL 6.3.15

Option (A) is correct. Using partial fraction expansion X (z) can be simplified as follows 3 1 z1 3z2 1 z 4 X (z) = 2 4 = z 16 1 16z1
32 + 1 + 4z1 1 4z1 Poles are at z = 4 and z = 4 . Location of poles and ROC is shown in the figure below

49 32

47

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 549

ROC : z > 4 has a radius greater that the pole at z = 4 and z = 4 , therefore both the terms of X (z) corresponds to right sided sequences. Taking inverse z transform we have x [n] = : 49 ( 4) n + 47 4nD u [n] 32 32
SOL 6.3.16

Option (C) is correct. Using partial fraction expansion X (z) can be simplified as 4 3 2 X (z) = 2z 22z 2z z 1 1 2 = ;2 2z 22z E z2 1 z = ;2 + 1 1 + 11 E z2 1+z 1z Poles are at z = 1 and z = 1. Location of poles and ROC is shown in the following figure

ROC : z > 1 has radius grater than both the poles at z = 1 and z = 1, therefore both the terms in X (z) corresponds to right sided sequences. Z 1 (right-sided) ( 1) n u [n] 1 + z1 Z 1 (right-sided) u [ n] 1 z1 Now, using time shifting property the complete inverse z -transform of X (z) is x [n] = 2 [n + 2] + (( 1) n 1) u [n + 2]
1 1

SOL 6.3.17

Option (A) is correct. We have, X (z) = 1 + 2z6 + 4z8, z > 0 Taking inverse z -transform we get x [n] = [n] + 2 [n 6] + 4 [n 8] Option (B) is correct. Since x [n] is right sided, x [n] =
k=5

zn

Z1

[n n 0]

SOL 6.3.18

1 / k [n k]

10

zn

Z1

[n n 0]

Page 550
SOL 6.3.19

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (D) is correct. We have, X (z) = (1 + z1) 3 z >0 = 1 + 3z1 + 3z2 + z3 , Since x [n] is right sided signal, taking inverse z -transform we have x [n] = [n] + 3 [n 1] + 3 [n 2] + [n 3] zn
0

Z1

[n n 0]

SOL 6.3.20

Option (A) is correct. We have, X (z) = z6 + z2 + 3 + 2z3 + z4, z > 0 Taking inverse z transform we get x [n] = [n + 6] + [n + 2] + 3 [n] + 2 [n 3] + [n 4] Option (A) is correct. 1 , z >1 2 1 1 z2 4 The power series expansion of X (z) with z > 1 or 2 2 2 2 2 3 X (z) = 1 + z + b z l + b z l + ....... 4 4 4 X (z) = =
k=0

SOL 6.3.21

1 2 4

< 1 is written as

/b1z 4

l =
k

k=0

/b1l z 4
k

2k

, Series converges for

1 2 4

< 1 or z >
Z1

1 2

Taking inverse z -transform we get 3 k x [n] = / b 1 l [n 2k] 4

k=0

z2k

[n 2k]

1 , = *b 4 l 0, 2n, =* 0,
SOL 6.3.22

n 2

n even and n $ 0 n odd n even and n $ 0 n odd

Option (C) is correct. 1 X (z) = z <1 1 2 , 2 1 4z Since ROC is left sided so power series expansion of X (z) will have positive powers of z , we can simplify above expression for positive powers of z as 2 X (z) = 4z 2 , z < 1 2 1 (2z) The power series expansion of X (z) with z < 1 or 4z2 < 1 is written as 2 X (z) = 4z2 [1 + (2z) 2 + (2z) 4 + (2z) 6 + .......] X (z) = 4z2
3

/ ^2z h
k=0

2k

= / 22 (k + 1) z2 (k + 1)
k=0 Z1

Taking inverse z -transform, we get x [n] = / 22 (k + 1) [n + 2 (k + 1)]

k=0

z2 (k + 1)

[n + 2 (k + 1)]

Chapter 6
SOL 6.3.23

The Z Transform

Page 551

Option (A) is correct. Using Taylors series expansion for a right-sided signal, we have 2 3 4 ln (1 + ) = + + ....... 2 3 4 =
k=1

/ ( 1) k
3

k1

() k

X (z) = ln (1 + z1) 3 ( 1) k 1 1 k (z ) =/ k k=1 Taking inverse z -transform we get 3 ( 1) k 1 x [n] = / [n k ] k k=1

SOL 6.3.24

zk

Z1

[n k]

Option (B) is correct. We know that,

2 4 6 8 cos = 1 + + .......... 2! 4! 6! 8!

= Thus,

k=0

/ ((2k1))!
3

2k / ((2k1))!
3 k

X (z) = cos (z3) =

(z3) 2k ,

k=0

z >0

Taking inverse z -transform we get 3 ( 1) k x [n] = / [n 6k] k = 0 (2k) ! Now for n = 12 we get, 12 6k = 0 & k = 2 ( 1) 2 Thus, x [12] = = 1 24 4!
SOL 6.3.25

Option (D) is correct. From the given pole-zero pattern Az , X (z) = 1 ^z 3 h^z 2h

A " Some constant

Using partial fraction expansion, we write X (z) , and are constants. = 1+ z z 3 z2 ...(i) + 1 1 z1h ^1 2z1h ^ 3 4 II 4 14 24 3 14 24 3 4 I 4 1 Poles are at z = 3 and z = 2 . We obtain the inverse z -transform using relationship between the location of poles and region of convergence as shown in following figures. X (z) =

Page 552

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

ROC : z > 2

ROC is exterior to the circle passing through right most pole so both the term in equation (i) corresponds to right sided sequences n x1 [n] = b 1 l u [n] + (2) n u [n] 3 ROC : 1 < z < 2 3

Since ROC has greater radius than the pole at z = 1 , so first term in equation (i) 3 corresponds to right-sided sequence n z b 1 l u [n] 1 1 3 ^1 3 z h
1

(right-sided)

ROC z < 2 has radius less than the pole at z = 2 , so the second term in equation (i) corresponds to left sided sequence. z (2) n u [n 1] (1 2z1)
1

(left-sided)

So,

n x2 [n] = b 1 l u [n] + (2) n u [n 1] 3

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 553

ROC : z < 1 3

ROC is left side to both the poles of X (z), so they corresponds to left sided signals. n x 3 [n] = b 1 l u [ n 1] + (2) n u [ n 1] 3 All gives the same z -transform with different ROC so, all are the solution.
SOL 6.3.26

Option (C) is correct. The z -transform of all the signal is same given as 1 1 X (z) = 1 2z1 1 1 z1 2 Poles are at z = 2 and z = 1 . Now consider the following relationship between ROC 2 and location of poles. 1. Since x1 [n] is right-sided signal, so ROC is region in z -plane having radius greater than the magnitude of largest pole. So, z > 2 and z > 1 gives R1 : 2 z >2 2. 3. Since x2 [n] is left-sided signal, so ROC is the region inside a circle having radius equal to magnitude of smallest pole. So, z < 2 and z < 1 gives R2 : z < 1 2 2 Since x 3 [n] is double sided signal, So ROC is the region in z -plane such as z > 1 and z < 2 which gives R 3 : 1 < z < 2 2 2

SOL 6.3.27

Option (B) is correct.

