P.o.

L"J

t { ^ . t | . S o c . , S e * i e s ; 1 , V o l - l : 3 e7 - 3 ? J - ( t l o { )
'lIIjj tjLr;(rliollti;)ilirI(r t lliLl) l,l li l() l:l,llcrlioNs.

367

ot,' 1'llli I)l't,l 1'() 1.Llic'l'li0\s .1lI \(11'l0NS I'01'l l:r''lL\L 1"Ir
I)t1 1r'. 'l'.

FIIiLD 1,ll,I,l('1'lt0II-\GNIl',rlc Ol.' T1IO SCTLAII 111'1.\\S

\\'lltlt

rxtltr.

-lterrl l:iL NoYcrnbc!' 1903'l lll{ecirNl I ltl, }iolcDt!r, l:r0i1 1. ()ltjtcl o.f I'uPr r' 'l'ht 0l,jIr't of titc \,ltctl ttr.\' nurnber of litt'scttt lltlllcr is trr slto\ llrrtt f t t t t c t i r l t t ' r v lricll tlelitrethe reslltt l t t r rlrctn,rrs Itr' rtoIirtg itt Itt! tltitttt:r't i n g i ' l c c t t , x l r r r r r t t t i c i i t : l r l . t t r L l r t l l r ' . t l l o t l t l c r r t l r t t r t p o n e n t so J d i e l e c t r i c d i s tlittrtr(otlrlx)llclrtsof tlte magnetic force tt llrlcuDr(lrt itt tltc i|tltIr Ittttl tltc l , c c rlitessotl irt ttntl-* of thc derivates of tno c i t l i clerv l),Jint,if tlrc 1ield, ( l ' r ' t ' r ' i o t l s\ r i t e t s l r i l v e e x p r e s s e dt h e m i n t e r m s s c i r i i i r l ) , ) t o r r l i i r lt u n c t i o t t s . o{ r sc,rllr p,rtr'ntill Ittttctitilt atlrl rr I'cctot ltolt'tttiill function, n'hich ere 'l'lltlsc tl!o scnlnl potential c r 1 r r i ! I I I r r 1 t r ) . / l r l / / s t r r l i r l l r r r t c t r i i l r ,f lllrrrlir'tls.) j l t o f t l t t ' r ' l t r t r g e s l l 1 ) dc o - o r d i n s t s t t ' l t t l s f u r r c t i , , r r s : L r ci ' r 1 r l i I i t l I o r . i i l t l i t r u l of tlrt, clr,ctlons. It is tlrcrt sltol lt tltttl frotrr tlrcst' t lsttlts tlte general furrctiolrrl fotlt derive,l. 2. Iitplanati,m 1'lrt' rvoll r,I Nrttuti,'tt, rtntl Sttttrntrrrtl "f ,rf preliotts prrt'i,ntita k notLnt Resttlts. o I i l t t t l t c t t , r , l r l t r r t t t i c t l i s l t t t l ' i t t r t ' t rt l t t i r t o t l c c t r o t r s c l n b e

\\'ritcrs, so frtt ts it conceLns the presont in' lestigrrtiorr nnrl crlilrtirrs tlre notrttion tlstrl. lllrtY lrc lrrielly summ&rized as foliorvs: l,rt 2lrc tlre lolurrtt' densily of elt'ctt icit-r' rlt rrny ploce and time, ontl let ?i, r'., ?'..lrt, tlre coull)outtrlts of it,s lt'lxritr. rrrtl c the velocity ol light in

r'et d,, d,,, 11.lrc l,llc tlrrot) colrPollents of the ilielectric distlre ptlrer. pllccrncrrt irr tltc trllltcr', nltl 1,, /r,,, /i- tht' three components of th rntrqnetic folce, Thett the fundaruenttrl erlutltiottl of elctrodynamicgmsy be l'ritteu in Loreutz s lorm (thc units being suitably chosen):

* i(e")+iic!: o, k * oq''''
(:L (,f

t ' t l , , ( 1 1. I t l

(.r

(tl

- r - - r_, '
(:

;***

-0,

lr n

t .l

$ ti8

11r. Il. T. Wlttlr'rrinti

i\ov 19'

l?th, \(y
\ (l;

-'lL)='4+,,,,.
l;l lf

-. /i ,1.. _ i-r / l 1 - 4 ! i' l r

l':

,,. / a h-. ; , I .:\ ; n ,r t "r'

t, i,1\ ' \lii : - i l -

i h,, ?t'

