SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

Date: 26/2 to 21/3/2013 UNIT 3 Syllabus:

TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

INTRODUCTION This is an indirect method of levelling. In this method the difference in elevation of the points is determined from the observed vertical angles and measured distances. The vertical angles are measured with a transit theodolite and The distances are measured directly (plane surveying) or computed trigonometrically (geodetic survey). Trigonometric levelling is commonly used in topographical work to find out the elevation of the top of buildings, chimneys, church spires, and so on. Also, it can be used to its advantage in difficult terrains such as mountaineous areas. Depending upon the field conditions and the measurements that can be made with the instruments available, there can be innumerable cases. Determination of elevation of object when the base is accessible the object is Vertical It is assumed that the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object can be measured accurately. In Fig. 1, let B = instrument station F = point to be observed C = centre of the instrument AF = vertical object D = CE = horizontal distance between the object and instrument h1 = height of the instrument at B h = height FE S = reading on the levelling staff held vertical on the Bench Mark (B.M) = angle of elevation of the top of the object

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

From triangle CFE, tan = FE / CE FE = CE tan h = D tan If the reading on the staff kept at the B.M. is S with the line of sight horizontal, R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S + h = R.L. of B.M. + S + D tan The method is usually employed when the distance between the instrument and the object is small. However, if the distance is large, the combined corrections for curvature and refraction should also be applied. The combined correction for curvature and refraction is given by C = 0.06728 D2 metres, when D is in kilometers. R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S + D tan + C Determination of elevation of object when the base is inaccessible the Instrument Stations and the Elevated Object are in the Same Vertical Plane If the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object cannot be measured due to obstacles etc., two instrument stations are used so that they are in the same vertical plane as the elevated object. Fig. 2 Procedure 1) Set up the theodolite at O1 and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble. 2) Direct the telescope towards O2 and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the plates. Read the vertical angle 1. 3) Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reversed. Mark the second instrument station O2 on the ground. Measure the distance O1O2 accurately. Repeat steps (2) and (3) for both face observations. The mean values should be adopted. 4) With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre of its run, take the reading on the staff kept at nearby B.M. 5) Shift the instrument to O2 and set up the theodolite there. Measure the vertical angle 2 to F with both face observations. 6) With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre of its run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby B.M. Assuming the instrument stations and the object to be in the same vertical plane, the following two cases arise. * Instrument axes at same level * Instrument axes at different level

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

Instrument axes at same level In Fig. 2, Let h = FA 1 = angle of elevation from O1 to F 2 = angle of elevation from O2 to F S = staff reading on B.M., taken from both O1 and O2, the reading being the same in both the cases. d = horizontal distance between the two instrument stations. D = horizontal distance between O1 and F From triangle O1AF, h = D tan 1 -------------------------- (i) From triangle O2AF, h = (D + d) tan 2 ------------------- (ii) From Eqs. (i) and (ii) D tan 1 = (D + d) tan 2 or D (tan 1 - tan 2) = d tan 2 or D =

Hence, h = D tan 1 =

R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S + h

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

Instrument axes at different level Depending upon the terrain, three cases arise: A. Instrument axis at O2 higher that that at O1 (Fig. 3)

h1 - h2 = AA = S2 S1 = S From triangle O1AF, h1 = D tan1 -------------------------- (i) From triangle O2AF, h2 = (D + d) tan2 -------------------- (ii) Subtract Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i) to get h1 - h2 = D tan1 - (D + d) tan2 S = D tan1 D tan2 d tan2 = D (tan1 tan2) - d tan2 or D (tan1 - tan2) = S + d tan2 or D =

But, h1 = D tan1 or h1 =

and R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

B. Instrument axis at O1 higher than that at O2 (Fig. 4)

h 2 h 1 = S1 S 2 = S From triangle O1AF, h1 = D tan1 -------------------------- (i) From triangle O2AF, h2 = (D + d) tan2 -------------------- (ii) Subtract Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii) to get h2 h1 = (D + d) tan2 - D tan1 S = D tan2 D tan1 + d tan2 = D (tan2 tan1) + d tan2 or D =

But h1 = D tan1 or h1 =

Hence, R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

C. Instrument axes at very different levels (Fig. 5 and 6) If the difference in elevation (S2 S1) between the two instrument stations is too large and cannot be measured on a staff at the B.M., then the following procedure is adopted:

1) 2) 3) 4)

Set up the instrument at O1 and measure the vertical angle at the point F (Fig. 5) Transit the telescope and establish point O2, at a distance d from O1. Shift the instrument to O2 and measure the vertical angle at the point F. Observe the staff reading r on the staff at O1 (Fig. 6). Let S be the difference in level between the two axes at O1 and O2. S = h 2 h1 We know that D= and h1 =

Height of station O1 above the axis at O2 = h r = d tan - r S = d tan - r + h Hence, R.L. of F = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + S + h1 = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + (d tan - r + h) + h1

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

Determination of elevation of object when the base is inaccessible the Instrument Stations and the Elevated Object are not in the Same Vertical Plane Let P and R be the two instrument stations not in the same vertical plane as that of Q. The procedure is as follows: 1) Set the instrument at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble. Measure the angle of elevation 1 to Q. 2) Sight to the point R with reading on horizontal circle as zero and measure the angle RPQ1 , i.e, the horizontal angle at P. 3) Take a backsight s on the staff held at B.M. 4) Shift the instrument to R and measure 2 and there.