1 1 ^1 1 z h^1 + 1 z h 2 3 2 = + 1 1 1 z1 1 + 1 z1 2 3 X (z) has poles at z = 1 and z = 1 , we consider the different ROCs and location 2 3 of poles to obtain the inverse z -transform. 1. ROC z > 1 is exterior to the cicle which passes through outtermost pole, so 2 both the terms in equation (i) contributes to right sided sequences. n x [n] = 2 u [ n] b 1 l u [ n] n 3 2

We have

X (z) =

1 + 7 z1 6

Page 554

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

2.

3.

ROC z < 1 is interior to the circle passing through left most poles, so both 3 the terms in equation (i) corresponds to left sided sequences. n 2 x [n] = ;n + b 1 l E u [ n 1] 3 2 1 1 ROC 3 < z < 2 is interior to the circle passing through pole at z = 1 so the 2 first term in equation (i) corresponds to a right sided sequence, while the ROC is exterior to the circle passing through pole at z = 1 , so the second term 3 corresponds to a left sided sequence. Therefore, inverse z -transform is n x [n]= 2 u [ n 1] b 1 l u [n] n 3 2

SOL 6.3.28

Option (A) is correct. The location of poles and the ROC is shown in the figure. Since the ROC includes the point z = 3 , ROC is 1 < z < 1 2 4

A B 1 1 + 1 2z 1 + z1 ROC is exterior to the pole at z = 1 , so this term corresponds to a right-sided 2 sequence, while ROC is interior to the pole at z = 1 so the second term corresponds to a left sided sequence. Taking inverse z -transform we get x [n] = A u [n] + B ( 1) n u [ n 1] 2n For n = 1, x [1] = A (1) + B # 0 = 1 & A = 1& A = 2 2 2 For n = 1, x [ 1] = A # 0 + B ( 1) = 1 & B = 1 1 So, x [n] = n 1 u [n] ( 1) n u [ n 1] 2 X (z) =
SOL 6.3.29

Option (B) is correct. Let, x [n] = Cpn u [n] x [0] = 2 = C x [2] = 1 = 2p2 & p = 1 , 2 2 n So, x [n] = 2 b 1 l u (n) 2

(right-sided sequence having a single pole)

Chapter 6
SOL 6.3.30

The Z Transform

Page 555

Option (D) is correct. 3 1 n n X (z) = / b 1 z1 l + / b 1 z1 l 2 4 n=0 n = 3 =

n=0

1 44 2 44 3 I

/ b 1 z1l 2

/ (4z) m
m=1

14 243 II

1 1 1 z1 1 1 z1 1 2 4

ROC : Summation I converges if 1 z1 < 1 or z > 1 and summation II converges 2 2 if 4z < 1 or z < 1 . ROC would be intersection of both which does not exist. 4
SOL 6.3.31

Option (C) is correct. x [n] x [n 2]

Z

z2 , ROC z < 4 z 16 2 1 = z2 c 2 z z 16 m z2 16
2

(Time shifting property)

SOL 6.3.32

Option (B) is correct. x [n] 1 x [n] 2n

Z

z2 , ROC z < 4 z 16 2 (2z) 2 = 2z 2 (2z) 16 z 4

2

(Scaling in z -domain)

SOL 6.3.33

Option (C) is correct. x [n] x [ n] x [ n] * x [n]

Z

z2 , ROC z < 4 z 16 1 (z )2 1 2 ( z ) 16 1 (z )2 z2 = 1 2 G; 2 ( z ) 16 z 16 E z2 2 257z 16z 4 16

2

(Time reversal property) (Time convolution property)

SOL 6.3.34

Option (A) is correct. x [n] nx [n]

Z

z2 , ROC z < 4 z 16 2 z d 2 z dz z 16 32z2 2 (z 16) 2

2 Z Z Z Z

(Differentiation in z -domain)

SOL 6.3.35

Option (B) is correct. x [n] x [n + 1] x [n 1] x [n + 1] + x [n 1] z2 , ROC z < 4 z2 16 zX (z) z1 X (z) (z + z1) X (z)

(Time shifting) (Time shifting) (Linearity)

Page 556

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

z ^z2h + z1 ^z2h z (z2 + 1) = 2 z2 16 z 16

SOL 6.3.36

Option (D) is correct. x [n] x [ n 3] x [n] * x [n 3]

Z

z2 , ROC z < 4 z 16 2 1 = 2z z3 c 2 z z 16 m z 16 z2 z1 c z2 16 mc z2 16 m z (z2 16) 2

2 Z1 Z
1

(Time shifting property) (Time convolution property)

SOL 6.3.37

Option (C) is correct. We have, X (z) X (2z) 3 n n 2 u [n] 1 3 n n 2 u [n] " , 2n 3 n n 2 u [n] 3( n) ( n) 2 u [ n] 3n n2 u [ n] 3 n n 2 u [n] nx [n] (n 1) x [n 1] (n 1) x [n 1] (n 1) 3 3n 1 u [n 1] 1 x [n + 2] 2 1 x [n 2] 2 1 (x [n + 2] x [n 2]) 2 3 n n 2 u [n] x [n ] * x [n ] (Time convolution) (Time shifting) (Time shifting) (Linearity) (Differentiation in z -domain) (Time shifting) dX (z) z1 : z d X (z)D = dz dz (Time reversal) (Scaling in z -domain)

SOL 6.3.38

Option (B) is correct. X (z) Xb 1 l z Option (C) is correct. X (z) z d X (z) dz z1 : z d X (z)D dz dX (z) dz
Z1 Z
1

Z1 Z1 Z1

SOL 6.3.39

Z1

So,

Z1 Z1 Z1

(n 1) 3n 1 (n 1) 2 u [n 1]

SOL 6.3.40

Option (A) is correct. 1 z2 X (z) 2 1 z2 X (z) 2 2 z z2 X (z) 2 Option (B) is correct. X (z) X (z) X (z)

Z1

Z1

Z1

SOL 6.3.41

Z1 Z
1

Chapter 6
SOL 6.3.42

The Z Transform

Page 557

Option (A) is correct.