-'*) : -+ - ;l ('+ ,(JL - \ ' , r -,!.\ ( r +p,,. " r l l|

sc crttt tlt'linr' tlri'-lltltl lx' tr scnlnr In pltce ti 1,. 1,. l ' lt ' lt ' /t Qt, u:, nlriclr rrre usually ., pnt"nri,ti'i,,,,",i,,' + r*r(1tl'.ce fnuctio's oi rl vectot lroterttitrl l'lrrr quontities i"gord",l ,.* tlrc tlttlec colnl)olrerrts ol 4" rr" rr'" rr' lr'l tlrc erlttrrtiotts d,, d,, tl., /r,. /r,, /r rttc ljl\t'll lli telms

t +_,1 ,,=+-+ __ ,r.

-4, --i -

rl ' '/i '/r' rnd four sinlil,tr eqttatiotrsfol rl " ""-fno tlttec col)ll)o|lcl)tsoi tllt \ector poteuli]l lxrtr:lrti'rl iLtt'1tlto "ant,],l' catisfy the svsttrtlt<tt (rlullilolls
('\

a_\tl,-

,'.,t,, --ii -

t t t , +--r

t t t L

( t t

-I r I ( , i

I ll

rr'lliclr tlre lie}.1 is due tct t t t l l rt t t rt ,l | [ i t l (.i|:(,' lI&l1r(jl\., tllilt iIr }'ot. t]re 1L nnd the tttrltittg itt tttt" tt"'' tlte scrllat potentirll *r,t^n"rrir,'. ,,t "1,,"tr,u,. potelltilll tre givett ll1' tLe erl'rrltiotrs threo coml)ol)etlts of tllo leelol t I . , , , . , , f l = I ' , = : ; , ; + f i , u . J . ) ' , " ' ' 1 " ' t r ' , { r i c r r s r r , t l t 4 ,t x . 4 . : . aud ts,r ,iilttil,tt erlttirliotts lll

(.r, r7,.i, ris its 'elrcitr', (r'., r",, r'J , is it, tlist,rrrc. fru,u th,, 'oi't of t tttd r'' antl "i,,.,,.,r,. ef l. (r', r') the tutgle bet'\reen tlle tlilettiou l'i " ",,.lpt"rl," tlre positiorr of tlre electrotr considered the bars ovct'tlre lottets tnerrrt thnt r ttken r r r r r lt l l t s t t t t r t t t i t t i r r its lilDe 1-ilc; i " t l , " t , r h i c l t i t r x r c u l r i r "ilr t l the that papel tlrrrnglrrrrt tLc ,,i, ,r," electrorrs, \\'o rilrrrll tssurnc "r", t l t n l r t l t c t c l ' r c i t ' r ' q fI r r r l i l t i o t t ' l e l o c i t i e so f l l l i h e o l c c t l ( i n st r l e l e s s Stttltrr I'rttrnticrls' il, Introrluctirttt rtnLl lituluntittrt "[ lltt: lu'L' o f t l t t r ' l c c t r r r trt t r t t i m e t i \ o n l e t r ' ( 1 1 ,y ' ( / ) , ; ' ( l ) r l c t t o t et l r o l x r s i t i o r t tre kno$n ' '(1-il' )' srr tltirl i" '" t' , l t o r f t ' n ' r t ' tr trrrl let r' lx, rrse

a, ttrttl tt" ttltett: c is tltc tlltltge.on

n tyPicnl

11)03.]

'l'rrt

r riNrrle FMLo I)r'!l 'lo ELtloTRoNs' l t,r:r'rlorr

869

t tle o I t . 4 . 2 , 1 . n l t c t t t l t c n t o t i o l t s o f t l t c c l c c t r o l t sn t ' c k t r o r v t I functiorrs t t t t r ' l l l ' t t ' l t ' f o t t r : \ ! + \ i ' li' t t|!*( :'-:)r, l r ' L v i :i

- rr\r',,*(l' -.:) r'-lI -;r) r', *,l - I (.;' + (tr'

of = | !' . --,---------:--c/+/-i cos(i' /J

t.I

c(.i'-.r)

tl' ' t l l r ' , i f . / l r c r t r r l f r l t r , t i , ' l r L , f t l r , ' t l r l l l r l t t r r r litt i e s i ' - ' ' i ' )Int c gtrtrci :'-:, trrl if .4, ./r,.^, tlotiotr' iLs rlclililtrs sitlr tcspilct to thcsc three tlgul)r.llti t r''yrcttilclr', \\i' ortsil! liltl tirrrt

