Conversations With Igor Stravinsky

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CONVERSATIONS WITH IGOR STRAVINSKY
Conversations
with
Igor Stravinsky
IGOR STRAVINSKY AND ROBERT CRAFT
1959 DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, INC. GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK
Acknowledgments and
de Tinan Debussy;
thanks are due to
Madame
by Claude to Madame Jacques Riviere for letters by Jacques Riviere; to Monsieur Edouard Ravel for letters by Maurice Ravel; and to Harold Ober Associates, Incorporated, and the Dylan Thomas Estate for letters by Dylan Thomas, copyright 1953 by Dylan Thomas.
for permission to reprint letters
"
^B^tht
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 59-63/5 COPYRIGHT I958, 1959 BY IGOR STRAVINSKY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FHIST EDITION
CONTENTS
i.
About Composing and Compositions
11
2.
About Musicians and Others
37
3.
About
My
Life
and Times and Other Arts
Q2
4.
About Music Today
ng
156
Index
"In the
Kingdom
of the Father there

is
is
no drama
but only dialogue, which
disguised monologue."
RUDOLPH KASSNER
CONVERSATIONS WITH IGOR STRAVINSKY
1:
About Composing
and Compositions
R.C.
When
I.S.
did you become aware of your vocation as a composer? I do not remember when and how I first thought of myself as a composer. All I remember is that these thoughts started very early in my childhood, long before any serious musical study.
R.C.
The musical
idea?
idea:
when do you
recognize
it
as
an
I.S.
When
something in
my
nature
is
satisfied
by some
aspect of an auditive shape. But long before ideas

are born I begin
work by
relating intervals rhyth-
mically. This exploration of possibilities is always conducted at the piano. Only after I have established my melodic or harmonic relationships do I pass to
composition. Composition
organization of material.
is
a later expansion and
R.C.
Is it
always clear in your mind from the inception of
the idea
what form
it?
of composition will develop?
And the idea itself:

will
I.S.
is it
clear
what instrumental sound
produce
You should not suppose

11
that once the musical idea
Conversations with Igor Stravinsky

is
in your
mind you
will see
more
or less distinctly
the form your composition
may
evolve.
Nor
will the
sound (timbre) always be present. But if the musical idea is merely a group of notes, a motive coming suddenly to your mind, it very often comes together with its sound.
R.C.
You say
posing
that
you are a
is
doer, not a thinker; that
com-
is
not a department of conceptual thinking;

to
I.S.
compose music and you compose it naturally, not by acts of thought or will. A few hours of work on about one third of the days of the last fifty years have produced a catalogue which testifies that composing is indeed natural to you. But how is nature approached? When my main theme has been decided I know on general lines what kind of musical material it will
that your nature
require. I start to look for this material, sometimes
playing old masters (to put myself in motion), sometimes starting directly to improvise rhythmic units
on a provisional row of notes (which can become a final row). I thus form my building material.
R.C. When you achieve the music you have been working
to create, are
you always sure

it
of
it,
instantly recognize
as finished or
do you always do you sometimes

I
have to try
I.S.
it
for a greater period of time?
Usually
of
it I
recognize
my
find.
But when
am
unsure
feel
and
in relying
uncomfortable in postponing a solution on the future. The future never gives
me the assurance of reality I receive from the present.

R.C. What
I.S.
is
theory in musical composition?

exist.
Hindsight. It doesn't
There are compositions

if
from which
it
it is
deduced. Or,
this isn't quite true,

is
has a by-product existence that
powerless to
12

create or even to justify. Nevertheless, composition
involves a deep intuition of "theory."
R.C.
Do
musical ideas occur to you at random times of
the day or night?
LS. Ideas usually occur to

I
me
while
am
composing,
and only very rarely do they present themselves when

they come to
my work. I am always disturbed if my ear when my pencil is missing and I am obliged to keep them in my memory by repeating
am away
from
to myself their intervals
portant to
at
I
its
and rhythm. It is very imremember the pitch of the music first appearance: if I transpose it for some reason
me
to
danger of losing the freshness of first conI will have difficulty in recapturing its attractiveness. Music has sometimes appeared to me in dreams, but only on one occasion have I been able to write it down. This was during the composition of
in tact
am
and
L'Histoire
du
Soldat,
and
was surprised and happy
with the result. Not only did the music appear to me but the person performing it was present in the dream as well. A young gypsy was sitting by the edge of the
had a child on her lap, for whose entertainment she was playing a violin. The motive she kept repeating used the whole bow or, as we say in French, avec toute la longueur de Varchet. The child was very enthusiastic about the music and applauded it with his little hands. I, too, was very pleased with it, was especially pleased to be able to remember it, and I joyfully included this motive in the music of
road. She
the Petit Concert,
*
13
* r
1111 v si
*
/

R.C.
You
often speak of the weight of an interval.
What
I.S.
I lack
do you mean? words and have no gift for this sort of thing anyway, but perhaps it will help if I say that when I compose an interval I am aware of it as an object
(when
sion.
think about
it
in that
way
at
all,
that is),
as something outside
me, the contrary of an impres-
Let me tell you about a dream that came to me while was composing Threni After working late one night I retired to bed still troubled by an interval. I dreamed about this interval. It had become an elastic substance stretching exactly between the two notes I had composed, but underneath these notes at either end was an egg, a large testicular egg. The eggs were gelatinous to the touch ( I touched them ) and warm, and they were protected by nests. I woke up knowing that my interval was right. ( For those who want more of the dream, it was pink I often dream in color. Also, I was so surprised to see the eggs I immediately understood them to be symbols. Still in the dream, I went to my library of dictionaries and looked up
I
. . .
"interval,"
but found only a confusing explanation

in reality
which I checked the next morning found to be the same.
and
R.C. While composing do you ever think of any audience?

Is
I.S.
there such a thing as a problem of communication?
When I compose
should
in
fail to
stood. I
something, I cannot conceive that it be recognized for what it is, and underuse the language of music, and my statement
will
my grammar
I
be clear
to the musician
who
has followed music up to where
my
contemporaries
and
have brought
it.
14

R.C.
Have you ever thought

poral,
that music
is,
as
Auden
says,
"a virtual image of our experience of living as tem-
with its double aspect of recurrence and becoming?" LS. If music is to me an "image of our experience of living as temporal" (and however unverifiable, I suppose it is), my saying so is the result of a reflection and as such is independent of music itself. But this kind of thinking about music is a different vocation altogether for me: I cannot do anything with it as a truth, and my mind is a doing one. Auden means "Western" music or, as he would say, "music as
history"; jazz improvisation
is
the dissipation of the
understand "recurrence" and "becoming" their aspect is greatly diminished in

time image and,
serial music.
if
Auden's "image of our experience of (which is also an image) is above music, perhaps, but it does not obstruct or contradict the purely musical experience. What shocks me however, is the discovery that many people think below music. Music is merely something that reminds them of something else of landscapes, for example; my Apollo is always reminding someone of Greece. But in even the most specific attempts at evocation, what is meant by being "like" and what are "correspondliving as temporal"
ences?"
little
Who,
listening to Liszt's precise

gris,
and perfect
Nuages
could pretend that "gray clouds"
are a musical cause
and
effect?
R.C.
Do you work
Is
the
word meaningful
with a dialectical conception of form? in musical terms?
LS. Yes to both questions, insofar as the art of dialectics

is,
according to the dictionaries, the art of logical
discussion. Musical
form
is
the result of the "logical
discussion" of musical materials.
15
R.C.I have often heard you say "an artist must avoid symmetry but he may construct in parallelisms." What do you mean?
I.S.
The mosaics
at Torcello of the Last

is
Judgment are a
good example. Their subject

But, in fact, each
is
division division,
moreover, into two halves suggesting equal halves.

the other's complement, not
its
equal nor
its
mirror,
and the dividing
line itself
is
not
a perfect perpendicular.
On
the one side skulls with,
in the sockets, lightning-shaped snakes;
other, Eternal Life (those white figures, I
and on the wonder if
Tintoretto didn't
equally
know them), are balanced but not balanced. And the sizes and proportions,
of the
movements and rests, darks and lights

are always varied.
two
sides
Mondrians Blue Facade (composition 9, 1914) is a nearer example of what I mean. It is composed of elements that tend to symmetry but in fact avoids symmetry in subtle parallelisms. Whether or not the suggestion of symmetry is avoidable in the art of architecture, whether it is natural to architecture, I do not know. However, painters who paint architectural subject matter and borrow architectural designs
are often guilty of
it.
And
it
only the master musicians

in periods
have managed to avoid

ture has
whose
architec-
embodied aesthetic idealisms, i.e., when archiwas symmetry and symmetry was confused with form itself. Of all the musicians of his age Haydn was the most aware, I think, that to be perfectly symmetrical is to be perfectly dead. We are some of us still divided by an illusory compulsion towards "classical" symmetry on the one hand, and by the desire to compose as purely nonsymmetrically as the Incas, on the other.
tecture
16

R.C.
Do you regard musical form as in some degree mathematical?

It
is,
I.S.
at
any
rate, far closer to
literaturenot perhaps to mathematics

tainly to
something
like
mathematics than to itself, but cermathematical thinking and
mathematical relationships.
(How
misleading are
)
all
literary descriptions of musical form!
am
not say-
ing that composers think in equations or charts of
numbers, nor are those things more able to symbolize music. But the way composers think the way I think
is, it
seems to me, not very different from mathe-
matical tliinking. I was aware of the similarity of
was still a student; and, incidentally, mathematics was the subject that most interested me in school. Musical form is mathematical because it is ideal, and form is always ideal, whether it is, as Ortega y Gasset wrote, "an image of memory or a construction of ours." But though it may be mathematical, the composer must not seek matheI
these two
modes while
matical formulae.
R.C.
You
Is it
often say that to compose
is
to solve a problem.
no more than that?
I.S.
Seurat said: "Certain critics have done

to see poetry in
me
the honor
what
I do, but I paint
by my method
with no other thought in mind."

R.C. In your Greek-subject pieces Apollo, Oedipus, Or-
pheus, Persephone,
dotted rhythms
are
of
great
importance
the opening of Apollo; the canonic inter-
lude in Orpheus; the "Underworld" music in Perse-
phone; the Oedipus "Nonne Monstrum" aria )

use of these rhythms conscious
the eighteenth century?
stylistic
Is
the
reference to
17

I.S.
Dotted rhythms are characteristic eighteenth-century rhythms. My uses of them in these and other works of that period, such as the introduction to my piano
Concerto, are conscious
stylistic
references.
at-
tempted
to build a
new music on
I
eighteenth-century
classicism, using the constructive principles of that
classicism
(which
cannot define here) and even
evoking
rhythms.
it
stylistically
by such means
as
dotted
R.C. Valery said,
by means
guitar?
I.S.
of conventions. "
in, say,
"We can construct in orderly fashion only How do we recognize those

Webern's songs with clarinet and
conventions
We don't. An entirely new principle of order is found

in the Webern songs which in time will be recognized and conventionalized. But Valery's essentially classical dicta do not foresee that new conventions can be created.
R.C.
novelist (Isherwood) once complained to
you of
his difficulties in a technical question of narration.
You advised him

in
I.S.
to find a model.
How do you model
music?
I
As
have
just described in the case of eighteenthI
century dotted rhythms;

in orderly fashion."
have modeled
this con-
ventional rhythmic device so that I could "construct
R.C. Why did you dispense with bar lines in the Diphonas
and Elegias
I.S.
of the Threni?
The
fore,
voices are not always in rhythmic unison. There-
trarily.
any bar lines would cut at least one line arbiThere are no strong beats in these canons, in any case, and the conductor must merely count the music out as he counts out a motet by Josquin. For
18

the same reasons I have also written half notes rather than tied notes over bars. This is perhaps more difficult to read, but
it is
a truer notation.
R.C. Did you model your Threni on the Lamentations of any old master as, for example, you modeled some
dances for Agon from de Lauze's Apologie de Danse and from Mer serine's musical examples?
I.S.
la
had studied
is
Palestrina's
Tallis
complete service and the

I
Lamentations of
there
and Byrd but
don't think
any "influence" of these masters
in
my music.
R.C.
Why do
contemporary composers tend to use smaller
note values for the beat than did nineteenth-century

composers, eighth-note beats instead of quarters, and
sixteenths instead of eighths?
many examples
ment
of the
of this
Your music contains tendency (the second movein C,
Symphony
which
is
in eighth-
and
sixteenth-note beats,
and the
final piece of
the
.
Duo
Concertant which is in sixteenth-note beats ) If you were to double the note values of this music, rewrite it in quarters and eighths, how would it affect the music in your mind? Also, do you always think or see the note unit as you compose and have you ever rewritten anything in different note values after it was composed? Your 1943 revision of the Danse Sacrale from the Sacre du Printemps doubles the values from sixteenths to eighths; was this done to facilitate reading (does it facilitate reading)? Do you believe the
size of the
note has a relation to the character of
the music?
I.S.
don't think
you are
entirely correct in assuming
an
evolution from half- to quarter- to eighth-note pulsations.
greater range
Contemporary music has created a much and variety of tempi and a vastly
19

greater rhythmic range, therefore the greater range
and variety of rythmic unit ( see any table of notation and compare the types of rhythmic unit in use in the
last five centuries
with those in use today).
We write
is
fast-tempo music or slow-tempo music in large or

small note values depending on the music. That
my
only explanation.
As a composer I associate a certain kind of music, a tempo of music, with a certain kind of note unit. I compose directly that way. There is no act of selection or translation, and the unit of the note and the tempo appear in my imagination at the same time as the interval itself. Only rarely, too, have I found
certain
that
my
original beat unit has led
me
into notation
difficulties.
The Dithyrambe
in the
Duo
Concertant,
one such example. me to judge whether a work of mine, translated into larger or smaller note units but played in the same tempo, would make an aural difference to me. However, I know that I could not look at the music in its translated state, for the shape of the notes as one writes them is the shape of the original conception itself. (Of course the performer with his
is
however,
It is difficult for
different
notation as a matter of choice, but this

I
approach will regard the whole problem of is wrong.)
do believe in a relation between the character of my music and the kind of note unit of the pulsation and I do not care that this may be undemonstrable it is demonstrable to me on the composer's side simply because I think that way. And conventions have not worked universally for so long that we may deny that there is any relation of ear and eye. Who can take from dictation a passage of contemporary music in 6/4 and tell whether in fact it is not 6/8 or 6/16?
20
The point
(of course
of legibility. I did translate
my
Danse
Sacrale into larger note values to facilitate reading
more readable, the reduction in reand larger note values go together only up to a point. This idea of
it is
hearsal time proves that). But legibility
fast
music in white notes applies only to certain types

first
of music (the
for example,
movement
of
my Symphony in
C,
and the Gloria Patri in Monteverdi's Laudate Pueri from the Vespers), but this question cannot be dissociated from the question of bar units and of the rhythmic construction of the music itself.
may be
Perhaps the present lack of universal conventions interpreted as a blessing; the performer can only profit from a situation in which he is obliged to
versatility.
review his prejudices and develop reading

R.C. Meters.
Can
first
the same effect be achieved
by means
of
accents as
LS.
To
yes,
to a point, but that point is the degree of real regularity in the music. The bar line is much, much more than a mere accent, and I don't believe that it can be simu-
the
by varying the meters? What question my answer is, up
are bar lines?
lated
by an
accent, at least not in
my music.
R.C. In your
by melodic, rhythmic, and other means, but especially by tonality. Do you think you will ever abandon the tonal
established
identification?
own music, identity is
LS. Possibly.
actly the
We
can
still
create a sense of return to ex-
same place without tonality: musical rhyme can accomplish the same thing as poetic rhyme. But form cannot exist without identity of some sort.
R.C.
What
is
the feeling
now
about the use of music as
accompaniment
LS.
to recitation (Persephone)?
Do
not ask. Sins cannot be undone, only forgiven.
21
THE SERIES
R.C.
Do you
pull?
think of the intervals in your series as tonal

is,
intervals; that
do your
intervals always exert tonal
I.S.
The
I
intervals of
my
series are attracted

is,
by
tonality;
least,
to
compose vertically and that compose tonally.
in
one sense at
R.C.
How has
I.S.
composing with a series affected your own harmonic thinking? Do you work in the same way that is, hear relationships and then compose them? I hear certain possibilities and I choose. I can create my choice in serial composition just as I can in any
tonal contrapuntal form.
course,
I
hear harmonically, of
and
compose
in the
same way
always have.
R.C. Nevertheless, the Gigue from your Septet and the

choral canons in the Canticum Sacrum are
much
more
difficult to
hear harmonically than any earlier

series there-
music of yours. Hasn't composing with a fore affected your harmonic scope?
I.S.
It is
certainly
more
difficult to
hear harmonically
the music you speak of than

serial
difficult to hear.
my earlier music; but any
music intended to be heard vertically is more The rules and restrictions of serial
little
from the rigidity of the great contrapuntal schools of old. At the same time they widen and enrich harmonic scope; one starts to hear more things and differently than before. The serial technique I use impels me to greater discipline than ever
writing differ
before.
22
R.C.Do you
music of
I.S.
think your time world

thirty-five years
is
the same for the
kind of music you are
now composing and

ago
for your Mavra, piano Sonata, (
piano Concerto, Apollo ) ?
My past and present time worlds cannot be the same.