1 2 1 X (z) = 1 + z z , Y (z) = 1 3z 8 4 4 2 5 3 Y (z) 3 H (z) = = + X (z) 1 + 1 z1 1 1 z1 2 4 For a causal system impulse response is obtained by taking right-sided inverse z -transform of transfer function H (z). Therefore, n n h [n] = 1 ;5 b 1 l 2 b 1 l E u [n] 3 2 4

SOL 6.3.43

Option (D) is correct. We have x [n] = ( 3) n u [n] n and y [n] = ;4 (2) n b 1 l E u [n] 2 Taking z transform of above we get 1 X (z) = 1 + 3z1 4 1 3 and Y (z) = = 1 2z1 1 1 z1 (1 2z1) (1 1 z1) 2 2 Thus transfer function is Y (z) H (z) = = 10 + 7 X (z) 1 2z1 1 1 z1 2 For a causal system impulse response is obtained by taking right-sided inverse z -transform of transfer function H (z). Therefore, n h [n] = ;10 (2) n 7 b 1 l E u [n] 2 Option (D) is correct. We have h [ n] = ( 1 ) n u [n] 2 and y [n] = 2 [n 4] Taking z -transform of above we get 1 H (z) = 1 1 z1 2 and Y (z) = 2z4 Y (z) Now X (z) = = 2z4 z5 H (z) Taking inverse z -transform we have x [n] = 2 [n 4] [n 5] Option (C) is correct. We have, y [n] = x [n] x [n 2] + x [n 4] x [n 6] Taking z -transform we get Y (z) = X (z) z2 X (z) + z4 X (z) z6 X (z) Y (z) or H (z) = = (1 z2 + z4 z6) X (z)

SOL 6.3.44

SOL 6.3.45

Page 558

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Taking inverse z -transform we have h [n] = [n] [n 2] + [n 4] [n 6]

SOL 6.3.46

Option (A) is correct.

n1 h [n] = 3 b 1 l u [n 1] 4 4 Taking z -transform we get 3 1 z Y (z) H (z) = = 4 1 1 X (z) 1 4 z 1 z1 Y (z) = 3 z1 X (z) or, Y (z) 4 4 Taking inverse z -transform we have y [n] 1 y [n 1] = 3 x [n 1] 4 4

We have

^4h

1 n1

u [ n 1]

z1 c

1 o 1 1 z1 m 4

SOL 6.3.47

Option (A) is correct. We have, h [n] = [n] [n 5] Taking z -transform we get Y (z) H (z) = = 1 z5 X (z) or Y (z) = X (z) z5 X (z) Taking inverse z -transform we get y [n] = x [n] x [n 5] Option (A) is correct. Taking z transform of all system we get Y1 (z) = 0.2z1 Y (z) + X (z) 0.3z1 X (z) + 0.02z2 X (z) Y (z) 1 0.3z1 + 0.02z2 H1 (z) = 1 = X (z) 1 0.2z1 1 (1 0.2z ) (1 0.1z1) = = (1 0.1z1) 1 (1 0.2z ) Y2 (z) = X (z) 0.1z1 X (z) Y (z) H2 (z) = 2 = (1 0.1z1) X (z) Y3 (z) = 0.5z1 Y (z) + 0.4X (z) 0.3z1 X (z) Y (z) 0.4 0.3z1 H 3 (z) = 3 = X (z) 1 0.5z1 H1 (z) = H2 (z), so y1 and y2 are equivalent. Option (B) is correct. 1 1 + 1 2z1 1 + 1 z1 2 Poles of H (z) are at z = 2 and z = 1 . Since h [n] is stable, so ROC includes unit 2 circle z = 1 and for the given function it must be 1 < z < 2 . The location of 2 poles and ROC is shown in the figure below We have H (z) =

SOL 6.3.48

SOL 6.3.49

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 559

Consider the following two cases : 1. ROC is interior to the circle passing through pole at z = 2 , so this term corresponds to a left-sided signal. Z 1 (left-sided) (2) n u [ n 1] 1 1 2z 2. ROC is exterior to the circle passing through pole at z = 1 , so this term 2 corresponds to a right-sided signal. Z 1 1 n (right-sided) b 2 l u [ n] 1 1 1+ 2z Impulse response, n h [n] = (2) n u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n] 2
1 1

SOL 6.3.50

Option (C) is correct. For anti causal signal initial value theorem is given as, x [0] = lim X (z) = lim 12 21z 2 = 12 = 4 3 z"3 z " 3 3 7z + 12z Option (B) is correct. 5z2 5z2 = z2 z 6 (z 3) (z + 2) 5 3 2 = 1 1 = 1 + (1 3z ) (1 + 2z ) 1 3z 1 + 2z1 Since h [n] is causal, therefore impulse response is obtained by taking right-sided inverse z -transform of the transfer function X (z) h [n] = [3n + 1 + 2 ( 2) n] u [n] We have H (z) =

SOL 6.3.51

SOL 6.3.52

Option (D) is correct. Zero at : z = 0 , 2 , poles at z = 1 ! 2 3 2 (i) For a causal system all the poles of transfer function lies inside the unit circle z = 1. But, for the given system one of the pole does not lie inside the unit circle, so the system is not causal and stable. (ii) Not all poles and zero are inside unit circle z = 1, the system is not minimum

Page 560

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

phase.
SOL 6.3.53

Option (A) is correct. 27 3 8 8 X (z) = + 1 1 z1 1 3z1 3 Poles are at z = 1 and z = 3 . Since X (z) converges on z = 1, so ROC must include 3 this circle. Thus for the given signal ROC : 1 < z < 3 3 ROC is exterior to the circle passing through the pole at z = 1 so this term will 3 have a right sided inverse z -transform. On the other hand ROC is interior to the circle passing through the pole at z = 3 so this term will have a left sided inverse z -transform. n+3 x [n] = n 1 1 u [n] 3 u [ n 1] 8 3 8 Option (C) is correct.

SOL 6.3.54

Since ROC includes the unit circle z = 1, therefore the system is both stable and causal.
SOL 6.3.55

Option (C) is correct. (i) Pole of system z = 1 , 1 lies inside the unit circle z = 1, so the system is 2 3 causal and stable. (ii) Zero of system H (z) is z = 1 , therefore pole of the inverse system is at z = 1 2 2 which lies inside the unit circle, therefore the inverse system is also causal and stable.

SOL 6.3.56

Option (C) is correct. Taking z -transform on both sides Y (z) = cz1 Y (z) 0.12z2 Y (z) + z1 X (z) + z2 X (z) Transfer function, Y (z) z1 + z2 H (z) = = = 2 z+1 X (z) 1 cz1 + 0.12z2 z cz + 0.12

Chapter 6

The Z Transform
2 Poles of the system are z = c ! c 0.48 . 2 For stability poles should lie inside the unit circle, so z < 1

Page 561

c ! c2 0.48 < 1 2 Solving this inequality, we get c < 1.12 .

SOL 6.3.57

SOL 6.3.58

Option (C) is correct. Writing the equation from given block diagram we have [2Y (z) + X (z)] z2 = Y (z) 1 1 2 4 4 or + H (z) = z 2 = 1 + 2 1 2 z1 1 + 2 z1 1 2z Taking inverse laplace transform we have h [n] = 1 [n] + 1 {( 2 ) n + ( 2 ) n} u [n] 2 4 Option (D) is correct. Y (z) = X (z) z1 {Y (z) z1 + Y (z) z2} Y (z) z1 z = = X (z) 1 + z1 + z2 z2 + z + 1 So this is a solution but not unique. Many other correct diagrams can be drawn.