Siruil'rlcrlrtrttj()t)r t',lurrtirtn

holrl t l

f()1' rrf iy

t r r r l i l i : . l h i l c i ' l r i l i s g i r - c nl r y t h c

::: rt

r(l,ir,*/,i,*./,rr I r ' f r e o s( i i ,l )

N o r d c l i n c f u r c t i o n s - 1. ( i . {z lry thr, crlturtiotts

l'-: ' ' . . 1 r : I - i Lrnrr l : t ' . '' t .;:;17+:i;;:t-: t;

t ; t t . t : . . . 1 ': :,,,,,-' i,-1.

'

4t

t ' , , . t t. 1 .. . 1 , a - r ' I lox ,ti'-.,1f 1.

t4'-7rrl

llreLe thc suruurntior]is litkctt olcl all tllc elccttons. fisitrg ilte folrnuh just ol,,rrrirre fo r ll t l t c t l c t i l i r t c s o f r l l u t t c t i o t ro f t l r c k i r r r l . / , \ \ c f i l r d t h o t ; \1, i(l 11i (t+, r ( o s ( 1 "/ )

i,t, , iG

i, . -lrr .'r'+ r I cos (f, ,J

C t.

+ -:- t l
;
rt

'I

:. r,'

-lz ci * I i cos (i, r)

: l + '- l - - - : - l l
<. sll

It

c / + / ' t ' c o s ( r ' ,/ )

1 ,,,,-,, ,,-.
:l u

Bi()

]l L ll

'l

\\.trtlt rlitrrr .

f\,1

il'

tlrr.-,t,'trlt' \ltlr (ltittrl,irrirrL

llrr' t\ltl' "r''

{/ : .1- ,,1r. r , l r i o l t t l ( 1l o l ' 4 ' . ' 1 ,

; ,t. i.,

io , :t

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t

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' , . 1 1 t t

oi tltt' tr'1ttr i 1' ' r ' l r r t)rc cqttrtti,rrts

li" t t t l t t li ' l l t ' t r t : t ! t t ' r l i 'l | t t I i r ' l i ' l ' l t rt ' t t r r ( t r l i i r r r 1 : 1 ' I I I ( ' | I I I I I \irit'l11lv, 1I!'' i t r r t l\ \ r ' r ) l ' l i l l r l j i ) r ' f L .? r r / i / r r l l l t t t l \ ' t /! l l r t t l ) t t t t t t " "'11''1'1'1ti"rll4'
' , .

, ' i
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|
I , , , ,

. t , ; !
t t t t ' .

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, ,= L : , : , -,,'': I - - l * - i :
'l lttttt llt' sir ltt:r r'ltt'rlr"tt' \)t"tt
r l r t t l t t t l 'r t l t ' r t ' t 'rt'r r

"

--'#*#

disTrlrrct't o t t t l ' t ' t t ' t ' r t t : , ' ,t fl t ' i t i t , l ; , t l t i c

,,,,,,',,',,,,..l;,,,,,,,,,t,,,,,|.,''
' lttl t

'-liJ' ( i t t t 1 . ' 1 ': : 1 ; ' " t t

itr lhr 'litlLl' | i' lrtl;'tt rtrrr rrll lltt r'lrctrons r r l h r ' It t|) )t t II I i ' t t rrlu Qt clcctrolls lrrrt' if rttll tlrtlttlrt'i r irl D t oo l lv l i ntg lrl' _ t l t l l r L ' r l l t \ ( ' i r l r \ \ ' i t l l o t l l It tti lctttlt'ttt ill lrtl\-tulrtltttL-so..irs ts Z' r" 'rr't c l r r i t g r ' \.IIrIsr't,rLIrI l,'irr srnri.rra'rl turrtiott)' ,,r ,, g,r,,,, 1u,i,,i (i.r,, t. lrr' rrl*ir's irr tir,, rit,irrirr of tirl tr 1rl r:ilelt ll i{ ( li' f i tf"t*'fttt"'^lr ri is , l t l r l r ' r ) l r t r r l r r t l t , ' th,,rr'

,'*-+t(,-:)
trt.r'1'1"n"t]1".r'on't trisl , i' 1r*r "ll;1,i,lil'^l],tli:ili.tiill'l';"li; $rrcrc

r::-']l:'isrer.te'lr ll$i;,1'lilli,li'i,,,,,,1::l:lJl',j';-,',*i,,''''i,"'".,''':,,", i' i'1"'r''i" ,, 'fr

li'ii,,, i.,-',,i

.,r'n.." :',1'i:',,i":1".;.,,u". :i:l,":ll.,:;l:;:,'ll,

r' s t r t t i o t t l t tt t t t o t i o t

:ll;'.,lll |i:'l*'T:,*,,::"ll;'iT.' itr is zcro' cr'.'s0 t(rt'irr

I r)03.-

'fIIt

l.iLli( t lloI.\(.l NttTIC lill),1)

Dt,ri ,l.i) DLECTIioNu.