I know that much music
portions of
for the
Agon contain
three times as
as
same clock length
some other
for greater
pieces of mine. Naturally, a
new demand
in-depth listening changes time perspective. Perhaps

also the operation of
memory
in a nontonally devel-
oped work
system)
is
(tonal,
but not eighteenth-century-tonal
different.
We
are located in time con-
stantly in a tonal-system work, but
we may
only "go
through" a polyphonic work, whether Josquin's
Duke
Hercules Mass or a serially composed non-tonal-
system work.
R.C.Do you
oriental
find any similarity in the time worlds of music and of certain recent examples of serial
music?
I.S.
do not think anything
in the nature of the serial
idea makes series in essence "oriental." Schoenberg
himself was a cabalist, of course, but that
is
merely a
personal preoccupation.
notony (not
We have all remarked a moany pejorative sense) that we call "oriental" in serial works, in Boulez's he Marteau sans Maitre for instance. But the kind of monotony we have in mind is characteristic of many kinds of polyphonic music. Our notion of what is oriental is an
in
association of instrumentation chiefly, but also of
rhythmic and melodic designs a very superficial kind

of association indeed. I myself
thing oriental
have no habit of anyand especially no measure of time in
oriental music. In fact,
my
*3
attitude resembles that of
Henri Micheaux: in the Orient I recognize myself as a barbarian that excellent word invented by Attic Greeks to designate a people who could not answer
them
in Attic Greek.
24
TECHNIQUE
R.C.
What
is
technique?
LS.
The whole man.

acquire
that
it
We learn how to use it but we cannot

perhaps
I
in the first place; or
should say
it.
we
are born with the ability to acquire

it
At
present
has
come
to
mean
is
the opposite of "heart,"
though, of course, "heart"

blot
technique too.
single
on a paper by
stantly
Eugene Berman I inmy recognize as a Berman blot. What have I

friend
recognized a style or a technique? Are they the same signature of the whole man? Stendhal (in The Roman Promenades) believed that style is "the manner that each one has of saying the same thing." But, obviously, no one says the same thing because
the saying
is
also the thing.
A technique
itself.
or a style for
it
saying something original does not exist a priori,

is
created by the original saying

for example, that
We
sometimes
say of a composer that he lacks technique.
We
say of
he did not have enough orchestral technique. But we do not believe that more technique would change the composer. "Thought" is not one thing and "technique" another, namely, the
Schumann,
ability to transfer, "express," or
develop thoughts.
(
We
it
)
cannot say "the technique of Bach"

yet in every sense he
never say
had more of it extraneous meaning becomes ridiculous when we

and the making of
science, neither
is
it.
than anyone; our

try
to imagine the separation of Bach's musical substance
Technique
to
is
not a teachable
learning, nor scholarship, nor even
the knowledge of
how
do something.
It is
creation
and, being creation,
it is
new
every time. There are
*5

other legitimate uses of the word, of course. Painters have water-color and gouache techniques, for example, and there are technological meanings; we have techniques of bridge building and even "techniques for civilization/' In these senses one may talk of composing techniques the writing of an academic fugue. But in my sense, the original composer is still his own and only technique. If I hear of a new composer's
"technical mastery" I
am
always interested in the
composer (though critics employ the expression to mean: "but he hasn't got the more important thing"). Technical mastery has to be of something, it has to be something. And since we can recognize technical skill when we can recognize nothing else, it is the
only manifestation of "talent"
I
know
of;
up
to a point
technique and talent are the same. At present all of the arts, but especially music, are engaged in "examinations of technique." In
tion
my
sense such an examina-
must be
is
into the nature of art itself an examina-
tion that
is
both perpetual and

*
new
every time or
it
nothing.
R.C. Your music always has an element of repetition, of

ostinato.
What
is
the function of ostinato?

is,
LS.
It is static that
antidevelopment; and sometimes

at
we need
it
a contradiction to development. However,
became a vitiating device and was employed by many of us.
one time over-
* In the case of
my own
music
know
that
my
first
works, the
Bergere and the Symphony in E-flat, lack personality while at the same time they demonstrate definite technical ability with the musical materials. The Faune sounds like
et
Faune
Wagner
places
in places, like Tchaikovsky's
Romeo and Juliet
in other
(but never like Rimsky-Korsakov, which must have troubled that master), and like Stravinsky not at all, or only
through thickly bespectacled hindsight.
26
INSTRUMENTATION
R.C.
What
is
good instrumentation?
gloss. It
LS.
When you are unaware that it is instrumentation. The

word is a and then
pretends that one composes music
it.
orchestrates
This
is
true, in fact, in the
one sense that the only composers

trators are those
who can be
might
still
orches-
who
write piano music which they
transcribe for orchestra;
and
this
be the
practice of a good
many
composers, judging from the
number of times I have been asked my opinion as to which instruments I think best for passages the composers play on the piano. As we know, real piano music, which is what these composers usually play, is the most difficult to instrumentate. Even Schoenberg, who was always an instrumental master (one could
make
in his
a very useful anthology of instrumental practice
music from the

its
first
song of op. 22 to Von Heute

in trying
auf Morgen with
extraordinary percussion, piano,
and mandolin), even Schoenberg stumbled
to transfer Brahms's piano style to the orchestra (his arrangement of Brahms's G-minor pianoforte quartet for orchestra ) though his realization of the cadenza
,
in the last
movement with arpeggiated

It is not, generally, a
pizzicatos
is
good sign when the first thing we remark about a work is its instrumentation; and the composers we remark it of Berlioz, Rimsky-Korsakov, Ravel are not the best composers. Beethoven the greatest orchestral master of all in our sense, is seldom praised for his instrumentation; his symphonies are too good music in every
master stroke.
27
way, and the orchestra is too integral a part of them. How silly it sounds to say of the trio of the Scherzo
of the
Eighth Symphony, "What splendid instru-
mentation" yet,
thought
it is.
what incomparable instrumental

an orchestrator
I
Berlioz's reputation as
has always seemed highly suspect to me.
was
brought up on his music;

Petersburg of
it
was played
in the Saint
it
my student years as much as
has ever dare say
been played anywhere in the world,

this to all the literary-minded
* so I
people responsible for
his revival.
He was
a great innovator, of course, and
he had the perfect imagination of each new instrument he used, as well as the knowledge of its technique. But the music he had to instrumentate was often poorly constructed harmonically. No orchestra
skill
can hide the fact that Berlioz's basses
and the inner harmonic voices unclear. The problem of orchestral distribution is therefore insurmountable, and balance is regulated superficially, by dynamics. This is in part why I prefer
are sometimes uncertain
the small Berlioz to the grandiose.

* I
remember a
description of Berlioz
who had met the French master after one

concerts in Saint Petersburg in the late
kov,
by Rimsky-Korsakov, of the famous Berlioz

Rimsky-Korsa-
sixties.
who was
then twenty-three or twenty-four, had attended
the concert with other young composers of the group.
They
saw Berlioz-in a
said-conduct his
tail
coat cut very short in the back, Rimsky
own music and Beethoven's. Then they were shepherded backstage by Stassov, the patriarch of Saint Peters-
burg musical life. They found a small man-Rimsky's words were "a little white bird with pince-nez"-shivering in a fur coat and huddled under a hot pipe which crossed the room just over his head. He addressed Rimsky very kindly, "And you compose music too?", but kept his hands in his coat sleeves, as
in a muffler.
28

still do not realize that our princibody today, the symphony orchestra, is the creation of harmonic-triadic music. They seem unaware that the growth of the wind instruments from two to three to four to five of a kind
Many composers
pal instrumental
parallels a
harmonic growth.
It is
extremely
difficult
harmonic body, which is why Schoenberg, in his polyphonic Variations for Orchestra is obliged to double, treble, and quadruple
to write polyphonically for this
the
lines.
The
bass, too,
is
extremely
difficult to
bring
out acoustically and harmonically in the Variations
because
it is
the lowest line, merely, and not bass-ic.

orchestra
is
Though the standard

nism, perhaps,
not yet an anachro-
except
it can no longer be used standardly by anachronistic composers. Advances in
instrumental technique are also modifying the use of
compose for solo, virtuoso instrumentalists today, and our soloistic style is still being discovered. For example, harp parts were mostly glisthe orchestra.
We
sandos or chords as recently as Ravel. The harp can
and arpeggiate en masse, but it can't play en masse as I have used it in my Symphony in Three Movements. And, for another example, we are just
glissando
discovering the orchestral use of harmonics, especially

bass harmonics (one of
tally;
my
favorite sounds inciden-
half
make your throat taut and open your mouth an inch so that the skin of your neck becomes a drumhead, then flick your finger against it: that is the
sound I mean). At the beginning of
my career the
clarinet
was conI
sidered incapable of long fast-tongue passages.
remember
my
Chopin
after
instrumentations
for
Les
Sylphides in Paris in 1910 and an ill-humored clarinet

player telling
me
he had stumbled on a rapid
29

staccato passage
(the only
way
could conceive
Chopin's pianism) "Monsieur, ce n'est pas une musique pour la clarinette." What instruments do I like? I wish there were more good players for the bass clarinet and the contrabass clarinet, for the alto trombone (of my Threni and Berg's Altenberg Lieder), for the guitar, the mandolin, and the cymbalom. Do I dislike any instrument? Well, I am not very fond of the two most conspicuous instruments of the Lulu orchestra, the vibraphone and the alto saxophone. I do admit, however, that the vibraphone has amazing contrapuntal abilities; and the saxophone's juvenile-
delinquent personality floating out over
all
the vast
decadence of Lulu
fascination.
is
the very apple of that opera's
R.C. Are you attracted by any

oriental, exotic, jazz,
I.S.
new instruments electric,

by many non-standard
or-
whatever?
Of
course, I
am
attracted
chestral instruments, percussion ones especially, but

also stringed instruments like those Japanese ones I
have heard
fact
in
Los Angeles, whose bridges are moved
during the performance.

that
traditional
And
let
us not forget the
symphonic instruments like trumpet and trombone are not the same when played
by
jazz musicians.
The
latter
people demonstrate
color and,
greater variety in articulation
and tone
on
some instruments, the trumpet

pear to be at
for instance, they ap-
symphonic player the jazz trumpeter's high lip-trills. We neglect not only the instruments of other ethnographies, however, but those of our greatest European composer as well. This neglect is one reason why Bach's Cantatas, which should be the center of our repertoire, if we must have a repertoire, are comparain a higher range than the
home
30

tively unperformed.
We
don't have the instruments
to play them.
Bach had
trumpet
families
instruments:
families,
where we have single trombone families,
oboe families, families for all sorts of the strings. We have simplifications and greater resonance; where he had the lute, perhaps the most perfect and certainly the most personal instrument of all, we have the guitar. I myself prefer Bach's string orchestra with its gambas, its violino and 'cello piccolo, to our standard
quartet in which the 'cello
as the viola
is if
not of the same family
and
bass.
And,
oboes d'amore and da

Bach's.
caccia were
common I would compose for them. What

is
incomparable instrumental writing

oboes. I
You can
smell the resin in his violin parts, taste the reeds in the
am
always interested and attracted by
new
( new to me ) but until the present I have been more often astonished by the new resources imaginative composers are able to discover in "old"
instruments
instruments.
An
entry in Klee's
:
Tagebiicher says
nicht voll.
(under
May
1913)
Und das Mass ist noch

not yet
full
Man
fuhrt sogar Schonberg auf, das tolle
Melodram
either.
Pierrot lunaire.
And
now
is
For
example, Boulez's third piano sonata

"pianistic" as
varieties of
quite as purely
it
an Stude by Debussy, yet
exploits
touch (attack) untried by Debussy and

its
exposes in
harmonics a whole region of sound

(
neglected until now.

close to
These aspects of the piece are secondary, however, to the aspect of its form; always
Mallarmean ideas of permutation, Boulez
is
now
nearing a concept of form not unlike that of the
idea of
Un Coup de
Des; not only does the pagination
of the score of his third piano Sonata resemble the
Coup de Des "score," but Mallarme's own preface to the poem seems as well to describe the sonata:
31

".
.
.
the fragmentary interruptions of a capital phrase

.
introduced and continued
everything takes place
by abridgement, hypothetically; one avoids the nar." Mallarme thought he was borrowing ration. ideas from music, of course, and would no doubt be surprised to know that sixty years later his poem had cross-pollinated the two arts; the recent publication of he Livre de Mallarme * with its startling diagrams of the mathematics of form must have been an uncanny confirmation to Boulez. Thus an "old" instrument, the piano, interests me more than an Ondes Martinot, for instance, though
.
this
statement
is
in
danger of giving the impression
that I
am
thinking of instrumentalism as something
apart from musical thoughts.

* By Jacques Scherer (Gallimard) the unpublished notebooks and papers.
,
first
study of Mallarmes
32
GESUALDO
R.C.
What motivated you
to
compose new sextus and bas-
sus parts for the lost ones in Gesualdo's motet a sette?