***********

SOLUTIONS 6.4

SOL 6.4.1

Option (C) is correct. z -transform of x [n] X (z) = =

/ x [n] zn
n = 3 3 n=0

n = 3

/ n u [n] zn

/ (z
3

1 n

) =

1 z 1 = z 1 z

SOL 6.4.2

Option (B) is correct. We have x [n] = X (z) =

k=0 3 k=0

/ [n k ] / x [n] zn
=
n = 3 k = 0

/ ; / [n k] znE

Since [n k] defined only for n = k so 3 1 X (z) = / zk = = z (z 1) (1 1/z) k=0

SOL 6.4.3

Option (A) is correct. We have f (nT) = anT Taking z -transform we get F (z) = =
n = 3 T n 3 n=0

/ anT zn

n = 3

/ (aT ) n zn

/ ba z

l =

z z aT

SOL 6.4.4 SOL 6.4.5

Option ( ) is correct. Option (A) is correct. x [n] = bn u [n] + bn u [ n 1] z -transform of x [n] is given as X (z) = = = X (z) =

/ x [n] zn
n = 3 3

n = 3 3 n n

bn u [n] zn + z +

/b
3

/b
3

n = 3

/ bn u [ n 1] zn

n n

In second summation, Let n = m

n=0

n=0

n = 3

/ bn zn + / bm zm
m=1

Chapter 6
3

The Z Transform

Page 563

n=0

/ (bz1) n + / (bz) m
m=1

14 24 3 4 I 4

14243 II

Summation I converges, if bz1 < 1 or z > b Summation II converges, if bz < 1 or z < 1 b since b < 1 so from the above two conditions ROC : z < 1.
SOL 6.4.6

Option (B) is correct. z -transform of signal an u [n] is X (z) = =

/ an u [n] zn
n = 3

/ (az1) n
n=0

u [n] = 1, n $ 0

14 24 3 4 I 4

1 z 1 = z a 1 az Similarly, z -transform of signal an u [ n 1] is X (z) =

n = 3 1

/ an u [ n 1] zn / an zn
3 n = 3 3

= Let n = m , then

a u [ n 1] = 1, n # 1

X (z) = / am zm = / (a1 z) m m=1 m=1 1 44 2 44 3 4 4 a1 z = z II = za 1 a1 z z -transform of both the signal is same. (A) is true ROC : To obtain ROC we find the condition for convergences of X (z) for both the transform. Summation I converges if a1 z < 1 or z > a , so ROC for an u [n] is z > a Summation II converges if a1 z < 1 or z < a , so ROC for an u [ n 1] is z < a . (R) is true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
SOL 6.4.7

Option (B) is correct. z - transform of x [n] is defined as X (z) =

/ x [n] zn
n = 3

/ x [n] rn ejn
n = 3

Putting z = re j

z -transform exists if X (z) < 3

/
n = 3

x [n] rn ejn < 3

or

/
n = 3

x [n] rn < 3

Thus, z -transform exists if x [n] rn is absolutely summable.

Page 564
SOL 6.4.8

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (A) is correct. n n x [n] = b 1 l u [n] b 1 l u [ n 1] 3 2 Taking z transform we have n = 1 n=3 n=3 n = 1 n n n n X (z) = / b 1 l zn / b 1 l zn = / b 1 z1 l / b 1 z1 l 3 2 3 2 n = 3 n=0 n=0 n = 3 First term gives 1 z1 < 1 " 1 < z 3 3 Second term gives 1 z1 > 1 " 1 > z 2 2 Thus its ROC is the common ROC of both terms. that is 1< z <1 3 2 Option (C) is correct. x1 [n] = ` 5 j u [n] 6 1 X1 (z) = 5 1 ^ 6 z1h n x2 [n] =` 6 j u [ n 1] 5 1 X1 (z) = 1 1 ^ 6 z1h 5 Thus ROC of x1 [n] + x2 [n] is R1 + R2 which is 5 < z < 6 6 5 Option (A) is correct. x [n] = 2 n u [ n] z -transform of x [n] Here X (z) = = =
n

SOL 6.4.9

ROC : R1 " z > 5 6

ROC : R2 " z < 6 5

SOL 6.4.10

/ x [n] zn
n = 3 3 n=0

/ 2n u [n] zn
n = 3

/ (2z1) n

= 1 + 2z1 + (2z1) 2 + ...

1 1 2z1 the above series converges if 2z1 < 1 or z > 2

SOL 6.4.11

Option (A) is correct. We have h [ n] = u [ n] H (z) = H (z) is convergent if

n=0 3

/ x [ n] z
n = 3

/ 1z
n=0

/ (z
n=0

1 n

/ (z1) n < 3

and this is possible when z1 < 1. Thus ROC is z1 < 1 or z > 1

Chapter 6
SOL 6.4.12

The Z Transform

Page 565

Option (B) is correct. (Please refer to table 6.1 of the book Gate Guide signals & Systems by same authors) Z z (A) u [n] (A " 3) z1 (B) (C) (D) sin t cos t [ n]
t = nT Z t = nT Z Z

1 z sin T z2 2z cos T + 1 z cos T 2 z 2z cos t + 1

(B " 1) (C " 4) (D " 2)

SOL 6.4.13

Option (A) is correct. Inverse z -transform of X (z) is given as x [n] = 1 # X (z) zn 1 dz 2j Option (B) is correct. H (z) = zm so h [n] = [n m] Option (C) is correct. We know that n u [n] For = 1, u [n]
Z

SOL 6.4.14

SOL 6.4.15

1 1 z1 1 1 z1

SOL 6.4.16

Option (B) is correct. 0.5 1 2z1 Since ROC includes unit circle, it is left handed system x [n] = (0.5) (2) n u [ n 1] x (0) = 0 If we apply initial value theorem x (0) = lim X (z) = lim 0.5 1 = 0.5 z"3 z " 31 2z That is wrong because here initial value theorem is not applicable because signal x [n] is defined for n < 0 . X (z) =

SOL 6.4.17

Option (B) is correct. z -transform so, Thus 1 = 1 z = 1 1 z+1 z+1 1 + z 1 f (k) = (k) ( 1) k Z 1 ( 1) k 1 + z 1 F (z) =

Page 566
SOL 6.4.18

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (C) is correct.

or

z ^2z 5 h 6 X (z) = 1 1 ^z 2 h^z 3 h 5 ^2z 6 h X (z) = = 11 + 11 1 1 z ^z 2 h^z 3 h ^z 2 h ^z 3 h z z X (z) = 1 + 1 ^z 2 h ^z 3 h S S term I term II

Using partial fraction ...(i)

Poles of X (z) are at z = 1 and z = 1 3 2 ROC : z > 1 Since ROC is outside to the outer most pole so both the terms in 2 equation (i) corresponds to right sided sequence.