871

o l t s t , r ' r ' i , t l r rtll r t ' r , r r r r l r r t r v i . i t t l u d :

lirttl

,,),r :. r,, ,rr',r. ,,,,ri..,,,,,. ,1,,]l,i llil,;];i'l]:,illlJ,ilii"fi:,:,[:,1;

irr r r :f o l l t o f r , , , , , , , , . n U , " t " r i n , , , . t , r r r .llr n l / { cull.l g,

. 1 , D r r r r r r * r r r rtr) i l l t r , 1 l I ) u r t t - t l. l s t t t t t t t l r t / , , 1 t l t r lt ,,,,,1 ir, l ,.l,,r 1....r1,n ",,,,tt. f i r o f o tr r r r r l tl l r r r so l r t i r i n c r l

,:riinq llesttlt,

alir - cur.l

cur.l cur.l g,

s i r r r l r l ll L r r c r i o r r .o l t l r t c o r l r r l i r r r t t c s *" of tll, r.icctr.,rn. " ,, r . 1 , , , r 0 d tnd lt tr.e crrrrrlrlicirtc fr ul l c t j r n s o f t l r c j r . r , e l o c i t i l , sn t r r l t c c c l e , r . l , t i r r , ,o r 'u ,U .ru" frn"o r t l s oo i , t i r i r r r , t r lr c r i , s r r l L t l r r t t r r i t l r r r t t , , r * n f g , , , r u r n l i i yu : u t n t o T ou,t g to lr(i a)rcr.l.\\'l)(,rc. ",,,, itu(l rLl lll tilres, par.rr,llt,l t,, sorno lirerl dir.eciiou irr sl)rcc (..?/,,tltr: riris of .:), rr, frrcl u.hich nrnli0s il to specih theru |ossiLlc l r I t s o s t . r r l i trl l n r l l ) t i t i e s olrlf. It uiillrl lrc lslied NLetl)ct. \.cctor.s / nntl g c_rist tlhiclt sotisf,ythe itlrov, l,etol crlrrrLtious trrrl u.hiclr nre |er.fcetlr. svrrun,,tri..,rll ,u nn"rr"a i u t l r r , , r r , g r r t i r . t ri:r r f , r c t ,r l t l r o u g t r t l , o l: u,1u,,ti,,,r n"r . t h e m s e l v e s l : 1 . ] ] l l ' rrIiLuiUltiYc. iil)(l ci l tlter.efol.e bo erPlcssctl irr tlrrt vect<tr. Iottiion, t l r r , . tr i r rt r o t I o s , r t , s i 111,11.i1 5 s1 on l t1 r t i o n s ; j r t s t t s t l r o , , u " l , u r ' o q , u U r o t l .f.et

rr.crr,,r ,rirr, r/rrrrrr h,,.,,,,,':ilil,l'.,.',1:,,:l':l];;l]J:,::''ll::#'lll,r.:i,;

ra'.lxlrtircl\'. 'l'lr,'sr, r ' r r c l o r .r . r 1 r 1 1 l j , r 1 1t s ir , rlrriLr r ' (i ' l [ ] s t ' , ! t , i f , i r i r ' , r r r l . f ' r , g r t r . d i r r g " r r , , , u , . t . i " n l ,, r n , l o u a tlro cl.clrr'rr.grrcti. lieltl rs tlcfirrad . r c c t i r l s lrr' llrr, d ,rl,i /r. l.c r,t'

clcctr \.ecto,.s (rirecr.(r to ,,,,,'""i1:0,,;":,"liilll,.,,'iill,i;,,iliill{,.1,f r),,,,,r,.r fl,..'ii