I.S.
When I had written out the five existing parts in score,

the desire to complete Gesualdo's harmony, to soften
certain of his malheurs,
became
is
irresistible to
me. One
has to play the piece without any additions to under-
stand me, and "additions"

I
not an exact description;
my starting point: from recomposed the whole. The existing parts impose definite limits in some cases and very indefinite ones in others. But even if the existing parts did not rule out academic solutions, a knowledge of Gesualdo's other music would. I have not tried to guess "what Gesualdo would have done," however though I would like to see the original I have even chosen
the existing material was only
it
solutions that I
am
sure are not Gesualdo's.

justify
And
mine,
though Gesualdo's seconds and sevenths

I don't
look at
my
work
in that light.
My
it
parts are
as well as
I
not attempts at reconstruction. I

think,
am
in
Gesualdo. The motet would have been unusual,
form of nearly equal halves is unusual, and so is its consistent and complex polyphony. Many of the motets employ a more simple chordal style, and with so many parts so close in range one would expect a treatment of that sort: Gesualdo's music is never dense. The bass part is unusual too. It is of bass-ic importance as it seldom is in Gesualdo. His madrigals are almost all top-heavy and even in the motets and responses the bass rests more than any other part. I don't think I am reading myself into Gesualdo in this instance, though my musical thinkwith or without me.
Its
33

ing
is
always centered around the bass
the bass
still
functions as the harmonic root to

I
me even in the music
am composing at present). But this motet which might be Gesualdo's ultimate opus would lead him to unusual things by the mere fact of its being his unique piece in seven parts. (By the same reasoning, I contend that the lost volume of six-voice madrigals contains more complex, more "dissonant" music than the five-voice volumes, and the one reference we have to any of the madrigals in that book, to Sei disposto, bears me out; even his early six-part madrigal Donna, se mancidete has a great number of seconds besides those which are editors' errors.
I
would
like to point out the
very dramatic musiat
cal symbolization
of the text that occurs
the
dividing point of the form.

three (I
lar)
The
voices narrow to
am
sure Gesualdo has done something simiat the
when
hope
words "seven-fold grace of the

to Gesualdo and my own musician will help excite the
paraclete" spread to seven full polyphonic parts.

I
my little homage
interest in that great
cupidity of other Gesualdines to the search for his

lost
work: the
trio for
the three famous ladies of
Ferrara; the arias mentioned in Fontanelli's letters;
and, above all, the six-part madrigals. This music must be in the Italian private libraries. (When Italy has been catalogued everything will reappear; recently Hotson, the Shakespearian, found a letter in an
Orsini library describing an Orsini ancestor's impressions of a performance in Elizabeth's court of what must have been the first night of Twelfth Night.) Gesualdo was well related in Naples, in Ferrara, in Modena, in Urbino, even in Rome (his daughter married the Pope's nephew). Let us begin there.
34
TRANSLATION
R.C.
No composer
Would you
has been more directly concerned with
the problems of musical texts sung in translation. say something about the matter?
I.S.
Let
let
librettos
and
texts
be published
in translation,
synopses and arguments of plots be distributed in

let
but do not change the sound and the stress of words that have been composed to precisely certain music at precisely
advance,
to,
imaginations be appealed
certain places.
Anyway, the need

about"
one's
is
to
know "what they

if
are singing
it
not always satisfied by having

language, especially
is
sung in
own
that language hap-
pens to be English. There
a great lack of school for
singing English, in America at any rate; the casts of
some American productions of opera in English do not all seem to be singing the same language. And "meaning," the translators argument detre, is only one item. Translation changes the character of a work and destroys its cultural unity. If the original is verse,
especially verse in a language rich in internal rhymes,
it
can only be adapted in a loose sense, not translated
(except perhaps by Auden; Browning's lines begin-
good example of
ning "I could favour you with sundry touches" are a just how extraordinary doubleverse sounds in English). Adaptation implies
rhymed
translation of cultural locale
and
results in
what
mean by
ple,
the destruction of cultural unity. For examin
Italian prestos
like Gilbert
English can hardly escape

Sullivan,
sounding
and
though
this
may
be the
fault of
my
Russian-born, naturalized-Ameri-
35
can ears and of my unfamiliarity with other periods of English opera ( if, after Purcell and before Britten,
there were other periods of English opera).
An example of translation destroying text and music occurs in the latter part of my Renard. The passage I am referring to I call it a pribaoutki * exploits a speed and an accentuation that are natural to Russian (each language has characteristic tempi which partly determine musical tempi and character ) No translation of this passage can translate what I have done musically with the language. But there are many such instances in all of my Russian vocal music; I am so disturbed by them I prefer to hear
.
those pieces in Russian or not at

is still
all.
Fortunately Latin
permitted to cross borders at least no one has
yet proposed to translate
my
Oedipus,
my
Psalms,
my
Canticum, and
my
of
Mass.
The presentation
speaking, Babel
*
is
a sign of a rich culture in
works in original language is my opinion. And, musically
a blessing.
kind of droll song, sometimes to nonsense syllables, some-
times in part spoken. (I.S.
36
2:
Ah out Musicians and Others

SAINT PETERSBURG
R.C.
I.S.
Do you remember your
first
attendance at a concert?
My
was
first
experience of a public musical performance
at the Mariinsky theater in Saint Petersburg.
My impressions of it are mixed with what I have been

told, of course,
taken to see
Life for the Tsar.
but as a child of seven or eight I was We were given one
and I remember that it was "winged amours." The spectacle of the theater itself and of the audience bewildered me, and my mother said later that, as I watched the stage, carried away by the sound of the orchestra perhaps the greatest thrill of my life was the sound (
of the official loges,
gilt
adorned with
of that
first
orchestra), I asked her, as in Tolstoy,

is
"Which one
the theater?" I
remember
also that
Napravnik conducted the opera in white gloves. The first concert of which I have any recollection was the occasion of a premiere of a symphony by Glazunov. I was nine or ten years old and at this
time Glazunov was the heralded new composer. He was gifted with extraordinary powers of ear and memory, but it was going too far to assume from that that he must be a new Mozart; the sixteen-year old
37
prodigy was already a cut and dried academician. I was not inspired by this concert.
R.C.Were you impressed by any

7.S.
visiting foreign musi-
cians in your student days in Saint Petersburg?
In the early years of this century most of the distin-
guished foreign artists who came to Saint Petersburg made calls of homage to Rimsky-Korsakov. I was in his home almost every day of 1903, 1904, and 1905, and therefore met many composers, conductors, and
virtuosi there.
lish,
Rimsky could speak French and Eng-
the latter language having been acquired during
term as a naval officer, but he did not know German. As I spoke the language fluently from my childhood, he sometimes asked me to translate for him and a German-speaking guest. I remember meeting the conductors Artur Nikisch and Hans Richter in this way. The latter knew no word of any language but German, and Rimsky, with no German-speaking member of his family present, had to send for me. When Richter saw me he scowled and asked "Wer ist dieser JunglingF' I remember meeting Max Reger in those years, at a rehearsal, I think. He and his music
his
repulsed
also
me
in
about equal measure. Alfredo Casella
came
to Russia then, at the beginning of his
career. I did not
meet him
at that time,
but heard
about him from Rimsky: "A certain Alfredo Casella,
an Italian musician, came to see me today. He brought me a complicated score of incredible size, his instrumentation of Balakirev's Islamey, and asked
me
to
comment on
it
and
to advise him.
I felt like
What
a poor
could
little one say about such a thing? and saying so he seemed humiliated. child" I remember seeing Mahler in Saint Petersburg, too.
38
I
. .

His concert there was a triumph. Rimsky was
alive, I believe,
still
but he wouldn't have attended because a work by Tchaikovsky was on the program (
was Manfred, the dullest piece imaginable ) played some Wagner fragments and, if I remember correctly, a symphony of his own. Mahler impressed me greatlyhimself and his conducting.
think
it
Mahler
also
R.C.
Would you
describe Rimsky-Korsakov as a teacher?
LS.
He was a most unusual teacher. Though a professor at

the Saint Petersburg Conservatory himself, he advised
me not to
enter
it;
instead he
made me
the most
precious gift of his unforgettable lessons
( 1903-1906 ) These usually lasted a little more than an hour and took place twice a week. Schooling and training in orchestration was their main subject. He gave me Beethoven piano sonatas and quartets and Schubert marches to orchestrate and sometimes his own music,
the orchestration of
Then
his
which was not yet published. I did, he showed me own orchestra score, which he compared with
as I
brought him the work
mine, explaining his reasons for doing

In addition to these lessons
the boring lessons in
I
it
differently.
continued
I
my contraI
puntal exercises, but by myself, as
could not stand
harmony and counterpoint
had
had with
R.C.
a former pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov.
What music of yours did Rimsky-Korsakov know? What did he say about it? What were his relations with new music: Debussy, Strauss, Scriabin?
I.S.
When
not go:
asked to go to a concert to hear Debussy's

said, "I
I will start to
music he
have already heard it. I had better get accustomed to it and finally like it." He hated Richard Strauss but probably for the wrong reasons. His attitude toward Scriabin was
39
music at all, but to those people who were indignant about it his answer was: "I like Scriabin's music very much."
different.
He
didn't like Scriabin's
He knew
well
cated to him, and also

his help
my Symphony in E-flat, op. l, dedimy vocal suite Faune et
Bergere, both performed in a concert arranged with
and supervision. He had seen the manuscript
of
my
Scherzo Fantastique, but his death prevented
him from hearing it. He never complimented me; but he was always very closemouthed and stingy in praising his pupils. But I was told by his friends after his death that he spoke with great praise of the Scherzo
score.
R.C. Did you have Maeterlinck's
La Vie des
Abeilles in
mind
LS.
as a
program
for your Scherzo Fantastique?
No,
I wrote the Scherzo as a piece of "pure" symphonic music. The bees were a choreographer's idea
as, later,
the beelike creatures of the ballet (to
my
The Cage, were Mr. Robbins's. I have always been fascinated by bees awed by them after Von Fritsch's book and terrified after my friend Gerald Heard's Is Another World Watching but I have never attempted to evoke them in my work (as, indeed, what pupil of the composer of the Flight of the Bumble Bee would?) nor have I been influenced by them except that, defying Galen's advice to elderly people (to Marcus Aurelius?) I continue
string Concerto in
)
,
to eat a daily diet of honey.
Maeterlinck's bees nearly gave me serious trouble, however. One morning in Morges I received a startling letter from him, accusing me of intent to cheat
and
fraud.
My Scherzo had been entitled Les Abeilles

title,
anyone's
ballet
after all and
made
the subject of a
then performing at the Paris Grand Opera
40

was unauthorized by me and, of had not seen it, but Maeterlinck's name was mentioned in the program. The affair was settled, and, finally, some bad literature about bees was published on the flyleaf of my score to satisfy my publisher, who thought a "story" would help to sell the
(
1917). Les Abeilles

I
course,
music.
I I
regretted the incident with
Maeterlinck
because
translation.
had considerable respect for him in Russian Sometime later I recounted this epi-
sode to Paul Claudel. Claudel considered Maeterlinck to
have been unusually polite to me: "He often

people
to
starts suits against
who
say bonjour to him.

'bird'
You were lucky not

the Bluebird
first."
have been sued for the
part of the Firebird, since Maeterlinck

*
had written
* Since writing this I
have conducted three performances of

it is
the Scherzo ("whether or not
'Fantastique'
its
is
up
to us to
decide," one French critic wrote after
premiere in Saint
Petersburg under the baton of Alexander Ziloti) and was surprised to find that the music did not embarrass me.
orchestra "sounds," the music
is
The
light in a
way
that
is
rare in
compositions of the period, and there are one or two quite good
ideas in
it,
such as the
flute
and
violin
music at no. 63 and the
chromatic movement of the

are
all
it
last
page. Of course the phrases

is
four plus four plus four, which

again, I
monotonous, and, hear-
ing
was
I
sorry that I did not
more
exploit the alto
flute. It is
I
a promising opus three, though.
see
now
that
did take something from Rimsky's
Bumble
Bee (numbers 49-50 in the score), but the Scherzo owes much more to Mendelssohn by way of Tchaikovsky than to RimskyKorsakov.
The progress
of instrumental technique
was
illustrated to
me by
these recent performances in an interesting detail.
The
original score-written
more than
fifty
years ago-employs three three parts were
harps. I
remember very well how
difficult all
for the harpists in Saint Petersburg in 1908. In
1930
reduced
the three parts to two for a
new
41
edition of the orchestral mate-

of Rachmaninov, of all saw that awesome man he had come to my house in Hollywood bearing me the gift of a pail of honey. I was not especially friendly with Rachmaninov at the time, nor, I think, was any-
This bee-ology reminds
me
people, for the last time I
one else: social relations with a man of Rachmaninov's temperament require more perseverance than I can
afford:
he was merely bringing me honey. ous, however, that I should meet him, not
I
It is curi-
in Russia,
though
often heard
him perform there
in
my youth,
nor later
when we were
neighbors in Switzerland,
of immortality just
but in Hollywood.
Some people achieve a kind
by
the totality with which they do or do not possess some

quality or characteristic. Rachmaninov's immortaliz-
ing totality was his scowl.

foot-tall scowl.
I
He was
a six-and-a-half-
suppose my conversations with him, or rather with
his wife, for
he was always
is
silent,
first
were
typical:
Mme. Rachmaninov: What

you
rise in
the
thing you do
when
the morning? (This could have been inif
Myself: For fifteen minutes
you had seen how it was asked. I do exercises taught me by a Hungarian gymnast and Kneipp Kur maniac, or rather I did them until I learned that the Hungarian had died very young and very suddenly, then I stand on my head, then I take a shower. Mme. Rachmaninov: You see, Serge, Stravinsky takes showers. How extraordinary. Do you still say you are afraid of them? And you heard Stravinsky say that he
discreet,
but not
Now I see that with a few adjustments the same music can be performed by one player, so much quicker are harpists at
rial.
their pedals.
42

exercises?
What do you
think of that?
Shame on you
who
will hardly take a walk.