So,

n n x [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [n] 2 3

(A " 4)

ROC : z < 1 :Since ROC is inside to the innermost pole so both the terms in 3 equation (i) corresponds to left sided signals.

So,

n n x [n] =b 1 l u [ n 1] b 1 l u [ n 1] 2 3

(D " 2)

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 567

ROC : 1 < z < 1 : ROC is outside to the pole z = 1 , so the second term of 2 3 3 equation (i) corresponds to a causal signal. ROC is inside to the pole at z = 1 , so 2 First term of equation (i) corresponds to anticausal signal.

n n x [n] =b 1 l u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n] (C " 1) 2 3 ROC : z < 1 & z > 1 : ROC : z < 1 is inside the pole at z = 1 so second term 2 3 3 3 of equation (i) corresponds to anticausal signal. On the other hand, ROC : z > 1 2 is outside to the pole at z = 1 , so the first term in equation (i) corresponds to a 2 causal signal.

So,

So,
SOL 6.4.19

n n x [ n ] = b 1 l u [ n ] b 1 l u [ n 1] 2 3

(B " 3)

Option (A) is correct. Given, z , z <2 (z 2) (z 3) X (z) 1 = 1 1 = z z3 z2 (z 2) (z 3) X (z) = z z z3 z2 X (z) =

By partial fraction ...(i)

or,

Page 568

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Poles of X (z) are z = 2 and z = 3 ROC : z < 2

Since ROC is inside the innermost pole of X (z), both the terms in equation (i) corresponds to anticausal signals. x [n] = 3n u [ n 1] + 2n u [ n n] = (2n 3n) u [ n 1]
SOL 6.4.20

Option (D) is correct. Given that X (z) = Residue of X (z) zn 1 z , z >a (z a) 2 at z = a is = d (z a) 2 X (z) zn 1 z = a dz z = d (z a) 2 zn 1 dz (z a) 2 z=a d zn n1 = = nz = nan 1 z=a dz z = a
1 2 1

SOL 6.4.21

Option (C) is correct.

3 , + 1 az1 1 bz1 Poles of the system are z = a , z = b ROC : a < z < b

X (z) =

ROC : a < z < b

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 569

Since ROC is outside to the pole at z = a , therefore the first term in X (z) corresponds to a causal signal. 1 Z 1 (a) n u [n] 2 1 2 1 az ROC is inside to the pole at z = b , so the second term in X (z) corresponds to a anticausal signal. 1 Z 3 1 (b) n u [ n 1] 3 1 bz1 x [n] = 1 (a) n u [n] 1 (b) n u [ n 1] 2 3 x [0] = 1 u [0] 1 u [ 1] = 1 2 3 2
1 1

SOL 6.4.22

Option (A) is correct. (z + z3) z (1 + z4) 1 = z (1 + z2) (z + z ) = (1 + z4) (1 + z2) 1 Writing binomial expansion of (1 + z2) 1 , we have X (z) = (1 + z4) (1 z2 + z4 z6 + ....) = 1 z2 + 2z4 2z6 + ... For a sequence x [n], its z -transform is X (z) = X (z) =

/ x [n] zn
n = 3

Comparing above two x [n] = [n] [n 2] + 2 [n 4] 2 [n 6] + ... = "1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, ...., x [n] has alternate zeros.
SOL 6.4.23

Option (A) is correct. Z We know that [n ! a] Z ! a 2 Given that X (z) = 5z + 4z1 + 3 Inverse z -transform x [n] = 5 [n + 2] + 4 [n 1] + 3 [n]
1

SOL 6.4.24

Option (A) is correct. X (z) = e1/z X (z) = e1/z = 1 + 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + .... z 2z 3z z -transform of x [n] is given by 3 x [1] x [2] x [3] X (z) = / x [n] zn = x [0] + + 2 + 3 + .... z z z n=0 Comparing above two 1 1 1 "x [0], x [1], x [2], x [3] ...., = '1, , , , ....1 1 2 3 1 u [ n] x [n] = n

Page 570
SOL 6.4.25

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (D) is correct. The ROC of addition or subtraction of two functions x1 [n] and x2 [n] is R1 + R2 . We have been given ROC of addition of two function and has been asked ROC of subtraction of two function. It will be same. Option (D) is correct. (A) x [n] = n u [n] X (z) = = = (B)

SOL 6.4.26

/ x [n] zn
n = 3 3 n=0

n=0

/ n zn

u [n] = 1, n $ 0

/ (z1) n
z1 < 1 or z > (A " 2)

1 , 1 z1
3

x [n] = n u [ n 1] X (z) = =

n = 3 1

/ n u [ n 1] zn / n zn
u [ n 1] = 1, n # 1
3

Let n = m ,

X (z) = /
m=1

n = 3 3 m m

z = / (1 z) m
m=1

1 = z , 1 1z 1 , = (1 z1)

1 z < 1 or z < z < (B " 3)

(C) We have,

x [n] = nn u [ n 1]
Z

n u [ n 1]

1 , (1 z1)

z <

From the property of differentiation in z -domain Z z < z d : 1 1 D, nn u [ n 1] dz 1 z Z z1 , z < (1 z1) 2 (D) We have, x [n] = nn u [n] Z 1 , z > n u [n] (1 z1)

(C " 4)

From the property of differentiation in z -domain Z 1 , z > z d ; nn u [n] dz (1 z1)E Z z1 , z > (1 z1) 2

(D " 1)

Chapter 6
SOL 6.4.27

The Z Transform

Page 571

Option (C) is correct. We know that, a n u [n]

Z

z za z2 z za

(A " 3)

From time shifting property an 2 u [n 2]

Z

(B " 4)

From the property of scaling in z -domain If, then, x [n] n x [n]

j n n Z Z

X (z) Xa z k (C " 2)

z j ae j k so = ze (e ) a j z ze a ae j a k From the property of differentiation in z -domain Z z If, a n u [n] za

Z

then,
SOL 6.4.28

nan u [n]

d z = az dz a z a k (z a) 2

(D " 1)

Given that, z transform of x [n] is X (z) = z -transform of {x [n] e

/ x [n] zn
n = 3

j0 n

Y (z) =

/ x [n] e j n zn
0

n = 3
j0

/ x [n] (zej ) n
0

n = 3

= X (zl) zl = ze so,
SOL 6.4.29 SOL 6.4.30

Y (z) = X (zej )
0

Option (A) is correct. Option (C) is correct. The convolution of a signal x [n] with unit step function u [n] is given by y [n] = x [n] * u [n] = Taking z -transform Y (z) = X (z) 1 1 z1

/ x [k ]
k=0

SOL 6.4.31

Option (B) is correct. From the property of z -transform. x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]

Z

X1 (z) X2 (z)

Page 572
SOL 6.4.32

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (C) is correct. Given z transform z1 (1 z4) 4 (1 z1) 2 Applying final value theorem lim f (n) = lim (z 1) f (z) C (z) =
n"3 z"1