In Fig. 7, AQ = horizontal line through A Q = vertical projection of Q Thus, AQQ is a vertical plane Similarly, BQQ is a vertical plane Q = vertical projection of Q on a horizontal line through B PRQ1 = horizontal plane Q1 = vertical projection of Q R = vertical projection of B on a horizontal plane passing through P and = horizontal angles 1 and 2 = vertical angles measured at A and B respectively. From triangle AQQ , QQ = h1 = D tan 1 --------------- (1) From triangle PRQ1 , PQ1R = 180 - ( + ) = - ( + ) From the sine rule, PQ1 = D1 =

------------------ (2)
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HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

and RQ1 = D2 =
tan

--------------------- (3)

Substituting the value of D in (1), we get h1 = D1 tan 1 =

R.L. of Q = R.L. of B.M. + s + h1 As a check, h2 = D2 tan 2 =

If a reading on B.M. is taken from B, the R.L. of Q can be known by adding h2 to R.L. of B.

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

Total Station Introduction A Total station is an optical instrument used as a primary scheme for modern surveying. It is a combination of an electronic theodolite (transit), an electronic distance meter (EDM) and software running on an external computer known as data collector. When these instruments are combined and interfaced with EDMs and electronic data collectors, they become total-stations or electronic tacheometers (ET). With a total-station one may determine horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distances from the instrument to points to be surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry and triangulation, the angles and distances may be used to calculate the coordinates of actual positions (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points, or the position of the instrument from known points, in absolute terms. These are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor in the total-station can not only perform a variety of mathematical operations for example, averaging multiple angle measurements, averaging multiple distance measurements, calculation of rectangular coordinates, calculation of slope corrections, distances between remote points, remote object elevations, atmospheric and instrumental corrections but in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Most modern total-station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotation glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best-quality total-stations are capable of measuring angles down to 0.5 arc-second. The low-cost construction-grade total-stations can generally measure angles up to 5 or 10 arcseconds. Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instruments optical path, and bounced off of the object to be measured. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard computer in the total-station. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most total-stations use a purpose-built glass Porro prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and can measure distances out to a few kilometers, but some instruments are reflectorless, and can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color, out to a few hundred metres. The typical total-station EDM can measure distances accurate to about 3 millimeters or 1/100 th of a foot. Salient Features of Total-Stations Total stations are capable of measuring angles and distances simultaneously and combine an electronic theodolite with a distance measuring system and a microprocessor. Angle measurement The axis configuration is identical and comprises the vertical axis, the tilting axis and line of sight (or collimation). The other components include the tribrach with levelling foot screws, the keyboard with display and the telescope which is mounted on the standards and which rotates around the tilting axis.
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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

Levelling is carried out in the same way as for a theodolite by adjusting to centralise a plate level or electronic bubble. The telescope can be transited and used in the face left (or face I) and face right (or face II) positions. Horizontal rotation of the total station about the vertical axis is controlled by a horizontal clamp and tangent screw and rotation of the telescope about the tilting axis. The total station is used to measure angles in the same way as the electronic theodolite. Distance measurement All total stations will measure a slope distance which the onboard computer uses, together with the zenith angle recorded by the line of sight to calculate the horizontal distance. For distances taken to a prism or reflecting foil, the most accurate is precise measurement. For phase shift system, a typical specification for this is a measurement time of about 1-2s, an accuracy of (2mm + 2ppm) and a range of 3-5 km to a single prism. Although all manufacturers quote ranges of several kilometres to a single prism. For those construction projects where long distances are required to be measured, GPS methods are used in preference to total stations. There is no standard difference at which the change from one to the other occurs, as this will depend on a number of factors, including the accuracy required and the site topography. Rapid measurement reduces the measurement time to a prism to between 0.5 and s for both phase shift and pulsed systems, but the accuracy for both may degrade slightly. Tracking measurements are taken extensively when setting out or for machine control, since readings are updated very quickly and vary in response to movements of the prism which is usually pole mounted. In this mode, the distance measurement is repeated automatically at intervals of less than 0.5s. For reflector less measurements taken with a phase shift system, the range that can be obtained is about 100m, with a similar accuracy to that obtained when using a prism or foil. Keyboard and display A total station is activated through its control panel, which consists of a keyboard and multiple line LCD. A number of instruments have two control panels, one on each face, which makes them easier to use. In addition to controlling the total station, the keyboard is often used to code data generated by the instrument this code will be used to identify the object being measured. On some total stations it is possible to detach the keyboard and interchange them with other total stations and with GPS receivers. This is called integrated surveying. Software applications The micro processor built into the total station is a small computer and its main function is controlling the measurement of angles and distances. The LCD screen guides the operator while taking these measurements. The built in computer can be used for the operator to carry out calibration checks on the instrument. The software applications available on many total stations include the following: -Slope corrections and reduced levels -Horizontal circle orientation -Coordinate measurement -Traverse measurements -Resection (or free stationing) -Missing line measurement -Remote elevation measurement
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SURVEYING II (10CV 44)

Unit 3 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

-Areas -Setting out Coordinate measurement Coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location. For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite System interface which do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis. Angle measurement Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds. Distance measurement Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass corner cube prism reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimetres (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft).[2] Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color, up to a few hundred meters. Data processing Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held computer. When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The new generation of total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument right after measuring the points. 1. ^ Kavanagh, B. F. and Glenn Bird, S. J. (1996). Surveying principles and applications (4 ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 257264. ISBN 0-13-438300-1. 2. ^ Leica Flexline TS02/06/09. (2008). Leica Geosystems. See datasheet for model TS06 (PDF). Retrieved 27 August 2009

HARISH.T.S, Dept. of Civil Engineering

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