:
Rachmaninov ( silence I remember Rachmaninov's earliest compositions. They were "watercolors," songs and piano pieces freshly influenced by Tchaikovsky. Then at twentyfive he turned to "oils" and became a very old composer indeed. Do not expect me to spit on him for that, however. He was, as I have said, an awesome man, and besides, there are too many others to be spat upon before him. As I think about him, his silence looms as a noble contrast to the self-approba-
which are the only conversations of all performAnd he was the only pianist I have ever seen who did not grimace. That
tions
ing and most other musicians.
is
a great deal.
were a pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov, did you much as you did later, in the twenties and thirties? LS. Then, as later in my life, I was annoyed by the too frequent vulgarity of his music annoyed in the same measure as I enjoyed the real freshness of Tchaikovsky's talent ( and his instrumental inventiveness ) especially when I compared it with the stale naturalism and amateurism of the "Five" (Borodin, RimskyKorsakov, Cui, Balakirev, and Moussorgsky )
R.C.
When you
esteem Tchaikovsky as
R.C.
What was Rimsky-Korsakov's attitude to Brahms, and when did you yourself first encounter Brahms's music?
I
LS.
remember reading the notice of Brahms's death in New Time (the Saint Petersburg conservative newspaper; I subscribed to it for Rozanov's articles ) and
43

the impression
it
made on me.
it
know
that at least
three years prior to
had played quartets and
symphonies by the Hamburg master.
Brahms was the discovery of my "uncle" Alexander Ielatchich, husband of my mother's sister Sophie. This gentleman, who had an important role in my early development, was a civil service general and a wealthy man. He was a passionate musical amateur who would spend days at a time playing the piano. Two of his five sons were musical, too, and one of them or myself was always playing four-hand music with him. I remember going through a Brahms quartet with him this way in my twelfth year. Uncle Alexander was an admirer of Moussorgsky and as such he had little use for Rimsky-Korsakov. His house was just around the corner from Rimsky's, however, and I would often go from one to the other, finding it difficult to keep a balance between them. Rimsky did not like Brahms. He was no Wagnerite either, but his admiration for Liszt kept him on the
Wagner-Liszt side of the partisanship.
R.C.
What opinion
I.S.
did you have of Moussorgsky when you were Rimsky-Korsakov's student? Do you remember anything your father may have said about him? How do you consider him today? I have very little to say about Moussorgsky in connection with my student years under Rimsky-Korsakov. At that time, being influenced by the master who recomposed almost the whole work of Moussorgsky, I repeated what was usually said about his "big talent" and "poor musicianship," and about the "important services" rendered by Rimsky to his "embarrassing" and "unpresentable" scores. Very soon I
44

realized the partiality of this kind of mind, however,
and changed my attitude toward Moussorgsky. This was before my contact with the French composers, who, of course, were all fiercely opposed to Rimsky's "transcriptions/' It was too obvious, even to an influenced mind, that Rimsky's Meyerbeerization of
Moussorgsky's "technically imperfect" music could no

longer be tolerated.
As to
my own
feeling (although I have
little
con-
tact with Moussorgsky's
music today),
think that in
spite of his limited technical
writing" his original scores always
means and "awkward show infinitely

intuition than
more
true musical interest
and genuine
the "perfection" of Rimsky's arrangements.

ents often told me that Moussorgsky
My
par-
was a connoisseur of Italian operatic music and that he accompanied concert singers in it extremely well. They also said that Moussorgsky's manners were always ceremonious and that he was the most fastidious of men in his personal relations. He was a frequent guest in our
house at Saint Petersburg.
R.C.
I.S.
You often conduct Glinka's overtures. Have you always been fond of his music? Glinka was the Russian musical hero of my childhood. He was always sans reproche, and this is the way I
still
think of him. His music

not; all
is
minor, of course, but
he
is
music
in Russia stems
shortly after
Nikolsky,
my marriage, I my civics professor

pay a
from him. In 1906, went with my wife and

at the University of
Saint Petersburg, to
sister,
visit of
respect to Glinka's
Ludmilla Shestakova.
An
old lady of ninety-
two or ninety-three, she was surrounded by servants almost as old as herself and she did not attempt to
45

get
up from her
thrilled to
chair.
She had been the wife of an

."
admiral and one addressed her as "Your Excellency

I
was
meet her because she had been very
close to Glinka. She talked to me about Glinka, about my late father whom she had known very well, about
the Cui-Dargomizhsky circle and

nerism. Afterwards, as a
sent
its
rabid anti-Wagof
memento
my
visit,
she
me
a silver leaf of edelweiss.
R.C. Did you ever meet Balakirev?

I.S.
saw him once, standing with
his pupil
Liapunov,
at a concert in the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
He was
a large man, bald, with a Kalmuck head and
the shrewd, sharp-eyed look of Lenin.
He was
not
greatly admired musically at this time. It

or 1905,
was 1904
and
politically,
because of his orthodoxy,

hypocrite. His reputa-
the liberals considered

tion as a pianist
him a
was firmly established by numerous

all
pupils however,
portrait of
of them, like Balakirev himself,
ardent Lisztians; whereas Rimsky-Korsakov kept a
Wagner
over his desk, Balakirev had one
of Liszt. I pitied Balakirev because he suffered from
cruel
fits
of depression.
R.C.
You do not mention
I.S.
in your Autobiography whether you attended Rimsky-Korsakov's funeral? I did not mention it because it was one of the unhappiest days of my life. But I was there and I will remember Rimsky in his coffin as long as memory is.
He
so
looked so very beautiful
could not help crying.
His widow, seeing me, came up to
me and said, "Why
unhappy?
We
I I
crudest remark
still have Glazunov." It was the have ever heard, and I have never
hated again as
did in that moment.
46
During a recording
session.
(Columbia Records Photo)
At Wiesbaden.
A family portrait.
Lausanne, 1914.
;iiir
Tete de Picasso que
je n'ai
pas
reussi.'
sketch by Picasso.
-mmrnrn-
With his children
in
Morges, Switzerland, 1915.
With Diaghilev
in Seville, 1921.
u
\
mm ~V $
"I'f'tffl
Hk
Clarens, Switzerland, 1913.
Stravinsky and Rimsky-Korsakov at the teacher's home.
DIAGHILEV
R.C.
What were
What,
Diaghilev's powers of musical judgment?
for example,
was
his response to
Le Sacre du
Printemps when he first heard it? LS. Diaghilev did not have so much a good musical judgment as an immense flair for recognizing the potentiality of success in a piece of music or work
of art in general. In spite of his surprise when I played him the beginning of the Sacre ( Les Augur es
Printanieres) at the piano, in spite of his at

attitude to the long line of repeated chords,
first
ironic
he quickly realized that the reason was something other than my inability to compose more diversified music; he realized at once the seriousness of my new musical speech, its importance, and the advantage of capitalizing on it. That, it seems to me, is what he thought on first hearing the Sacre.
R.C.
Was
the musical performance of the first Sacre du Printemps reasonably correct? Do you recall anything more about that night of
May 29, 1913, beyond what you have already written? LS. I was sitting in the fourth or fifth row on the right and the image of Monteux's back is more vivid in my mind today than the picture of the stage. He stood there apparently impervious and as nerveless as a
crocodile. It
is still
almost incredible to
me
that he
I
actually brought the orchestra through to the end.

left
my seat when the heavy noises beganlight noise

started
had
from the very beginning and went back-
stage behind Nijinsky in the right wing. Nijinsky
stood on a chair, just out of view of the audience,
47

shouting numbers to the dancers.
I
wondered what
on earth these numbers had to do with the music, for

there are no "thirteens" and "seventeens" in the metrical
scheme
of the score.
I
From what
heard of the musical performance
it
was not bad. Sixteen full rehearsals had given the orchestra at least some security. After the "performance" we were excited, angry, disgusted, and happy. I went with Diaghilev and Nijinsky to a restaurant. So far from weeping and reciting Pushkin
.
de Boulogne as the legend is, Diaghilev's "Exactly what I wanted." He certainly looked contented. No one could have been quicker to understand the publicity value, and he immediately understood the good thing that had happened in that respect. Quite probably he had already thought about the possibility of such a scandal when I first played him the score, months before, in the east corner ground room of the Grand Hotel in
in the Bois
only
comment was
Venice.
K.C.Had you ever planned a Russian "liturgical ballet?" If so, did any of it become Les Noces? I.S. No, that "liturgical ballet" was entirely Diaghilev's idea. He knew that a Russian church spectacle in a Paris theater would be enormously successful. He had wonderful ikons and costumes he wished to show and he kept pestering me to give him music. Diaghilev was
not really religious, not really a believer,
I suspect,
but only a deeply superstitious man. He wasn't at all shocked by the idea of the church in the theater. I
Les Noces, and its form was already from about the beginning of 1914. At the time of Sarajevo I was in Clarens. I needed Kireievsky's book of Russian folk poetry, from which
began
to conceive
clear in
my mind
48
had made my libretto, and I determined to go to Kiev, which was the only place where I knew I could
I
get
it.
took the train to Oustiloug, our

to
summer home
I
in Volhynia, in July 1914. After a
few days there
went on
Warsaw and Kiev where I found

on
this last trip,
the book.
I
I regret that
my last view of Russia,

I
did not see the Vydubitsky monastery which
knew
and loved.
I
On
the return trip the border police were
already very tense.

arrived in Switzerland only a
few days before

Kireievsky
the
warthanking my
stars. Incidentally,
had asked Pushkin to send him his collection of folk verse, and Pushkin sent him some verses with a note reading, "some of these are my own verses; can you tell the difference?' Kireievsky could not and took them all for his book, so perhaps a line of Pushkin's is in Les Noces.
,
49
DEBUSSY
R.C. Of your early contemporaries, to
the most? Debussy?
whom
do you owe
Do you
think Debussy changed
from
LS.
I
his contact
with you?
in
was handicapped
my
earliest years
by
influences
that restrained the growth of
my
composer's tech-
nique. I refer to the Saint Petersburg Conservatory's
formalism, from which,

I
however and fortunately
was soon free. But the musicians of my generation and I myself owe the most to Debussy. I don't think there was a change in Debussy as a result of our contact. After reading his friendly and commendatory letters to me ( he liked Petroushka very much) I was puzzled to find quite a different feeling concerning my music in some of his letters to his musical friends of the same period. Was it duplicity, or was he annoyed at his incapacity to digest the music of the Sacre when the younger generation enthusiastically voted for it? This is difficult to judge now, at a distance of more than forty years.
5o
LETTERS FROM DEBUSSY

(1)
80 AVENUE DU BOIS DE BOULOGNE Saturday, 10th April 1913

(Letter sent to
me
in Oustiloug)
Dear Friend, Thanks to you I have passed an enjoyable Easter vacation in the company of Petroushka, the terrible Moor, and the delicious Ballerina. I can imagine that you spent and I incomparable moments with the three puppets don't know many things more valuable than the section There is in it a kind you call "Tour de passe-passe"
.
of sonorous magic, a mysterious transformation of mechanical souls which become human by a spell of which, until now, you seem to be the unique inventor. Finally, there is an orchestral infallibility that I have found only in Parsifal. You will understand what I mean of course. You will go much further than Petroushka, it is certain, but you can be proud already of the achieve-
ment
I
of this work.
sorry, please
am
accept
my belated thanks
in
acknowl-
edging your kind
gift.
But the dedication gives
too high a place in the mastery of that music which
me much we
.
both serve with the same disinterested zeal

pily,
Unhap-
was surrounded with sick people! has been suffering for many long days ... I even had to be the "man about the house" and I will admit to you at once that I have no talent for it. Since the good idea of performing you again is talked about, I look forward with pleasure to see you soon here.
at this time, I
Especially
my wife who
5i

Please don't forget the
is
way to my house where everyone

Very
affectionately your
anxious to see you.
Claude Debussy
()
PARIS
8th of
November 1913
it is
Don't
fall to
if
the ground, Dear Friend,

begin,
only me!!!
I
fall out.
Of
course,
to explain
we why I haven't written
you wishing to understand and

yet,
our hair will
is happening here: once a day everyone talks about you. Your friend Chouchou * has composed a fantasy on Petroushka which would make tigers roar ... I have threatened her with
And
then, something marvellous
at least
torture,
very beautiful." So, not thinking of you?
but she goes on, insisting that you will "find it how could you suppose that we are
at the piano of
is
Our reading
at Laloy's
**
he Sacre du Printemps,
It
house,
always present in my mind.
haunts
me like a beautiful nightmare and I try, in vain, to reinvoke

the terrific impression.
*
Debussy's daughter Emma-Claude,
who
died one year after her
father.
Which Louis Laloy, the critic, incorrectly attributes to the spring What most impressed me at the time and what is still most memorable from the occasion of the sight reading of he Sacre was
**
of 1913.
Debussy's brilliant piano playing. Recently, while listening to his En blanc et noir (one of which pieces is dedicated to me), I was struck
by the way
in
which the extraordinary quality of
this
pianism had
directed the thought of Debussy the composer.
52

That is why I wait for the stage performance like a greedy child impatient for promised sweets. As soon as I have a good proof copy of Jeux I will send it to you ... I would love to have your opinion on this "badinage in three parts": while speaking of Jeux, you were surprised that I chose this title to which you preferred The Park. I beg you to believe that Jeux is better, first because it is more appropriate, and then because it
more nearly invokes the

three characters.
*
"horrors" that occur
among
these
When are you coming to Paris, so one may at last play good music? Very affectionately from us three to you and your wife. Your very old friend Claude Debussy
(3)
15th
May
1913
Dear Friend,
work and I fear you have tried to call without success. If you have seen Nijinsky and if he signed the papers please give them to the chauffeur. It is
doesn't
My telephone
urgent that they are at the Societe des Auteurs before five
o'clock.
Thank you, your
old Debussy.
(This note, brought by Debussy's chauffeur, refers to forms from

the Societe des Auteurs Debussy had given
the co-stage author of Jeux. I
time,
*
me
to give Nijinsky,
this
was seeing Nijinsky every day at and Debussy was only sure of reaching him through me.
Debussy was in close contact with me during the composition of Jeux and he frequently consulted me about problems of orchestration. I still
consider Jeux as an orchestral masterpiece, though I think
some
of the
music
is
"trop Lalique."
53

(4)
PARIS
18th of August 1913
Dear Old Stravinsky,

Excuse me for being late in thanking you for a work whose dedication is priceless to me. * I have been taken with an attack of "expulsive gingivitis." It is ugly and dangerous and one could wake up in the morning to discover one's teeth falling out. Then, of course, they could
be strung into a necklace. Perhaps

tion?
this
is
not
much consola-
It is
The music from the Roi des Etoiles is still extraordinary. probably Plato's "harmony of the eternal spheres" ( but don't ask me which page of his ) And, except on Sirius
.
or Aldebaran, I do not foresee performances of this cantata
As for our more modest Earth, a performance would be lost in the abyss. I hope that you have recovered. Take care, music needs you. Kindly convey my respects to your charming mother and best wishes to your wife. Your old faithful Claude Debussy
for planets'.
had dedicated my short cantata he Roi des Etoiles (1911) to He was obviously puzzled by the music and nearly right in predicting it to be unperformable it has had only a few performances in very recent years and remains in one sense my most "radical" and difficult composition.
* I
Debussy.
54

(5)
PARIS
9 November 2913
Dear Stravinsky,
Because one
ders
still
belongs to certain traditions, one won. .