SOL 6.4.33

z1 (1 z4) z"1 z"1 4 (1 z1) 2 z1 (1 z4) (z 1) = lim z"1 4 (1 z1) 2 z1 z4 (z 4 1) (z 1) = lim z"1 4z2 (z 1) 2 2 z3 (z 1) (z + 1) (z + 1) (z 1) = lim z"1 4 (z 1) 2 3 = lim z (z + 1) (z2 + 1) = 1 z"1 4 Option (C) is correct. H1 (z) = 1 + 1.5z1 z2 2 z = 1 + 3 12 = 2z + 32 2 2z z 2z Poles z2 = 0 & z = 0 zeros (2z2 + 3z 2) = 0 & bz 1 l (z + 2) = 0 & z = 1 , z = 2 2 2 lim (z 1) F (z) = lim (z 1) zeros of the two systems are identical. Option (D) is correct. Taking z -transform on both sides of given equation. z3 Y (z) + 6z2 Y (z) + 11zY (z) + 6Y (z) = z2 R (z) + 9zR (z) + 20R (z) Transfer function 2 Y (z) = 3 z +29z + 20 R (z) z + 6z + 11z + 6 Option (A) is correct. Characteristic equation of zI A = 0 z zI A = > 0
2

SOL 6.4.34

SOL 6.4.35

the system 0 1 z 1 0 H > H = > z + H z

zI A = z (z + ) + = 0 z + z + = 0 In the given options, only option (A) satisfies this characteristic equation. c [k + 2] + c [k + 1] + c [k] = u [k] z2 + z + = 0

Chapter 6
SOL 6.4.36

The Z Transform

Page 573

Option (B) is correct. We can see that the given impulse response is decaying exponential, i.e. h [n] = an u [n], 0 < a < 1 z -transform of h [n] H (z) = z za Pole of the transfer function is at z = a , which is on real axis between 0 < a < 1. Option (A) is correct. y [n] + y [n 1] = x [n] x [n 1] Taking z -transform Y (z) + z1 Y (z) = X (z) z1 X (z) (1 z1) Y (z) = (1 + z1)

SOL 6.4.37

which has a linear phase response.

SOL 6.4.38

Option (A) is correct. For the linear phase response output is the delayed version of input multiplied by a constant. y [n] = kx [n n 0] kX (z) Y (z) = kzn X (z) = n z Pole lies at z = 0
0 0

SOL 6.4.39

Option (B) is correct. Given impulse response can be expressed in mathematical form as h [n] = [n] [n 1] + [n 2] [n 3] + .... By taking z -transform H (z) = 1 z1 + z2 z3 + z4 z5 + .... = (1 + z2 + z4 + ....) (z1 + z3 + z5 + ....) 1 2 = 1 2 z 2 = 2 z 2 z 1z 1z z 1 z 1 2 (z z) z (z 1) = 2 = = z z+1 (z 1) (z 1) (z + 1) Pole at z = 1 Option (B) is correct. Z Let Impulse response of system h [n] H (z) First consider the case when input is unit step. Input, x1 [n] = u [n] or X1 (z) = z (z 1) Output, y1 [n] = [n] or Y1 (z) = 1 so, Y1 (z) = X1 (z) H (z) 1 = z H (z) (z 1) (z 1) Transfer function, H (z) = z

SOL 6.4.40

Page 574

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Now input is ramp function x2 [n] = nu [n] z X2 (z) = (z 1) 2 Output, Y2 (z) = X2 (z) H (z) (z 1) = : z 2 D= = 1 (z) G (z 1) (z 1) Y2 (z) 1 (z 1)
SOL 6.4.41
Z1 Z
1

y 2 [n] u [ n 1]

Option (C) is correct. Given state equations s [n + 1] = As [n] + Bx [n] y [n] = Cs [n] + Dx [n] Taking z -transform of equation (i) zS (z) = AS (z) + BX (z) S (z) 6zI A@ = BX (z) S (z) = (zI A) 1 BX (z) Now, taking z -transform of equation (ii) Y (z) = CS (z) + DX (z) Substituting S (z) from equation (iii), we get Y (z) = C (zI A) 1 BX (z) + DX (z) Transfer function Y (z) H (z) = = C (zI A) 1 B + D X (z) Option (B) is correct. F (z) = 4z3 8z2 z + 2 F (z) = 4z2 (z 2) z (z 2) = (4z2 2) (z 2) 4z2 2 = 0 and (z 2) = 0 z = ! 1 and z = 2 2 Only one root lies outside the unit circle.

...(i) ...(ii)

I " unit matrix ...(iii)

SOL 6.4.42

SOL 6.4.43

Option (A) is correct. We know that convolution of x [n] with unit step function u [n] is given by x [n] * u [ n] =

/ x [k ]
k = 3

so y [n] = x [n] * u [n] Taking z -transform on both sides 1 Y (z) = X (z) z = X (z) (z 1) (1 z1)

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 575

Transfer function, Y (z) 1 = X (z) (1 z1) Now consider the inverse system of H (z), let impulse response of the inverse system is given by H1 (z), then we can write H (z) H1 (z) = 1 X (z) H1 (z) = = 1 z1 Y (z) (1 z1) Y (z) = X (z) Y (z) z1 Y (z) = X (z) Taking inverse z -transform y [n] y [n 1] = x [n] H (z) =
SOL 6.4.44

Option (B) is correct. y [ n ] 1 y [ n 1] = x [ n ] 2 Taking z -transform on both sides Y (z) 1 z1 Y (z) = X (z) 2 Transfer function Y (z) 1 H (z) = = X (z) 1 1 z1 2 Now, for input x [n] = k [n]Output is Y (z) = H (z) X (z) k = 1 ^1 1 z h 2 Taking inverse z -transform n n y [n] = k b 1 l u [n] = k b 1 l , 2 2

X (z) = k

n$0

SOL 6.4.45

Option (A) is correct. y [ n ] + y [ n 1] = x [ n ] For unit step response, x [n] = u [n] y [ n ] + y [ n 1] = u [ n ] Taking z -transform Y (z) + z1 Y (z) = z z1 (1 + z1) Y (z) = z (z 1) (1 + z) Y (z) = z z (z 1) z2 Y (z) = (z + 1) (z 1)

Page 576
SOL 6.4.46 SOL 6.4.47 SOL 6.4.48

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (A) is correct. Option (A) is correct. Option (A) is correct. We have h (2) = 1, h (3) = 1 otherwise h [k] = 0 . The diagram of response is as follows :

It has the finite magnitude values. So it is a finite impulse response filter. Thus S2 is true but it is not a low pass filter. So S1 is false.
SOL 6.4.49

Option (D) is correct. H (z) = We know that z z 0.2 z < 0.2 z <a

an u [ n 1] * Thus
SOL 6.4.50

1 1 az1 h [n] = (0.2) n u [ n 1]