d rltrl h lltt tlrl

- , , .(rI ) = , . , , n ,1
l N I l ( 1 1 , / i s l l r r , . c r r l ; t Ii l i s t r l l t { , r , f r r ) n tt l r c 0 r . i g i r r 1 1 r r r2 i i . i a . \ . { \ , t o ft o l ) c r I l I l l r r I i r r r , ,I Irr) s : ( , s s (r.rs ui l i j r r j t c r r r r r r r l x , r .s oo f lrrliorr as , lIriclt cll r.oarljl). I r l I r l r r r r ll.r r r l1 , , , , . 1 , l , l,ti i c i r i s s l r c c i r r l lrr..c l l i l c r l 1 , , s r , r r rlri ,r r , , i , , s l l t c e ,s o t l r t t I t r rs o ] r r t i , rir.r . r ' t r D 1 1 t , t r . i c r r l . i . l ) r l t r , . l i . t t , , / t l t r ( ' l rt t c r t t ll t u t t c t i o n l l I , \ t r n to l . u t t Distttrlnnu itt lltt .lithtr.

Iiltcltotlunantir.

IIrt'itlg 'ri' slrol.' tlrrrt ),1 elcctl.o(l''*'lic ii.'l rl.. lo olectrons is I t t l r r l r t c r e l i z c r l L 1 .t l . o s c a l n l l l o t ( r r l t i r l f l r r c t i o r r sy ' , u r r l G , n . c 1 , l l l l , l l l " , , , crrrr,pLoccerl to rk,rlrrci, its gcrrer.rll funciiorinl for.ur. 'l'he f.r.,li.rrs /.'rrrrrl () ir'r.c sirrgulrr ,t i i t r s r r L t l r r s c p o i r r t sr v h i c h rre i t c t r r r r l l l o c c r r I } i r , r li r r . c l c c t l o n s ; a t n l l o t l r o . 1 x , i r r t ". , r . 1 n, n , t f y a i . " a t 2 r g

;,7...1

'l ttr

\,,Nt t t r t . r, r ' r . , , r

fll:t,

t , r ' r ' :I "

I : l . l : (I I : n I -

, r '. l r r s r t l r s t i t t t t i t t g i n t l r c o l i g i n l l o l e c t lo d \ ' l ) n l r i c c q l t l r t i o l r s dil|'r'urrtirrIi,rr , r f o f t l i t ' l c c l l i c d i s p l r c c t t t c n tt l t t l l t t r r g n e t i c r ' ; r l r r r , : t l t r o t r t l r o t r c t r t s tlr,. ( i . t l r r r t l r l r r r l( l s l t i s t l t l L t l r n t t i l l d i f l e l e r r t ' i r r l o f 1 "r u r , l l,))cc il) tor'r)rs t,rrtrrtiotrs , ' t _T- _:----; , - r -.I- .-., i 2 l ' - --:i 1 ;')F
r t t r : t =:t t l : r'.

;'t;

--T.-'T------:'--v. t' r'irtl'

;2r; . i't;

;:(;
t(-

* e oltluitt l , r l t t t i o tr ti l t l t c s c l r r t t c t e q t t i r t i o t t s ,s \ \ ' r ' i r i u gr l ' r r i n t l t c g c t r c t r rs t l r r ' r ' r , s r r lttl r r L t1 / r , r r r o . r lr l , t t t t , r l l u p c o J t l c c t r a t l 4 n a n i c d i s t u r l n n c t a t t t lht tont' . 1 t l , t r i t r t l t t t l h r t n o l o t , t r l t i , t ll , y u n r l t ( ( ) t r t i s t h t t . f l t r r h i t h t c P testulcd l ) t l n t ) l t so . l l l t r t l i r l r t t r i , d i s p l u t e u r n t u u d u u q n a l I t . f l , r t u t t l , , yl h L t ' 1 u r r t t , , t t '

"
_ t

- , ?.1: ! t - - . lI , ij(,' lr'

"

t _ - -i!. l'-

1
ra-

: _ L# _ # , = # * # , r,
tt. r')r1ttrlt" ./(r \ir x cos i {r7 silt tt sirr t f ; cos rt*t'1, , 1 rr ; i r t , c o - I { i 7 ' r i l t r r . i r r r ' * - ' c o s x + " / / . t t .t t i l ! t l t ' .

,,'-j:j: ,': j.j:'

( L d pltrr

u t t l , J ' r r n r, l t u r t u r l , ' t t r u r yl r t i t c l i o r t so / l h t i r a r g u n r c n t s .
L ] t l ) f r L u t h o ri u - l t d l r . - . 1 , r . . \ - o l . L i I I , l l . 3lliJ-J:'i' 1903'

li ll
L:

u r l