.
of the
it
is not answered But the value music I have received * is more important because contains something affirmative and victorious. Naturally,
why
one's letter
people
who
are a
little bit
embarrassed by your growing

not their
mastery have not neglected to spread very discordant ru-
moursand
fault. I
if
you are not already dead
it
is
have never believed in a rumour is it necessary to tell you this? No! Also, it is not necessary to tell you of the joy I had to see my name associated with a very
beautiful thing that with the passage of time will be
more
but a
beautiful
still.
For me,
who descend
the other slope of the
hill
keep, however, an intense passion for music, for

special satisfaction to tell
me
it is
you how much you have en-
larged the boundaries of the permissible in the empire

of sound.
Forgive
me
for using these
pompous words, but they

of
exactly express
my thought.
Champs
Elysees?
It is really
You have probably heard about the melancholy end

the Theatre des
a pity that
the only place in Paris where one had started to play music
honestly could not be successful.

friend,
May
ask you, dear
what you propose to do about it? I saw Diaghilev at Boris Godunov, the only performance it had, and he said nothing ... If you can give me some news without
* I
had sent him the score
of
he Sacre du Printemps.
55
being indiscreet, do not hesitate. In any case are you coming to Paris? "How many questions" I hear you saying
.
If
you are annoyed

This very
it,
to answer.
I
moment
received your postcard and
see
by
is
dear friend, that you never received
my
letter. It
very regrettable for

Oustiloug
meyou
are probably very angry
with me. Perhaps I wrote the address incorrectly.

also,
is
And
so far away. I will not go to
Lausanne
for
you. This
some complicated reasons which are of no interest to is one more reason for you to come to Paristo
going to
have the joy of seeing each other.
Know that I am
I
Moscow
a
little
the
first
of
December.
wrote to
gather you will not be there? Believe
me
that for this
reason
my journey will be
more
painful. I
Koussevitzky asking him for some necessary information-
he does not answer. As for the "Societe de la Musique Actuelle" I want to do my best to be agreeable and to thank them for the honour they want to bestow on me. Only I don't know if I will have enough time to stay for the concert. My wife and Chouchou send you their affectionate
thoughts and ask not to forget to give the same to your
wife.
Always your old devoted Claude Debussy
(6)
(postcard)
PARIS
November
Dear hood
Stravinsky.
to play
ij, 1913.
You have acquired the habit since childwith the calendar and I confess that your
56

last
card confused me. At the same time
received a tele-
gram from Koussevitzky telling me that I am expected in Moscow December 3 (new style). As the concert in St. Petersburg is the 10th you can see that I will not have time to do anything. Are you recovered from your cold? I heartily hope so. If you have nothing better to do I advise you to go to Moscow. It is a marvellous city and you probably don't know it very well. You will meet there Claude Debussy, French musician, who loves you very much.
Affectionately,
Claude Debussy
(7)
PARIS,
October 24th, 1915 First of all, dearest friend, it is a joy to hear from you at last ... I had some news from your friends, who, I don't
know why, kept the state of your health and your residence
a mystery.
are like the majority of the French people.
We are all doing somewhat better, or in other words we We have our

difficulties.
share of sorrows, of spiritual and domestic
But
this is natural
it
now
that
Europe and the
rest of the
world think
cert."
necessary to participate in this tragic "con-
Why
don't the inhabitants of

to
Mars
join the fray?
As you wrote
me "they will be unable
to
make
us join
same there is something higher than brute force; to "close the windows" on beauty is against reason and destroys the true meaning of life. But one must open one's eyes and ears to other sounds when the noise of the cannon has subsided! The world
their madness." All the
57
must be
rid of this
bad
seed.
We
have
all to kill
the mi-
crobes of false grandeur, of organized ugliness, which
we
did not always realize was simply weakness.
be needed in the war against those other, and which there are no masks. Dear Stravinsky, you are a great artist. Be with all your strength a great Russian artist. It is so wonderful to be of one's country, to be attached to one's soil like the humblest of peasants! And when the foreigner treads upon it how bitter all the nonsense about internationalism seems. In these last years, when I smelled "austro-boches" miasma in art, I wished for more authority to shout my
will
just as mortal, gases for
You
warn of the dangers we so credulously approached. Did no one suspect these people of plotting the destruction of our art as they had prepared the destruction of our countries? And this ancient national hate that will end only with the last German! But will there ever be a 'last German?" For I am convinced that German soldiers beget
worries,
German
As
soldiers.
Doret (the Swiss composer) is right, I made many modifications. Unhappily, they are published by a publisher, Fromont, Colysee Street, with whom I am no more associated. Another trouble is that there are no
for Nocturnes,
more
copyists, at this
cate work. I shall

satisfy
It
moment, capable of doing this delisearch further and try to find a way to
is
bad situation here ... It only serves charitable purposes, and we must not blame it for that. I remained here for more than a year without being able to write any music. Only during these last three months spent at the seaside with friends have I
in a
M. Ansermet. must be confessed that music
recovered the faculty of musical thinking. Unless one

personally involved in
dictory to
it,
is
war is a state of mind contraegotist Goethe is the Olympian thought. That

58

only one
killed
who
could work,
.
it is said,
. .
the day the French
Then there was Pythagoras army came into Weimar by a soldier at the moment when he was going to solve God knows what problem?
Recently
I
have written nothing but pure music, twelve piano etudes and two sonatas for different instruments, in our old form which, very graciously, did not impose any
tetralogical auditory efforts.
And
for
tion. I
you, dear friend, what have you been doing? Don't heavens sake think you have to answer that ques-
ask not out of vulgar curiosity but in pure affection.
And
them?
your wife and children? Have you worries about

suffered badly from her eyes
My wife
makes
It is
it
and from an un-
bearable neuralgia-rheumatism. Chouchou has a cold; she

into
something very serious by the attention she

person.
pays to her
very
little
difficult to
and
so
we
have only the
know when we will see each other weak resource of "words".

.
Well, believe
me
your always devoted old
Claude Debussy
All our affectionate thoughts to your dear family. I
have
received news from the "Societe des Auteurs" saying that
you had chosen

society. I
me
as godfather for
your entry in that
thank you.
59
JACQUES RIVIERE
R.C.
You have
said that Jacques Riviere, as editor of the Nouvelle Revue Frangaise, was the first critic to
have had an intuition about your music.

his
I.S.
What were
musical capabilities?
this distance I
At
for
am not really able to answer that, though I knew Riviere well before the 1914 war I never saw him again after it, and in forty-five years memories change color. However, I can say
that at the time I considered his criticism of

lets to
my
bal-
cle
be literary, inspired more by the whole spectathan by my music. He was musical, certainly, and
his musical tastes
were genuine and cultivated, but whether he was capable of following the musical argument of he Sacre du Printemps I can no longer judge.
I
remember Jacques
at the
Riviere as a
tall,
blond, intel-
lectually energetic youth, a passionate balletomane,
and
vocation.
same time a man with a deep religious He came to Geneva from time to time when
and these meetings with him always
pleasure.
I lived there,
afforded
me much
He
lived in semi-retire-
ment
after the war, his health ruined
by his years
still
as a
prisoner of the Germans, and he died
young, a
broken man. Rereading his letters I am struck (a) by the malady of the French about theater tickets; they will do absolutely anything to get tickets except buy them; if Riviere was so vivement interested in the Nightingale why didn't he go to the guichet and exchange
a few francs for them? and (b)
the fourth letter of
against
by the evidence
in
how
60
quickly fashion had turned
Debussy
in the year after his death.
LETTERS FROM JACQUES RIVIERE

(i)
EDITIONS DE LA NOUVELLE REVUE FRANCAISE 35 AND 37 RUE MADAME,

PARIS
February
4,
1914
My dear
I
Stravinsky,
am
rather late in telling

in
you how grateful
have been near you

started to put
my thoughts all these days as
am. But I I have
on paper some ideas about the 'Nightingale.* You were very kind to have sent these two cards to Gallimard and to me. They gave us great pleasure. I intend to come to your concert * * Saturday and perhaps
I will
be able to shake your hand.
Believe me,
my dear
Stravinsky.
Jacques Riviere
in Leysin in January 1914 completing the Nightingale. Cocteau came there in the hope of persuading me to collaborate with him on a work to be called David, and Diaghilev followed him a few days later with the express intention of discouraging this same project. Diaghilev-Cocteau relations were not ideal at the time, anyway, as Diaghilev could not stand Cocteau's fondness for Nijinsky, but Diaghilev's excuse for the trip was the Nightingale. Until then he had ignored the existence of this opera (out of jealousy it had been commissioned by a Moscow theater) but recently the people who were to produce it had declared bankruptcy, and he was now very interested: I had been paid by them (10,000 rubles, a huge sum of money for 1909), and he could have the opera for nothing. We returned to Paris where I played the Nightingale for Ravel and
*I was
a group of friends.
Among
these
was Jacques
Riviere.
** I have no recollection of this concert.
61

()
PARIS,
May
Dear
Sir,
25th, 1914
Is it
extremely indiscreet of
me
to ask
you
I
for
two or
three tickets to the premiere of the Nightingale? I take

this liberty only
because yesterday evening
heard that
a large
number
of complimentary tickets are available.
You may well imagine how much I want my wife to hear this work from which I myself anticipate so much pleasure. *
But
if it is
impossible please do not hesitate to reto get tickets only for the
fuse me.
* * If
you are able
second
I
performance
I certainly will
not refuse them though of
course I would prefer to attend the premiere. Yesterday
again heard the music of Petroushka and with profound
emotion.
I
beg you, dear
sir,
to excuse
my
importunity and to
believe in
my friendship
and sympathy.
Jacques Rwiere
15 rue froidevaux,
paris xtv
(3)
PARIS,
May
Dear
Sir,
1914
I
You
are exceedingly kind to have thought of

all
me and
is
thank you with
my
heart. Unfortunately, I
had gone
the
away
*
the
moment your
telegram arrived and this
He had
Sic.
attended some of the rehearsals.
**
62

your succeeded in entering the Opera, however, but the conditions under which I heard the Nightingale were so unfavourable that I am not yet able to judge it well. But already I see that it promises me beautiful discoveries for
I
reason
why
did not use the place you offered
me
in
loge. I
the next performances.
admiration and
Again thank you, dear sir, and please believe in my my sympathy. Jacques Riviere
(4)
NOUVELLE REVUE FRANCAISE AND 37 RUE MADAME, PARIS 35

April
6,
iqiq
My
I
dear Stravinsky,
asked Auberjonois * to tell you how your letter gave me. Probably he has done
much
so,
pleasure
I
but
thank
you most sincerely again. It is another matter I want to talk to you about today, however. Perhaps you already know that my friends have
with the direction of the Nouvelle Revue Frangaise, which will reappear June l. It is an honour of which I am very proud, but it is also a heavy burden and a source of grave preoccupations. I intend to direct the attention of the magazine to the anti-impressionist, anti-symbolist, and anti-Debussy movements that are becoming more and more precise and
decided to entrust
threatening to take the form and force of a vast
rent. I
me
new
cur-
would be extremely happy

in
if
you think you could

the dimensions of
it
show us
an
article
(you
may decide
* The late Swiss painter, Ren6 Auberjonois, production of my Histoire du Soldat.
who
designed the
first
63
and the meaning of work you are devoting yourself to at the moment. But do not think you have been forgotten here. Everyone I see talks about you constantly. The influence of Petroushka and Sacre and even of your recent works on the younger musicians is obvious. An article by you will be read with curiosity and sympathy everywhere in the world. To make it easier for you, you could write it in Russian. If you have no one around to translate it, I think I can take charge of that, with the condition that the manuscript you send me is very legibly written. Of course, I will submit my translation to you for rectification. I do not need to tell you that without promising mountains of gold, I will assure you of our best possible fee for
yourself) your present ideas on music
the
your work.
one part of saw each other in Geneva. Most of the people you asked me to see were not in Paris when I arrived there, however, and I myself was so long absent that by the time I finally returned some of the requests were out of date. I will confidently await your answer hoping that it will not be otherwise than favourable, and with this conviction I beg you my dear Stravinsky to believe in my deepest
Please forgive
for having fulfilled only
me
the requests you charged
me
with
when we
last
friendship.
Jacques Riviere
P.S.
Do
not forget to give

If it will
my
best wishes to
Ramuz
**
and Auberjonois.
be
difficult for
you
to send
your manuscript because of the Russian, please inform
me me
and
I will
ask someone I
know
at the
Foreign Affairs
Office to facilitate the sending,
and obtain the necessary
authorization for you.

** C. F. Ramuz, the Swiss novelist and co-librettist with
me
of
V Histoire du Soldat.

(5)
PARIS,
April 21, igig
My
me
I
dear Stravinsky,
letter
Of course your
was disappointing
it
as
it
deprives
of your collaboration; but
delighted
me
also because
think as you do, that a real creator should not lose his
time discoursing about the tendencies and consequences

of his art. His
work must be
self-explanatory.
However,
if
self,
one day the desire overtakes you to write not about yourbut about others, about Debussy for instance, or Russian contemporary music, or some other subject, then think about me and do not forget that our pages are always open
to you.
With
P.S.
*
friendship, your Jacques Riviere
What
is
this
new
"Suite from the Firebird," a ballet?*

suite,
My
1919 version of the Firebird
which
I think
he might have
guessed.
65
RAVEL
R.C.
Have you any notion where the manuscript

and Ravel's instrumentation
be?
of
of yours
Khovanshchina might
I.S.
my last trip to Russia and be lost or destroyed. (I wish someone traveling in Volhynia and passing through Oustiloug would investigate whether my house still stands; not long ago some kind person sent me a photograph of it but did not mention whether it had survived the Nazi invasion, and I could not tell if the photo was pre- or post-war. ) However, I feel certain that Bessel had already engraved it in Russia just
I left it in
Oustiloug on
it
therefore assume
to
fore,
before the [1914] war. The plates should exist, therewith the inheritors of Bessel's Russian firm. I
said
remember a money struggle with Bessel, who we were demanding too much and argued
are asking." I replied that because they
that
"Moussorgsky received only a fraction of what you
had given
Moussorgsky precisely nothing, because they had succeeded in starving the poor man, was the greater
reason to give us more.
The idea of asking Ravel to collaborate with me on an instrumentation of Khovanshchina was mine. I was afraid not to be ready for the spring season of 1913 and I needed help. Unfortunately, however, Diaghilev cared less about establishing a good instrumentation of the opera and rescuing it from RimskyKorsakov than about our version as a new vehicle for Chaliapin. That idiot from every nonvocal point of view, and from some of these, could not realize the
66

value of such instrumentation.
He
declined to sing,
and the project was abandoned, though we had already done considerable work. I orchestrated Shaklovity's famous and banal aria, the final chorus, and some other music I no longer remember. Moussorgsky had only sketched really only projected the final chorus; I began with Moussorgsky's original and composed it from Moussorgsky, ignoring Rimsky-Korsakov.
Ravel came to Clarens to live with me, and we worked together there in March-April 1913. At that
composed my Japanese Lyrics Poemes de Mallarme which I still prefer to any other music of his. I remember an excursion I made with Ravel from Clarens to Varese, near Lago Maggiore, to buy Varese paper. The town was very crowded and we could not find two hotel rooms or even two beds, so we slept together in one.
same time and Ravel
also,
his Trois
Ravel?
When
think of him, for example, in rela-
tion to Satie, he appears quite ordinary. His musical
judgment was very acute, however, and I would say that he was the only musician who immediately understood Le Sacre du Printemps. He was dry and reserved, and sometimes little darts were hidden in his remarks, but he was always a very good friend to me. He drove a truck or ambulance in the war, as you know, and I admired him for it, because at his age and with his name he could have had an easier place or done nothing. He looked rather pathetic in his uniform; so small, he was two or three inches smaller than I am. I think Ravel knew when he went into the hospital for his last operation that he would go to sleep for the last time. He said to me, "They can do what they
67
cranium as long as the ether works." It didn't work, however, and the poor man felt the incision. I did not visit him in this hospital, and my last view of him was in a funeral home. The top part of his skull was still bandaged. His final years were cruel, for he was gradually losing his memory and some of his co-ordinating powers, and he was, of course, quite aware of it. Gogol died screaming and Diaghilev died laughing (and singing La Boheme, which he loved genuinely and as much as any music), but Ravel died gradually. That is the worst.
want with
my
68
LETTERS FROM RAVEL

(i)
COMARQUES, THORPE-LE-SOKEN
13 December iqi^
Vieux it's a long time since I've had any sensational news about your health. Three weeks ago I heard about your sudden death, but was not stricken by it as the same morning we received a postcard from you. Delage * surely told you that your Japanese will be performed January 14th together with his Hindus and my Mallarmeans We count on your presence. I will be in London in three days and hope to hear talk
.
about the Sacre.
And
the Nightingale, will he soon sing?

respectful compliments to
My
Mme.
Stravinsky, kiss
the children, and believe in the affection of your devoted
Maurice Ravel
(2)
SAINT JEAN DE LUZ
14 February 1914
Dear
I
*
Igor,
hear from
Mme.
Casella * * that
Madame
Stravinsky
Maurice Delage, the composer, a good friend to me at this time. Three Japanese Lyrics are dedicated to Maurice Delage, Florent Schmitt, and Maurice Ravel respectively.
My
**
The composer Alfredo
Casella
and
his wife
were
living in Paris
at this time.
69
went
I
to Leysin. I
hope
it is
only a precaution. I beg you,
me by a word. have taken refuge here in the country of my birthplace to work, as work was becoming quite impossible in Paris. Kiss the children for me, and present to Mme. Stravinsky my respectful compliments. Believe in the affection of your devoted
reassure
Maurice Ravel
(3)
SAINT JEAN DE LUZ
26 September, 1Q14
Give me news of yourself, mon vieux. What becomes of you in all this? Edouard * enlisted as a driver. I was not so lucky. They did not need me. I hope that when they have re-examined all the discharged soldiers, and after all the measures I will take, to be back in Paris, if I have the means. The thought that I would go away forced me to do five months' work in five weeks. I have finished my Trio. But I was obliged to abandon the works I hoped to finish this winter; La Cloche Engloutie!! and a symphonic poem:
Wien!!! ** But, of course, that
is
now an
untimely subject.
How
mon
is
your wife? and the
little
ones? Write
me
quickly,
vieux. If you only knew how painful it is to be far from everything! Affectionate souvenirs to all. No news from the Benois. What has become of them?
Maurice Ravel
*
His brother.
**
Which became La Valse.