Option (B) is correct. We have h [n] = 3 [n 3] or Taking z transform H (z) = 2z3 4 2 4 X (z) = z + z 2z + 2 3z Now Y (z) = H (z) X (z) = 2z3 (z 4 + z2 2z + 2 3z4) = 2 (z + z1 2z2 + 2z3 3z7) Taking inverse z transform we have y [n] = 2 [ [n + 1] + [n 1] 2 [n 2] + 2 [n 3] 3 [n 7]] At n = 4 , y [4] = 0 Option (A) is correct. z -transform of x [n] is X (z) = 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3 Transfer function of the system H (z) = 3z - 1 2 Output Y (z) = H (z) X (z) = (3z1 2) (4z3 + 3z1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3) = 12z4 + 9z2 + 6z1 18z + 6z2 8z3 6z1 4 + 12z2 4z3 = 12z4 8z3 + 9z2 4 18z + 18z2 4z3

SOL 6.4.51

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 577

Or sequence y [n] is y [n] = 12 [n 4] 8 [n 3] + 9 [n 2] 4 [n] 18 [n + 1] + 18 [n + 2] 4 [n + 3] y [n] = 0 , n < 0 Y So y [n] is non-causal with finite support.
SOL 6.4.52 SOL 6.4.53

Option ( ) is correct. Option (C) is correct. Impulse response of given LTI system. h [n] = x [n 1] ) y [n] Taking z -transform on both sides. H (z) = z1 X (z) Y (z) x [n 1] 1 2 We have X (z) = 1 3z and Y (z) = 1 + 2z So H (z) = z1 (1 3z1) (1 + 2z2) Output of the system for input u [n] = [n 1] is , Z y (z) = H (z) U (z) U [n] So Y (z) = z1 (1 3z1) (1 + 2z2) z1 = z2 (1 3z1 + 2z2 6z3) = z2 3z3 + 2z4 6z5 Taking inverse z-transform on both sides we have output. y [n] = [n 2] 3 [n 3] + 2 [n 4] 6 [n 5]

z1 x (z)

U (z) = z1

SOL 6.4.54

Option (D) is correct. H (z) = (1 az1) We have to obtain inverse system of H (z). Let inverse system has response H1 (z). H (z) H1 (z) = 1 1 H1 (z) = 1 = H (z) 1 az1 For stability H (z) = (1 az1), z > a but in the inverse system z < a , for stability of H1 (z). so h1 [n] = an u [ n 1] Option (C) is correct. H (z) = Pole, z z+ 1 2 1 z = 2

SOL 6.4.55

The system is stable if pole lies inside the unit circle. Thus (A) is true, (R) is false.
SOL 6.4.56

Option (A) is correct. Difference equation of the system. y [n + 2] 5y [n + 1] + 6y [n] = x [n] Taking z -transform on both sides of above equation. z2 Y (z) 5zY (z) + 6Y (z) = X (z) (z2 5z + 6) y (z) = X (z)

Page 578

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Transfer function, Y (z) 1 1 = = (z 3) (z 2) X (z) (z2 5z + 6) Roots of the characteristic equation are z = 2 and z = 3 We know that an LTI system is unstable if poles of its transfer function (roots of characteristic equation) lies outside the unit circle. Since, for the given system the roots of characteristic equation lies outside the unit circle (z = 2, z = 3) so the system is unstable. H (z) =
SOL 6.4.57

Option (C) is correct. z2 + 1 (z + 0.5) (z 0.5) Poles of the system lies at z = 0.5, z = 0.5 . Since, poles are within the unit circle, therefore the system is stable. From the initial value theorem (z2 + 1) h [0] = lim H (z) = lim z"3 z " 3(z + 0.5) (z 0.5) 1 b1 + z2 l = lim =1 0. 5 0. 5 z"3 b1 + z lb1 z l Option (D) is correct. y [n] = 2x [n] + 4x [n 1] Taking z -transform on both sides Y (z) = 2X (z) + 4z1 X (z) Transfer Function, Y (z) H (z) = = 2 + 4z1 = 2z + 4 z X (z) Pole of H (z), z = 0 Since Pole of H (z) lies inside the unit circle so the system is stable. (A) is not True. H (z) = 2 + 4z1 Taking inverse z -transform h [n] = 2 [n] + 4 [n 1] = "2, 4, Impulse response has finite number of non-zero samples. (R) is true. System function, H (z) = Option (B) is correct. For left sided sequence we have an u [ n 1] Thus or 5n u [ n 1] 5n u [ n 1]
Z Z

SOL 6.4.58

SOL 6.4.59

1 1 az1 1 1 5z1 z z5

where z < a where z < 5 where z < 5

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 579

Since ROC is z < 5 and it include unit circle, system is stable. Alternative : h [n] = 5n u [ n 1] H (z) = Let n = m, then

/ h [n] z
n = 3 3

n = 3

/5 z
3

n n

/ (5z
n = 3

1 n

H (z) =

n = 1

(5z1) m = 1

/ (5
m=0

z) m 51 z < 1 or z < 5

1 = 1 , 1 51 z = 1 5 = z 5z z5
SOL 6.4.60

Option (B) is correct. For a system to be stable poles of its transfer function H (z) must lie inside the unit circle. In inverse system poles will appear as zeros, so zeros must be inside the unit circle. Option (C) is correct. (Please refer to the section 6.7, page 439 of the book GATE GUIDE Signals & Systems by the same authors.) An LTI discrete system is said to be BIBO stable if its impulse response h [n] is summable, that is
n = 3

SOL 6.4.61

/ h [ n] < 3
H (z) =

z -transform of h [n] is given as

/ h [n] zn
n = 3 3

Let z = e

(which describes a unit circle in the z -plane), then H (z) = = =

/ h [n] ejn
n = 3 3

/ /

h [n] ejn h [ n] < 3

n = 3 3 n = 3

which is the condition of stability. So LTI system is stable if ROC of its system function includes the unit circle z = 1. (A) is true. We know that for a causal system, the ROC is outside the outermost pole. For the system to be stable ROC should include the unit circle z = 1. Thus, for a system to be causal & stable these two conditions are satisfied if all the poles are within the unit circle in z -plane. (R) is false.

Page 580
SOL 6.4.62

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (B) is correct. We know that for a causal system, the ROC is outside the outermost pole. For the system to be stable ROC should include the unit circle z = 1. Thus, for a system to be causal & stable these two conditions are satisfied if all the poles are within the unit circle in z -plane. (A) is true. If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational then its ROC is bounded by poles because at poles X (z) tends to infinity. (R) is true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A). Option (C) is correct. We have H (z) = 2 3 z 1 4 1 3 z 1 + 1 z 2 8 4 1 1 = 1 1 1 + ^1 2 z h ^1 1 z h 4

SOL 6.4.63

By partial fraction

For ROC : z > 1/2

n n 1 n h [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [n], n > 0 1 = a u [n], z > a 2 4 1z Thus system is causal. Since ROC of H (z ) includes unit circle, so it is stable also. Hence S1 is True For ROC : z < 1 4 n n h [n] =b 1 l u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n], z > 1 , z < 1 2 2 4 4 System is not causal. ROC of H (z ) does not include unity circle, so it is not stable and S 3 is True.

