Lecture Notes Mechanics of Solids by

Lecture Notes Mechanics Of Solids By
DEFINITION
Cordinate System ( x , y , z ) or
----right hand tria
Displacement (u , v , w ) or
Stress = Linear
, stress vector (force / area)
T Stress vector = Force / Area with outward drawn normal Similarly for other plane
Newtons Law
....................... (1) is mass density
Similarly
...................... (2)
....................(3) Euler's Equation
and
Components would contribution all other components are either
to x or cross it.
Neglecting Higher order terms (No body couple)
............................(4)
Symmetry of stress tensor
eqn (1,2,3) i=1,2,3 J=1,2,3
Statics
No Body Forces
Equation of equilibrium
TRANSFORMATION
given at a point stress component on any plan
PABC Tetrahedron at point P formed by 3 surfaces parallel to coordinate axises with unit normal Let h is the height of the surface between P & ABC
Body forces along
(x1, ,x2 x3), vol =
and
i=1,2,3 are called Cauchy formulae are sufficient to define the traction on any plane.
NORMAL & SHEAR STRESSES
Let
and
are the normal & shear comps. On the oblique plan
Substitution of
i =1,2,3 j =1,2,3
Cross section =2 cm * 3 cm F = 6000N Find the normal & shear stress components on a equally inclined/plane relative to X1,X2,X3
Normal stress component
Show that
3 equations with 6 Unknowns
Displacement Components
(u , v , w ) 3 Unknowns
Stress Tensor
6 Unknowns
6 equations No. of Unknowns = 6 + 3 + 6 = 15 No. of equations = 3 + 6 =9

Need to have more equations for the unique solution Simplest Relationship (LINEAR)
Superposition Principal ( the law of independence of effects of forces ( )) is developed in the presence of effect) Each of stresses caused by each component of
) on the deformation (
(combined
Hookes Law for Isotropic Material

Two material constants. Isotropy No directional property (same in all).
Direction of principal (
) stress and Principal strain ( coincide
) must
State of stress and strain in terms of Principal components
Has same effect along 2 and 3 orthogonal directions
Youngs Modulus E
Modulus of elasticity or Youngs Modulus
Poissons Ratio
Uniaxial 1 D state of stress
Isotropy
Hooks Law in Shear
Cauchy Formula ( Transformation) we Know
Bulk Modulus
k = (Hydrostatic Stress ( Pressure) / Volumetric Strain
Equation of Equilibrium Isotropic Materials
Coupled ode not easy to solve them but are consistent and will give the Unique solution provided , we are able to integrate them.
Theories of failure Ultimate Aim DESIGN Failure material failure
Uncertainties
Material Loading ,Geometry Ignorance Mathematical limitations etc.
Simplified Criteria yielding
Theories of
Principal stress Principal strain
are extremum
1. Maximum-Principal Stress Theory
2. Maximum-Principal Strain Theory
In case of compressive state of stress
3. Maximum Shear Stress Theory
is called Tresca theory useful for ductile material--- cup and cone in simple tension 450
Tresca theory fails in hydro static state of stresses
4. Total strain energy theory --( Beltrami & Haigh)
5. Shear or Distortion Strain Energy Theory
Energy Method
First law of thermodynamics
Adiabatic Process Work of Gravity << External force change of internal energy of the material resulting from the surface Then
traction andbody force (no gravity) elastic material and without hysteresis
body will perform the equal but opposite work in the surrounding during the Unloading process.
Energy stored in the body as a result of deformation which is equal to the external work done.
Strain energy due to Normal stress
Strain energy due to shear stress
Similarly by other components of stresses Super position
Ex.1
Bar in tension
Ex.2
Torsion of circular shaft (r , L)
Ex.3
Bending strain Energy Normal stress
Strain energy due to shear in Beam
Castigliano Theorem
Uniaxial ENGG. Prob. Definition
A. Everyone makes / one who works makes the mistakes B. Never accept the single way solution Equation of equilibrium Naviers equation
Are coupled p.d.e. and it is extremely difficult to solve Are 3 D equations Simplifications Most of the simple engineering problems belongs to 1 D problems (i) Uniaxial deformation Bars (ii) Torsion of shaft Shaft (iii) One axis symmetric bending Beams (iv) Combined state of stress problems

Lecture Notes Mechanics of Solids by

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Lecture Notes Mechanics of Solids by

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Lecture Notes Mechanics Of Solids By

----right hand tria

, stress vector (force / area)

....................... (1) is mass density

....................(3) Euler's Equation

Components would contribution all other components are either

Neglecting Higher order terms (No body couple)

Symmetry of stress tensor

eqn (1,2,3) i=1,2,3 J=1,2,3

given at a point stress component on any plan

Body forces along

(x1, ,x2 x3), vol =

NORMAL & SHEAR STRESSES

are the normal & shear comps. On the oblique plan

Normal stress component

3 equations with 6 Unknowns

6 equations No. of Unknowns = 6 + 3 + 6 = 15 No. of equations = 3 + 6 =9

Hookes Law for Isotropic Material

) stress and Principal strain ( coincide

State of stress and strain in terms of Principal components

Has same effect along 2 and 3 orthogonal directions

Modulus of elasticity or Youngs Modulus

Uniaxial 1 D state of stress

Hooks Law in Shear

Cauchy Formula ( Transformation) we Know

k = (Hydrostatic Stress ( Pressure) / Volumetric Strain

Equation of Equilibrium Isotropic Materials

Theories of failure Ultimate Aim DESIGN Failure material failure

Material Loading ,Geometry Ignorance Mathematical limitations etc.

Simplified Criteria yielding

Principal stress Principal strain

1. Maximum-Principal Stress Theory

2. Maximum-Principal Strain Theory

In case of compressive state of stress

3. Maximum Shear Stress Theory

4. Total strain energy theory --( Beltrami & Haigh)

5. Shear or Distortion Strain Energy Theory

First law of thermodynamics

Strain energy due to Normal stress

Strain energy due to shear stress

Similarly by other components of stresses Super position

Torsion of circular shaft (r , L)

Bending strain Energy Normal stress

Strain energy due to shear in Beam

Uniaxial ENGG. Prob. Definition

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