70

(4)
PARIS,
November
Cher
I
14,
1914
vieux,
. . .
I am back in Paris and it does not suit me at all. want to go away more than ever. I cannot work any more. When we arrived Maman had to stay in bed. Now she is up, but she has to keep to an albumin-free diet. Her age and her anxieties are of course the cause of this condition. No news from Edouard since the 28th October; a whole month and we do not know what has happened to him.
Delage
is
is
now
in Fontainebleau.
From time
to time
he
sent on a commission somewhere. Schmitt

finally
**
*,
who was
still
bored to death in Toul,

to the front.
obtained permission to go
are
still
The Godebskis
to
at Carantec. I
haven't seen Misia.
Remember me
very soon
I
your family, cher vieux. Write to

in
me
beg you. Believe
my
brotherly friendship.
Maurice Ravel
(5)
December
Vieux,
19,
1914
It's settled: you come and sleep (uncomfortably) in the lumber room, which was the bedroom of my brother, and
* Florent Schmitt.
* Cipa Godebski, with his wife and children, Jean and Mimi. The Godebskis (especially Misia Godebski Sert) were good friends of Ravel and me. The issue of L'Oeil for Christmas 1956 contains a
history of this extraordinary family.
71
which was transformed
But come quickly, otherwise you will not find me here any more. I will be working as a driver. It was the only means for me to get to the city, where I had to see Daphnis et Chloe. You don't give me news from your brother. I hope he is completely recovered. Try to hasten your arrival.
into a Persian
for you.
room
Our
affectionate thoughts to you.
Maurice Ravel
(6)
Ainsi, vieux.
ally,
January 2, 1915 Everything was prepared to give you, our a proper welcome. The Persian room with voiles from
Genoa, prints from Japan, toys from China, in short a synthesis of the "Russian Season." Yes, there was even a mechanical Nightingale and you are not coming. Ah, the caprice of the Slav! Is it thanks to this caprice
. . .
that I received a note from Szanto
*,
who
is
delighted to
know that
I will
be
in Switzerland at the
wrote you that I will will send me in your direction. I wait for news from your brother and from you and all your family. Meanwhile, accept all our affectionate wishes for the New Year (New Style).
Devotedly,
end of January? I soon go away, but I doubt that they
Maurice Ravel
* Pianist
and composer, acquaintance
of all of us,
he made a piano
transcription of the Chinese
March
in
my
Nightingale.
72.

(7)
September
16,
igig
Dear
I
Igor,
am
heartbroken that
did not see you.
Why
didn't
you phone Durand * ? They would have given you my address and my telephone number (Saint Cloud 2.33). Well, I hope to meet you soon, perhaps even in Morges,
because
I will try to
go there to see
my
uncle before the
end of the fall. I continue to do nothing. I am probably empty. Give me your news soon and if you go through Paris again try to be a little bit cleverer and do a little
better.
To everybody
my affectionate
greetings,
Maurice Ravel
(8)
June 26, 1923
Dear Igor, Your Noces are marvellous! And I regret that hear and see more performances of them. But
I
it
couldn't
seemed already unwise to come the other evening; my foot was again very swollen and I now have to go back and rest again until next Sunday at least. Thank you, mon vieux,
Affectionately,
Maurice Ravel
*
The publishers.
73
SATIE
What do you recall of Erik Satie? He was certainly the oddest person
R.C.
I.S.
have ever
known, but the most rare and consistently witty person too. I had a great liking for him, and he appreciated my friendliness, I think, and liked me in return. With his pince-nez, umbrella, and galoshes he looked a perfect schoolmaster, but he looked just as much like one without these accouterments. He spoke very softly, hardly opening his mouth, but he delivered each word in an inimitable, precise way. His handwriting recalls his speech to me: it is exact, drawn. His manuscripts were like him also, which is to say, as the French say, fin. No one ever saw him washhe had a horror of soap. Instead he was forever rubbing his fingers with pumice. He was always very poor, poor by conviction, I think. He lived in a poor section and his neighbors seemed to appreciate his coming among them: he was greatly respected by them. His apartment was also very poor. It did not have a bed but only a hammock. In winter Satie would fill bottles with hot water and put them flat in a row underneath his hammock. It looked like some strange kind of marimba. I remember once when someone had promised him some money he replied: "Monsieur, what you have said did not fall on a deaf
ear.
His sarcasm depended on French classic usages.
The
first
it
time
for a
heard Socrate, at a seance where he

of us,
played
few
he turned around
at the
end
74

and said
dames."
I met him in 1913, I believe; at any rate, I photographed him with Debussy in that year. Debussy introduced him to me and Debussy "protected" and remained a good friend to him. In those early years he played many of his compositions for me at the piano. ( I don't think he knew much about instruments and I prefer Socrate as he played it to the clumsy orchestra score.) I always thought them literarily limited. The titles are literary, and whereas Klee's titles are literary, they do not limit the painting; Satie's do, I think, and they are very much less amusing the second time. But the trouble with Socrate is that it is metrically boring. Who can stand that much regularity? All the same, the music of Socrates' death is touching and dignifying in a unique way. Satie's own sudden and mysterious death shortly after Socrate touched me too. He had been turned towards religion near the end of his life and he started going to Communion. I saw him after church one
in perfect bourgeoisie, "Voila, messieurs,
morning, and he said in that extraordinary manner of

his: "Alors, fai
became
quietly.
ill
un peu communique ce matin." He very suddenly and died quickly and
75
SCHOENBERG, BERG, WEBERN

R.C.Will you describe your meeting with Schoenberg in Berlin in 1912? Did you speak German with him? Was he cordial or aloof? Was he an able conductor
of Pierrot?
Webern was
present at the Berlin rehearsof Pierrot but

its
als of Pierrot;
do you have any recollection of him?

strict
You wrote about the instrumentation

not about
its
use of
contrapuntal devices or
polyphony;
I.S.
how
did you feel about these innova-
tions at the time?
Diaghilev invited Schoenberg to hear my ballets, Firebird and Petroushka,
hear his Pierrot
and Schoenberg invited us to Lunaire. I do not remember whether
rehearsals I heard. Diaghilev
Schoenberg or Scherchen or Webern conducted the and I spoke German with Schoenberg, and he was friendly and warm, and I had the feeling that he was interested in my music,
especially in Petroushka. It
is
difficult to recollect
one's impressions at a distance of forty-five years; but

this I
remember very
clearly: the instrumental sub-
stance of Pierrot Lunaire impressed
me
immensely.
the
And by
saying "instrumental"
mean not simply
instrumentation of this music but the whole contra-
puntal and polyphonic structure of this brilliant instrumental masterpiece. Unfortunately

I
do not
re-
member Webern though

meet him,
letters
am
sure I did at least
in Schoenberg's house in Zehlendorf.

I
Im-
mediately after the war
received some very cordial
from Schoenberg inquiring about various small pieces of mine that he and Webern were preparing for performance in his famous Vienna concert series,
76

the Society for Private Performances. Then, in 1925, he wrote a very nasty verse about me ( though I almost
forgive him, for setting
canon).
it to such a remarkable mirror do not know what had happened in be-
tween.
R.C.
And
I
LS.
Berg, did you know him? met him only once, in Venice, in September 1934. He came to see me in the greenroom at La Fenice, where I conducted my Capriccio in a Biennale con-
my son Soulima at the piano. Although was my first sight of him, and I saw him for only a few minutes, I remember I was quite taken by his famous charm and subtlety.
cert with
it
R.C. Has your estimate of Schoenberg and his position
been affected by the recent publication of

finished works?
I.S.
his un-
His scope
is
his position
greatly enlarged by them, but I think remains the same. However, any newly
revealed work by a master will challenge judgment

of
him
in
some particular as
Eliot says that Dante's
minor works are of interest because they are by Dante,

so anything
like the
by Schoenberg, a piece
of incunabula
1897 string Quartet, an arrangement like his 1900 reduction for two pianos of the Barber of Seville, are of interest to us because they are by Schoenberg. The most interesting of the unfinished works are the
three pieces for an ensemble of solo instruments com-
posed
in
1910 or 1911. They force us to reconsider
the extent of Webern's indebtedness respecting in-
strumental style and the dimension of the short

piece. *
*
The
last
composed
of the unfinished works,
No.
not
much
have heard these pieces several times since. They are like Webern, and the most memorable of them, the
is
third one,
very unlike
Webern
indeed.
77
show that Schoenberg continued to explore new ways and to search for new laws of serial music right up to his death. Of these posthumous publications Moses und Aron is in a category by itself: whereas the other works
the
of 1950-51
Modern Psalms
are unfinished,
it
is
unfinished but complete like
Kafka stories in which the nature of the subject makes an ending in the ordinary sense impossible. Moses
und Aron is the largest work of Schoenberg's maturity and the last he was to write in Europe. It does not affect our view of his historical role, however. Jacob's Ladder, or the hundred bars of it that are in a performable state, might still do that: * it dates from
Schoenberg's period of greatest transition,
is
actually
the only composition to represent the years 1915-1922. Schoenberg's work has too many inequalities for us to
embrace
it
as a whole.
For example, nearly
all
of his
as to
texts are appallingly bad,
some
of
them
so
bad
discourage performance of the music. Then, too,

his orchestrations of
Brahms
differ
Bach, Handel, Monn, Loewe, from the type of commercial orchestrahis
tion only in the superiority of craftsmanship:
no better. Indeed, it is evident from his Handel arrangement that he was unable to appreciate music of "limited" harmonic range, and I have been told that he considered the English virginalists and, in fact, any music that did not show a "developing harmony," primitive. His expressionism
intentions are
is
of the na'ivest sort, as, for example, in the directions
for lighting the Gluckliche
Hand;
his late tonal
works
* I now find Jacob's Ladder disappointing, and its Sprechstimme choruses less good than the beginning of Die Gluckliche Hand. The latter work is in fact, so striking that it robs not only Jacob's Ladder but even so late a work as Boulez's Le Visage
Nuptial of originality.
78

are as dull as the Reger they resemble or the Cesar
Franck, for the four-note motive in the
Ode
to
Na-
poleon
is
like
Cesar Franck; and his distinction be-
tween "inspired melody" and mere "technique" ("heart" vs. "brain") would be factitious if it weren't simply naive, while the example he offers of the former, the unison Adagio in his fourth Quartet, makes me squirm. We and I mean the generation who are now saying "Webern and me"must remember only the perfect works, the Five Pieces for Orchestra (except for which I could bear the loss of
the
first
nineteen opus numbers), Herzgewachse,

orchestra, the "Seraphita" song
is
Pierrot, the Serenade, the Variations for orchestra,
and, for
22.
its
from op.
the great
By
these works Schoenberg
among
composers. Musicians will take their bearings from
them
come. They constitute, together with a few works of not so many other comfor a great while to
posers, the true tradition.
R.C.
I.S.
How do you now esteem

If I
Berg's music?
were able
to penetrate the barrier of style (Berg's
he would appear to me as the most gifted constructor in form of the composers of this century. He transcends even his own most overt modeling. In fact, he is the only one to have achieved large-scale development-type forms without a suggestion of "neoclassic" dissimulation. His legacy contains very little on which to build, however. He is at the end of a development (and form and style are not such independent growths that we can pretend to use the one and discard the other), whereas Webern, the Sphinx, has bequeathed a whole foundation, as well as a contemporary sensibility and style. Berg's forms are thematic ( in which
radically alien emotional climate ) I suspect
79

respect, as in
most
others,
he
is
Weberns
opposite);
the essence of his
work and the thematic
structure are
responsible for the immediacy of one form.
However
complex, however "mathematical" the latter are, they are always "free" thematic forms born of "pure
feeling"
and "expression." The perfect work
in
which
to study this and, I think, the essential work, with
Wozzeck, for the study of all of his music is the Three Pieces for Orchestra, op. 6. Berg's personality is mature in these pieces, and they seem to me a richer and freer expression of his talent than the twelve-note serial pieces. When one considers their early date 1914; Berg was twenty-nine they are something of a miracle. I wonder how many musicians have discovered them even now, forty years late. In many places they suggest the later Berg. The music at bar 54 in Reigen is very like the "death" motive first heard in Marie's aria in Wozzeck for example. So is the drowning music in the opera like the music from bar 162 in the Marsch. The waltz and the music at bar 50 in Reigen are Wozzeckian, in the manner of the second act's Tavern Scene, and the trill music with which Reigen ends is like the famous orchestra trill at the end of the first act of Wozzeck. The violin solo at bar 168 in the Marsch is an adumbration of the music of the last pages of Wozzeck, and the rhythmic polyphony of the motive at bar 75 in the same piece is like a quotation from the opera. There are forecasts of the Kammerkonzert too, for instance, in the Nehenstimme figure at bar 55 in Reigen and in the solo violin and wind music thereafter. And each of Lulus three acts concludes with the same rhythm of chords employed near the end of Reigen.
Mahler dominates rather too much of the Marsch

80

but even that piece
like)
is
saved by a superb (un-Mahler-
ending that is I hope I
may be
forgiven for
pointing out dramatically not unlike the ending of
Petroushka: climax followed by quiet, then a few broken phrases in solo instruments, then the final protest of trumpets; the last bar in the trumpets is one
of the finest things Berg ever did.
for Orchestra must
The Three Pieces
be considered as a whole. They are a dramatic whole, and all three of them are related thematically (the superb return of the theme of the
Preludium at bar 160 in the Marsch). The form of
each individual piece is dramatic also. In my judgment
the most perfect of these in conception and realization
is
the Preludium.
The form
round and unrepeating. It sion, and the first notes of the timpani are already
thematic.
and falls and it is begins and ends in percusrises
Then
flute
and bassoon
state the principal

alto
rhythmic motive in preparation for the

solo,
trombone
one of the noblest sounds Berg or anyone else ever caused to be heard in an orchestra. Berg's orchestral imagination and orchestral skill are phenomenal,
especially in creating orchestral blocks,
by which
mean
balancing the whole orchestra in several poly-
phonic planes.
ever imagined
One
is
of the
most remarkable noises he
89 in Reigen, but there are many other striking sonorous inventions; the tuba entrance at bar 110 in Reigen, for instance, and bar
at bar
49 of the Preludium, and bar 144 of the Marsch I have a photograph on my wall of Berg and Webern together dating from about the time of the composition of the Three Pieces for Orchestra. Berg is
tall,
loose-set, almost too beautiful; his look
is
out-
ward.
Webern
is
short, hard-set,
myopic, down-look-
81
Berg reveals an image of himself in his flowing "artist's" cravat; Webern wears peasant-type shoes, and they are muddywhich to me reveals something profound. As I look at this photograph I cannot help remembering that so few years after it was taken both men died premature and tragic deaths after
ing.
years of poverty, musical neglect, and, finally, musi-
who
own country. I see Webern, months frequented the churchyard at Mittersill where he was later buried, standing there in the quiet looking to the mountains according to his daughter; and Berg in his last months, suspecting that his illness might be fatal. I compare the fate of these men who heeded no claim of the world and who made music by which our half century will be remembered, compare it with the "careers" of concal
banishment in their
in his last
ductors,
pianists,
violinistsvain
excrescences
all.
photograph of two great musicians, two pure-in-spirit, herrliche Menschen, restores my sense
this
Then
of justice at the deepest level.
R.C. Did you
know Bartok
personally?
LS.
met him
at least twice in
my
life once in
London
and later in New York in the early forties but I had no opportunity to approach him closer either time. I knew the most important musician he was, I had heard wonders about the sensitivity of his ear, and I bowed deeply to his religiosity. However, I never could share his lifelong gusto for his native folklore. This devotion was certainly real and touching, but I couldn't help regretin the nineteen twenties
ting
it
in the great musician. His
death in circum-
stances of actual need has always impressed
me
as
one of the tragedies of our
society.
82