SOL 6.4.64

Option (C) is correct. We have 2y [n] = y [n 2] 2x [n] + x [n 1] Taking z transform we get 2Y (z) = Y (z) z2 2X (z) + X (z) z1 Y (z) z1 2 or ...(i) =c X (z) 2 z2 m z ( z) or H (z) = 22 (z 2 ) It has poles at ! /2 and zero at 0 and /2 . For a stable system poles must lie inside the unit circle of z plane. Thus <1 2 or <2 But zero can lie anywhere in plane. Thus, can be of any value. Option (D) is correct. Let H1 (z) and H2 (z) are the transfer functions of systems s1 and s2 respectively. For the second order system, transfer function has the following form

SOL 6.4.65

Chapter 6

The Z Transform

Page 581

H1 (z) = az2 + bz1 + c H2 (z) = pz2 + qz1 + r Transfer function of the cascaded system H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) = (az2 + bz1 + c) (pz2 + qz1 + r) = apz4 + (aq + bp) z3 + (ar + cp) z2 + (br + qc) z1 + cr So, impulse response h [n] will be of order 4.
SOL 6.4.66

Option (B) is correct. Output is equal to input with a delay of two units, that is y (t) = x (t 2) Y (z) = z2 X (z) Transfer function, Y (z) H (z) = = z2 X (z) For the cascaded system, transfer function H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) (z 0.5) H (z) z2 = (z 0.8) 2 1 2 2 3 H2 (z) = z 0.8z = z 0.8z 1 z 0.5 1 0.5z Option (B) is correct. or or Now y [n] = x [n 1] Y (z) = z1 X (z) Y (z) = H (z) = z1 X (z) H1 (z) H2 (z) = z1 1 0.4z1 1 c 1 0.6z1 m H2 (z) = z z1 (1 0.6z1) H2 (z) = (1 0.4z1)

SOL 6.4.67

SOL 6.4.68

Option (C) is correct. We have h1 [n] = [n 1] or H1 [Z ] = Z 1 and h 2 [n] = [n 2] or H2 (Z ) = Z 2 Response of cascaded system H (z ) = H1 (z ) : H2 (z ) = z1 : z2 = z3 or, h [n] = [n 3] Option (B) is correct. Let three LTI systems having response H1 (z), H2 (z) and H 3 (z) are Cascaded as showing below

SOL 6.4.69

Page 582

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Assume H1 (z) = z2 + z1 + 1 (non-causal) H2 (z) = z3 + z2 + 1 (non-causal) Overall response of the system H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) H3 (z) = (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) H3 (z) To make H (z) causal we have to take H3 (z) also causal. Let H3 (z) = z6 + z4 + 1 H (z) = (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) (z6 + z4 + 1) H (z) " causal Similarly to make H (z) unstable atleast one of the system should be unstable.
SOL 6.4.70

Option (B) is correct. 1 + az1 + bz2 1 + cz1 + dz2 + ez3 We know that number of minimum delay elements is equal to the highest power of z1 present in the denominator of H (z). No. of delay elements = 3 H (z) =

SOL 6.4.71

Option (A) is correct. From the given system realization, we can write 2 1 ^X (z) + Y (z) z a2 + Y (z) a1 z h # a 0 = Y (z) System Function Y (z) a0 = H (z) = X (z) 1 a1 z1 a2 z2 1 = 1 a1 z1 a2 z2 a0 a0 a0 Comparing with given H (z) 1 =1&a =1 0 a0 a1 = 0.7 & a1 = 0.7 a0 a2 = 0.13 & a2 = 0.13 a0 Option (B) is correct. Let, M " highest power of z1 in numerator. N " highest power of z1 in denominator Number of delay elements in direct form-I realization equals to M + N Number of delay elements in direct form-II realization equal to N . Here, M = 3 , N = 3 so delay element in direct form-I realization will be 6 and in direct form realization will be 3.

SOL 6.4.72

Chapter 6
SOL 6.4.73

The Z Transform

Page 583

Option (A) is correct. System response is given as G (z) H (z) = 1 KG (z) g [n] = [n 1] + [n 2] G (z) = z1 + z2 (z1 + z2) z+1 So H (z) = 1 2 = 2 z Kz K 1 K (z + z ) For system to be stable poles should lie inside unit circle. z #1 2 z = K ! K + 4K # 1 2 2 K ! K + 4K # 2 2 K + 4K # 2 K K2 + 4K # 4 4K + K2 8K # 4 K # 1/2 Option (B) is correct. Input-output relationship of the system y [n] = x [n] + ay [n 1] Taking z -transform Y (z) = X (z) + z1 aY (z) Transform Function, Y (z) 1 = X (z) 1 z1 a Pole of the system (1 z1 a) = 0 & z = a For stability poles should lie inside the unit circle z < 1 so a < 1. Option (D) is correct. The relation ship between Laplace transform and z -transform is given as X (s) = X (z) z = est ...(i) z = esT j We know that ...(ii) z = re and (iii) s = + j From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we can write z = re j = e( + j) T = eT e jT From above relation we can find that z = eT and = T . It is concluded that, If = 0 then z = 1, the j-axis of s -plane maps into unit circle. If < 0 , z < 1, it implies that left half of s -plane maps into inside of unit circle _ z < 1i. Similarly, if > 0 , z > 1 which implies that right half of s -plane maps into outside of unit circle.

SOL 6.4.74

SOL 6.4.75

Page 584
SOL 6.4.76

The Z Transform

Chapter 6

Option (D) is correct. The relation ship between Laplace transform and z -transform is given as X (s) = X (z) z = est ...(i) z = esT j We know that ...(ii) z = re and (iii) s = + j From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we can write z = re j = e( + j) T = eT e jT z = re j = eT e jT From above relation we can find that z = eT and = T . It is concluded that, If = 0 then z = 1, the j-axis of s -plane maps into unit circle. If < 0 , z < 1, it implies that left half of s -plane maps into inside of unit circle _ z < 1i. Similarly, if > 0 , z > 1 which implies that right half of s -plane maps into outside of unit circle. Option (C) is correct. Ideal sampler output is given by f (t) =
n=0

SOL 6.4.77

/ Kn [t nTs]

where Ts " sampling period n " integer f (t) = K 0 [n] + K1 [n 1] + K2 [n 2] + ... Z [f (t)] = K 0 + K1 z1 + K2 z2 + ... + Kn zn
SOL 6.4.78

Option (B) is correct. We know that X (s) = X (z) z = e so, z = esT ln z = sT s = ln z T Option (D) is correct. Option (C) is correct.

sT

SOL 6.4.79 SOL 6.4.80

a s2 + a2 Poles in s -domain are at s = ! ja . In z -domain poles will be at z = esT , so H (s) = z1 = ejaT and z2 = e jaT

***********