R.C.
Do you
No. In
still
feel as
(in the Poetics of

I.S.
you once did about the Music)?

struck
late
Verdi
fact, I
am
by the
force, especially in
Falstaff,
with which he resisted Wagnerism, resisted
away from what had seized the advanced musical world. The presentation of musical monologues seems to me more original in Falstaff than in
or kept
Othello. Original also are the instrumentation, har-
mony, and voice-leading, yet none of these has left any element of the sort that could create a school so different is Verdi's originality from Wagner's. Verdi's gift is pure; but even more remarkable than the gift itself is the strength with which he developed it from Rigoletto to Falstaff, to name the two operas I love
best.
R.C.
Do you now
Strauss?
I
admit any of the operas of Richard

admit
all
I.S.
would
like to
Strauss operas to whichever
purgatory punishes triumphant banality. Their musical substance

is
cheap and poor;
it
cannot interest a
musician today. That
now
so ascendant Ariadne? I
cannot bear Strauss's six-four chords: Ariadne makes
me want
to scream. Strauss himself? I
portunity to observe
production of his
of that
had the ophim closely during Diaghilev's Legend of Joseph more closely
than at any other time.
He
conducted the premiere
work and spent some time in Paris during the preparation. He never wanted to speak German with me, though my German was better than his French. He was very tall, bald, energetic, a picture of the bourgeois allemand. I watched him at rehearsals and I admired the way he conducted. His manner to the orchestra was not admirable, however, and
83

the musicians heartily detested him; but every corrective
remark he made was exact:
his ears
and
his
musicianship were impregnable. At that time his

sic
mu-
reminded me of Bocklin and the other painters of what we then called the German Green Horrors. I am glad that young musicians today have come to appreciate the lyric gift in the songs of the composer Strauss despised, and who is more significant in our music than he is: Gustav Mahler. My low esteem for Strauss's operas is somewhat compensated by my admiration for von Hofmannsthal. I knew this fine poet and librettist well, saw him often in Paris, and, I
believe, for the last time at the Berlin premiere of
my
to greet
Oedipus Rex (where Albert Einstein also came me). Hofmannsthal was a man of enormous culture and very elegant charm. I have read him
recently, last year before traveling to Hosios
Loukas his essay on that extraordinary place and was pleased to think him still good. His Notebooks ( 1922)
are one of
my most treasured books.
R.C. Are you interested in the current revival of eighteenth-century Italian masters?
LS. Not very. Vivaldi
is
greatly overrated a dull fellow
who
over.
could compose the same form so
many
times
And
in spite of
my
predisposition in favor of
Galuppi and Marcello, ( created more by Vernon Lee's Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy than by their music) they are poor composers. As for Cimarosa, I always expect him to abandon his four-timesfour and turn into Mozart, and when he doesn't I am more exasperated than I should be if there had
never been a Mozart. Caldara I respect largely because Mozart copied seven of his canons; I do not
84
know much
ter
of his music. Pergolesi? Pulcinella

like. Scarlatti is
is
the
only work of "his" I
a different mat-
but even he varied the form so

I
little.
Living part of
have been exposed to an amount of this music. The Goldoni anniversary was an occasion to perform many Goldoni-libretto
the last two years in Venice
operas. I always regret I
cannot fully appreciate

interests
Goldoni, with or without music I do not understand

his
language but Goldoni

of
me more
than
his musicians. In the Teatro
La Fenice
or the Chiostro
San Giorgio, however, one likes everything a little bit more than one might elsewhere. The "Venetian" music I would like to revive is by Monteverdi and the Gabrielis, by Cipriano and Willaert, and so many otherswhy even the great Obrecht was "Venetian" at one time of that so much richer and so much closer-to-us period. True, I heard a Giovanni Gabrieli-Giovanni Croce concert there
last year, but almost nothing of the sense of their music remained. The tempi were wrong, the ornamentation didn't exist or was wrong when it did, the style and sentiment were ahead of the period by three and a half centuries, and the orchestra was
Verde
eighteenth-century.
When When
effects
will musicians learn that

is
the performance point of Gabrieli's music
rhyth-
mic not harmonic? make mass choral changes and bring
will they stop trying to
out of simple harmonic
out, articulate, those

is
rhythmic inventions? Gabrieli
marvelous rhythmic polyphony.
85
DYLAN THOMAS
R.C.
I.S.
What was
to write
I don't
the subject of the "opera" you
had planned
with Dylan Thomas?

having a subject, but Dylan had a very
think you can say that the project ever got
as far as
beautiful idea.
I first
heard of Dylan Thomas from Auden, in
New
March of 1950. Coming late to an appointment one day, Auden excused himself, saying he had been busy helping to extricate an English poet from some sort of difficulty. He told me about Dylan Thomas. I read him after that, and in Urbana in the winter of 1950 my wife went to hear him read. Two
York, in February or years later, in January 1952, the English film producer Michael Powell came to see me in Hollywood with a
project that I found very attractive. Powell proposed
to
make
a short film, a kind of masque, of a scene

it
from the Odyssey;
would require two or three
arias
pure instrumental music and recitations of pure poetry. Powell said that Thomas had agreed to write the verse; he asked me to compose
as well as pieces of
the music. Alas, there was no money.

angels, even the
Broadway
kind,
Where were the and why are the
world's commissions, grants, funds, foundations never

available to
ect
Dylan Thomases? I regret that this projwas not realized. The Doctor and the Devils
I think,
proves,
that Dylan's talent could have created
the new medium.
May 1953 Boston University proposed to commission me to write an opera with Dylan. I was in Boston at the time, and Dylan, who was in New
Then
in
86

York or
New Haven, came to see me.
As soon
as I
saw
him
knew
the only thing to do was to love him.
He was
time,
nervous, however, chain smoking the whole and he complained of severe gout pains.
. .
"But
I prefer
the gout to the cure; I'm not going to
let
a doctor shove a bayonet into
me
twice a week/'
His face and skin had the color and swelling of too
much drinking. He was

from
his portraits, not
a shorter
man than I
belly.
expected His nose
more than
five feet five or six,
with a large, protuberant behind and
was a red bulb, and
were glazed. He drank a glass of whiskey with me, which made him more at ease, though he kept worrying about his wife saying he had to hurry home to Wales "or it would be too
his eyes
late."
He
talked to
first
me
about the Rakes Progress.

it
He
had heard the
from Venice. He knew the libretto well and he admired it: "Auden is the most skillful of us all." I don't know how much he knew about music, but he talked about the operas he
broadcast of
knew and liked and about what he wanted to do.
"His"
opera was to be about the rediscovery of our planet

following an atomic misadventure. There would be
a recreation of language, only the
new one would have
no abstractions; there would be only people, objects, and words. He promised to avoid poetic indulgences: "No conceits, I'll knock them all on the head." He talked to me about Yeats who he said was almost the greatest lyric poet since Shakespeare, and quoted from memory the poem with the refrain, "Daybreak and a candle-end." He agreed to come to me in Hollywood as soon as he could. Returning there I had a room built for him, an extension from our dining room, as we have no guest room. I received two letters from
87

him.
I
wrote him October 25 in
New York
and asked
him
for
word
of his arrival plans in Hollywood. I
expected a telegram from him announcing the hour

of his airplane.
It said
On November
I
he was dead. All
9 the telegram came. could do was cry.
88
LETTERS FROM DYLAN THOMAS

(l)
THE BOAT HOUSE, LAUGHARNE CARMARTHENSHIRE, WALES

16th June ig$3
Dear Mr. Stravinsky, I was so very glad to meet you for a little time, in Boston; and you and Mrs. Stravinsky couldn't have been kinder to me. I hope you get well very soon. I haven't heard anything yet from Sarah Caldwell *, but I've been thinking a lot about the opera and have a number of ideas good, bad, and chaotic. As soon as I can get something down on paper, I should, if I may, love to send it to you. I broke my arm just before leaving New York the week before last, and can't write properly yet. It was only a little break, they tell me, but it cracked like
a gun.
I
should very
much
like if you think you would

I'd
still
like
me to work with you; and
be enormously honoured
and excited to do that to come to California in late September or early October. Would that be convenient? I hope so. And by that time, I hope too, to have some clearer
ideas about a libretto.
Thank you
again.
And
please give
my
regards to your
wife and to Mr. Craft.
Yours sincerely,
Dylan Thomas
*
Of Boston
University.
89
THE BOAT HOUSE, LAUGHARNE CARMARTHENSHIRE, WALES

September
22, 1953
Dear Igor Stravinsky, Thank you very very much for your two extremely nice letters, and for showing me the letter you had written to Mr. Choate of Boston University. I would have written again long before this, but I kept on waiting until I knew for certain when I would be able to come to the States; and the lecture agent there in New York, who makes my coming across possible, has been terribly slow in arranging things. I heard from him only this week. Now it is certain that I shall be in New York on the 16th of October; and I'll have to stay there, giving some poetry-readings and taking part
in a couple of
performances of a small play of mine, until

if
the end of October. I should like then,

straight to California to
may,
I
to
come
be with you and

(
to get
down
together to the
tell
first
stage of our work.
I'm sure
needn't
you how excited I am to be able to write down that word "our." It's wonderful to think of. One of my chief troubles is, of course, money. I haven't any of my own, and most of the little I make seems to go
the time.
to schools for
all
my children, who will persist in getting older The man who's arranged my readings in
York,
is
October, at a few Eastern universities and at the Poetry

Center,
New
paying
my
expenses to and from
New York. But from there to California I will have to pay my own way on what I can make out of these readings. I do
hope it will work out all right. Maybe I'll be able to give a few other readings or rantings in California to help pay expenses. (I'd relied on drawing my travelling expenses
90

from the original Boston University Commission). I want to bring my wife Caitlin with me, and she thinks she can stay with a friend in San Francisco while I am working with you in Hollywood. Anyway, I'll have to work these things out the best I can, and I mustn't bother you with them now. Money for California will come somehow, I'll pray for ravens to drop some in the desert. The main thing, I know, is for me to get to you as soon as possible, so that we can begin well, so that we can begin, whatever it will turn out to be. I've been thinking an awful lot about it. I was so sorry to hear that you had been laid up for so long; I hope you're really well again by this time. My arm's fine now and quite as weak as the other one. If you don't write to me at Wales before I leave, about October 7th, then my American address will be: c/o J. M. Brinnin, Poetry Center, YM-YWHA, 1395 Lexington Avenue, New York, 28. But anyway I'll write again as soon
etc.
as I reach there.
I'm looking forward enormously to meeting you again,
and
to
about it (though
working with you. And I promise not to tell anyone it's very hard not to). Most sincerely,
Dylan Thomas
9i
3:
About
My Life and Times
and Other Arts
R.C.I once heard you describe your childhood glimpses of the Tsar Alexander III.
I.S.
saw the Tsar many times while walking with
my
brothers and governess along the quays of Saint
Moyka river or by the adjacent canals. The Tsar was a very large man. He occupied the entire seat of a droshky driven by a troika coachman as big and obese as himself. The coachman wore a dark blue uniform the chest of which was covered with medals. He was seated in front of the Tsar but
Petersburg's
elevated on the driver's seat, where his enormous
behind, like a gigantic pumpkin, was only a few inches
The Tsar had to answer greetby raising his right hand recognized by everywas he towards his temple. As body, he was obliged to do this almost without interfrom the Tsar's
face.
ings from people in the street
ruption. His appearances gave

I
me
great pleasure, and
eagerly anticipated them.

Tsar's
We
removed our hats

feel-
and received the

I also
acknowledging gesture
in
ing very important indeed.
saw the same Tsar
an unforgettable pag-
eant, a parade that passed
our street
on
its
way to
the
92
About
My
Life
It honored the Shah of and was the climax of an important state visit. We were given places in the first floor window of our hairdresser's. The most brilliant procession of all kinds
Imperial Mariinsky Theater.
Persia
of cavalry passed by, imperial guards, coaches with grand dukes, ministers, generals. I remember a long,
forestlike noise, the "hurrah" of the
streets,
crowds in the
coming
in crescendo
waves
closer
and
closer
with the approaching isolated car of the Tsar and the

Shah.
R.C. Your father and Dostoievsky were friends.
I suppose heard a great deal about Dostoievsky? Dostoievsky became in my mind the symbol of the artist continually in need of money. My mother talked about him in this way; she said he was always grub-
you
as a child
I.S.
He gave readings from his own works, and these were supported by my parents, who complained, however, that they were intolerably boring. Dostoievsky liked music and often went to concerts with my father. Incidentally, I still consider Dostoievsky to be the greatest Russian after Pushkin. Now, when one is supposed to reveal so much of oneself by one's choice of Freud or Jung, Stravinsky or Schoenberg, Dostoievbing.
sky or Tolstoy,
am
a Dostoievskyan.
R.C.
I.S.
have heard you say you saw Ibsen "plain."
In
May
1905, shortly after the separation of
Norway
and Sweden, I and my younger brother Goury went on a holiday to Scandinavia where we stayed for about a month. We sailed from Saint Petersburg to Kronstadt and Helsingfors, staying in the latter city for a few days with my uncle, who was the civil governor
of Finland.
We
then sailed to Stockholm, stopping
long enough to hear a performance of the Marriage

of Figaro,
and through the beautiful Swedish lake

93

canals to Goteborg,
where we changed boats for Copenhagen and Oslo. It was delicious spring weather in Oslo, cold but pleasant. One day it seemed like the whole population was in the streets. We were riding in a droshky, and the friend who was with us told me to look at a smallish man on the sidewalk to our right. It was Henrik Ibsen. He wore a top hat, and his hair was white. He was walking with his hands folded behind his back. Some things one sees never leave
the eyes, never
move
into the
back part of the mind.
So Ibsen
R.C.
is
in
my
eyes.
at
You were a friend of D'Annunzio's

you?
I
one time, weren't
I.S.
saw rather a lot of him just before the 1914 war, but Diaghilev had known him before me; he was a great enthusiast of our Russian Ballet. I met him for the
time in Paris at
of the
first
Mme. Golubev's, a Russian lady Mme. Recamier school throughout one's entire
audience she would remain on a divan with her elbow

raised
and her head propped on her hand. One day, D'Annunzio entered her salon, a small man, brisk and natty, very perfumed and very bald (Harold Nicolson's likening his head to an egg, in Some People, is an exact comparison). He was a brilliant, fast, and very amusing talker, so unlike the "talk" in his books. I remember that he was very excited about my opera The Nightingale; when after its premiere the French press had generally attacked it, he wrote an article in its defense, an article I wish I still had. I saw him many times after that. He came to my apartment in Paris, he came to performances of the Ballet and to concerts of mine in France and Italy. Then, suddenly, it was discovered that his execrable taste in literature went together with Mussolini's execrable
94
About
My
Life
taste in everything else.
acter"
He was no longer a "charand no longer amusing. But whether or not

his influence
he survives as a readable author,

still
does
still
survive: the interiors of
many
Italian
homes
follow descriptions in his novels.
On
a recent
visit to
Asolo, to see the composer
was strongly reminded of D'Annunzio. Malipiero has a most extraordinary and not entirely un-D'Annunzian house himself, a fine Venetian building on a hillside. One enters under a Latin inscription and plunges into darkest night. The dark is in deference to pairs of owls who, from covered cages in obscure corners, hoot the two notes,
Malipiero, I
in tune with Malipiero's piano after
he plays them.
There
is
evidence in the garden of affection for other

chickens have been
of God's feathered creatures:
buried in marked graves; Malipiero's chickens die of

old age.
R.C.
I.S.
You knew Rodin, didn't you? I made his acquaintance in the Grand Hotel in Rome shortly after the beginning of the First World War. Diaghilev had organized a benefit concert there in
which
conducted the Suite from Petroushka. I interested in him because of his fame than because of his art, for I did not share the enthusiasm of his numerous and serious admirers. I met him again, sometime later, at one of our ballet performances in Paris. He greeted me kindly, as though I were an old acquaintance, and at that moI
confess I
was more
95
ment
remembered the impression

what
I
made on me
at our first handshaking.
quite the contrary of

to a sculptor's hand.
had They were soft, had expected, and they

his fingers
did not seem to belong to a male hand, especially not
He had
a long white beard that
reached down to the navel of his long, buttoned-up surtout, and white hair covered his entire face. He sat reading a Ballet Russe program through a pincenez while people waited impatiently for the great old artist to stand up as they passed in his rownot know-
been said that Rodin drew a my knowledge that is not so. Perhaps the author of that information was confusing him with Bonnard who did, in fact, make a fine ink portrait of me in 1913lost, unfortunately, with all of my belongings, in our estate in Russia.
ing
it
was
he. It has
sketch of me.
To the
best of
R.C. Wasn't there also a question of Modigliani doing a

portrait of
I.S.
you?
Yes. I don't
but
or
remember the circumstances very clearly him in company with Leon Bakst in 1912 1913 because either he or I or Diaghilev had conI visited
ceived the project of his doing a portrait.

I
don't
know why
ill,
it
wasn't realized whether
Modigliani was
as he so often was, or
whether
I
was called away with the ballet. At that time an immense admiration for him. *
*
had
portrait of
me by
these remarks were made. It
Modigliani has been discovered since is a large picture in gray, black
and ivory oils, undated but similar in period style to the Max Jacob and Cocteau portraits. It has been certified by such experts as Zborovsky, Schoeller, and Georges Guillaume, and by a statement from Picasso: "J e pense que ce tableau est un portrait de Stravinsky, Cannes, le 18-9-57 (signe) Picasso/' Modigliani must have done it from memory. I regret to have to admit that it does resemble me.
96
About
R.C.
I.S.
My
Life

you de-
One more
I don't
"painter" question. I once heard
scribe your meeting
Claude Monet.
know where Diaghilev found the old man or how he managed to get him into a loge at one of our
Ballet Russe spectacles, but I
saw him there and came
to serrer la main. It
I think,
was
after the war, in 1922 or 1923
and of course no one would believe it was Claude Monet. He wore a white beard and was nearly blind. I know now what I wouldn't have believed then, that he was painting his greatest pictures at the time, those huge, almost abstract canvases of pure color and light ( ignored until recently; I believe they are in the Orangeries, but a very beautiful Water Lilies which now looks as good as any art of the period, I go
Museum of Modern Art every time I am York ) * Old Monet, hoary and nearly blind, couldn't have impressed me more if he had been
to see in the
in
New
Homer
R.C.
himself.
You were with Mayakovsky very

Paris trip in 1922?
often on his famous
I.S.
Yes, but he
was a closer friend to Prokofiev than to me. I remember him as a somewhat burly youth he was twenty-eight or twenty-nine at the time who drank more than he should have and who was deplorably dirty, like many of the poets I have known. Sometimes I am reminded of him when I see a photograph of Gromyko, though I don't know just where the resemblance is. I considered him a good poet and I admired and still do admire his verses. However, he insisted on talking to me about music, and his understanding of that art was wholly imaginary. He spoke no French, and therefore with him I was always
* Alas, since I
wrote
this,
the Water Lilies has been destroyed
by
fire.
97

obliged to be a translator. I
remember one such occasion when I was between him and Cocteau. Curiously, I found the French for everything Mayakovsky
Cocteaus
first
said very easily, but not the Russian for
remarks. His suicide a few years later was the

of the shocks that
thereafter.
were
to
come
regularly from Russia
R.C.Raymond Radiguet was

year before his death.
I.S.
often in your
company
the
How
do you remember him?
saw him almost every day of 1922 that I spent in He was a silent youth with a serene, rather childlike look, but with something of the young bull in him too. He was of medium build, handsome rather pederastically so, but without pederastic manners. The first time I saw him he was with Cocteau. I was sitting with Diaghilev in a cafe when they
Paris.
appeared.
S.D.: "Qu'est ce
I.S.:
que cest Fenvies ce nouveau "Tu Tenvies?"
true?"
and machine a penser kind. His opinions were immediate and they were his, whereas the opinions of those around him were too often "composed." I still think his poems very good indeed and the two novels hardly less good. The latter were autobiographical, of course, and everyone in Paris knew who was who. But I remember that when Radiguet died (at twenty) even the man effigied as the Comte d'Orgel in the book was greatly
immediately struck
as a gifted individual
He
me
he
also
had the other
intelligence, the
grieved.
R.C. While you are reminiscing, would you describe your

last
I.S.
meeting with Proust?
After the premieres of
Mavra and Renard
in
June
98
About
1922, I
My
went
Life
to a party given
by a
friend of mine,
was there also. came to that party from my premiere at the Grand Opera, but Proust came directly from his bed, getting up as usual very late in the evening. He was a pale man, elegantly and Frenchly dressed, wearing gloves and carrying a cane. I talked to him about music, and he expressed much
Princess Violette Murat. Marcel Proust
Most
of the people
enthusiasm for the late Beethoven quartets enthu-
would have shared, were it not a commonplace among the intellectuals of that time and not a musical judgment but a literary pose.
siasm
I
R.C. Klee, Kandinsky,
and Busoni attended the 1923
Weimar performance of Histoire du Soldat. Do you remember anything about these gentlemen at the
time?
I.S.
was only a very short time at Weimarjust long enough for the rehearsals and the performance of Histoire, conducted by Hermann Scherchen. Of the three artists you mention, I met only Ferruccio Busoni, who was sitting at this performance in the same box as I was. He had the noblest, most beautiful head I have ever seen, and I watched him as much as the stage. He seemed to be very much touched by the work. But whether it was the play of Ramuz, my music, or the whole thing, was not easy to determine, especially since I knew that I was his bete noire in
I
music.
Now,
thirty-five years later, I
have a great
admiration for his vision, for his literary talent, and

for at least
one of
his works:
Doktor Faust. Un-
fortunately I did not
my
life. * I
meet Paul Klee there or later in did have the good fortune to know Kandrawing of
* Klee's portrait
me must
have been done from
memory.
99
dinsky in Paris in the 1930s and ber him as an aristocrat, un

R.C.
I often
I will
always rememchoix.
homme de
hear you speak of your admiration for Ortega y
LS.
Did you know him well? saw him only once, in Madrid in March 1955, but I felt I knew him from his work long before that. That night in Madrid he came to my hotel with Madame la Marquise de Slauzol, and we drank a bottle of whiskey together and were very gay. He was charming and very kind. I have often thought since that he must have been aware that he had cancer; a few months later he was dead. He was not tall, but I remember him as a large man because of his great head. His bust reminded me of a Roman statesman or philosopher, and I tried all evening to recall just which Roman he really was. He spoke vivid r-rolling French in a strong, slightly husky voice. Everything he said was vivid. The Tagus at Toledo was "arteriosclerotic"; Cordoba was "a rose bush but with the flowers in the ground and the roots in the air." The art of the Portuguese "is their memory of China, of pagodas." Of his philosopher contempoGasset.
raries
his
he spoke reverently of Scheler, of Husserl, of master Cohen, of Heidegger. As for the Wittgenstein school: "Philosophy calling itself Logical Positivism now claims to be a science, but this is only a
brief attack of modesty."
He
talked about Spain (I
regret his Castles in Castile does not exist in English)
and laughed
at tourists' sentiments "for the poor peo-
ple living in caves,"
which he
it is
said they
do not do out
of poverty but because
a very ancient tradition.
He was
sympathetic and intelligent about the United States when we talked of them the unique European "intellectual" I encountered that trip who knew some100
About
My
Life
thing about them beyond what he had read in Melville
and the magazines. He proudly showed
me
photograph, which he took from his wallet, of himself and Gary Cooper taken in Aspen in 1949. He said that
that his audiences
lations
Thornton Wilder had translated for him there, but had understood before the trans-
came "because
of
my
to
extravagant gestures."
R.C.
How
you?
did Giacometti
come
make
his
drawings of
I.S.
He had done
from photographs he didn't like them. Then, sitting a few feet from me, he did a whole series, working very fast with only a few minutes of actual drawing for each one. He says that in sculpture also he accomplishes the final product very quickly, but does the sometimes hundreds of discarded preparafive or six designs
before he saw
me and
tory ones slowly over long periods of time.
He drew
with a very hard lead, smudging the lines with erasers from time to time. He was forever mumbling: "Non une tete impossible fe ne peux pas violante je nai pas de talent fe ne peux ." He surprised me the first time he came for pas I expected a "Giacometti" tall and thin. He said he
.
. .
.
had
just
escaped from an automobile manufacturer

offering
who had been

i.e.,
that automobiles
him a considerable sum to say and sculptures are the same things,
difference
beautiful objects. In fact, Giacometti's almost
favorite topic
was the
between a sculpture
walking in different
and an
object.
"Men
in the street
directions are not objects in space." "Sculpture," he

said, "is
a matiere transformed into expression, ex-
pression in
which nature counts

is
for less than style."
"Sculpture
it
expression in space, which

to
means
is
that
can never be complete;

101
be complete
to
be
Conversations tvith Igor Stravinsky

static." "All busts are ridiculous;
the whole body
is
the only subject for sculpture."
His conversation about sculptors was sometimes

surprising.
He liked Pigalle,
thought him the greatest
sculptor of the dix-huitieme, especially in the

rial of
the Marechale de Saxe at Strasbourg.
memoHe much
Hougreater
preferred Pigalle's rejected

nervousness." For
tor,
"Nude
Voltaire" to
its
don's famous official "Voltaire" "because of
him Canova was not
really a sculp-
while Rodin was "the
last great Sculptor
and
in
the same line as Donatello (not the Rodin of the
Balzac or the Burghers, of course)." Brancusi wasn't
but a "maker of objects." have one of those full-ofsculptural-space paintings of his on my dining-room walland I have an affection for himself, for his own
a sculptor at
all,
he
said,
I like Giacometti's
work
"nervousness." I like the character of
him
in a story
he told me. He had a great admiration for Klee and, one time in the late 1930s when both artists were living in Switzerland he at last determined to go and call on him. He walked from the station to what he thought was Klee's house it was on a mountainside some distance from the townbut when he arrived there he discovered that Klee actually lived farther up on the mountain. "I lost all courage and didn't go I had just enough courage to get that far."
102
PAINTERS OF THE RUSSIAN BALLET

R.C.
I.S.
Vaguely, but
your Fireworks? have described it even at the time (Rome, 1917) as anything more than a few splashes of paint on an otherwise empty backcloth, I do remember that it baffled the audience, however, and that when Balla came out to bow there was no applause: the public didn't know who he was, what he had done, why he should be bowing. Balla then reached in his pocket and squeezed a device that made his papillon necktie do tricks. This sent Diaghilev and mewe were in a box into uncontrollable laughter, but the audience remained dumb. Balla was always amusing and always likable, and some of the drollest hours of my life were spent in his and his fellow Futurists' company. The idea of doing a Futurist ballet was Diaghilev's, but we decided together on my Fireworks music: it was "modern" enough and only four minutes long. Balla had impressed us as a gifted painter and we asked him to
Balla's set for
I couldn't
Do you remember
design a
I
set.
made
fast friends
him often
large cage.
in his
apartment in Rome.
with him after that, visiting He lived near
the zoo, so near in fact that his balcony overhung a
One heard animal noises in his rooms as one hears street noises in a New York hotel room.
Futurism's headquarters were in Milan, however,
it
and
was there that
my
meetings with Balla and
also Boccioni, Russolo the noisemaker, Carra,
and
Marinetti took place. Milan
was
to Switzerland as
it
Hollywood
is
to these
hills,
except that
was
easier
103
then to take the train and descend to the Italian city for an evening performance than it is now to drive
to
downtown Los
Angeles.
And
in
wartime Milan
my few Swiss francs made me feel agreeably rich. On one of my Milanese visits Marinetti and Russolo,
a genial, quiet
Pratella, another
man but with wild hair and beard, and moviemaker, put me through a dem-
onstration of their "Futurist Music." Five phonographs
standing on five tables in a large and otherwise empty room emitted digestive noises, static, etc., remarkably like the Musique Concrete of seven or eight years ago (so perhaps they were Futurist after all; or perhaps
Futurisms aren't progressive enough).
be enthusiastic and told them that

sell like
sets of five
pretended to phono-
graphs with such music, mass-produced, would surely
Steinway grand pianos. years after this demonstration Marinetti invented what he called "discreet noises," noises to be associated with objects. I remember one such sound (to be truthful, it wasn't at all discreet ) and the object it accompanied, a substance that looked like velvet but had the roughest surface I have ever touched. Balla must have participated in the "noise" movement, too, for he once gave me an Easter present, a papiermache Pascha cake that sighed very peculiarly when
Some
opened.
The most memorable event in all my years of friendship with the Futurists was a performance we saw together at the Milan puppet theater of The Chinese Pirates, sl "drama in three acts." It was in fact
one of the most impressive theatrical experiences of
my life. The theater itself was puppet-sized. An invisible orchestraclarinet, piano, violin, bass played an
overture and bits of incidental music. There were tiny
104
About
My
Life
windows on
act
it
either side of the tiny stage. In the last
we heard
singing and were terrified to see that

giants standing behind these
came from
windows;
they were normal-statured
human
singers, of course,
scale.
but
we were accustomed
to the
puppet
The Futurists were absurd, but sympathetically so, and they were infinitely less pretentious than some of the later movements that borrowed from them than Surrealism, for instance, which had more substance; unlike the Surrealists they were able to laugh
at their
own
pose of artist-contra-Gentiles. Marinetti
himself was a balalaika & chatterbox but he was

also the kindest of
men.
I regret that
he seemed
to
me
the least gifted of the whole group compared to
who were all able painters. were not the airplanes they wanted to be but they were at any rate a pack of very nice,
Boccioni, Balla, and Carra,
The
Futurists
noisy Vespas.
R.C. Did you choose Nicolas Roerich to do the decors for
I.S.
du PrintempsP had admired his sets for Prince Igor and imagined he might do something similar for the Sacre. Above all, I knew he would not overload. Diaghilev agreed with me, and accordingly, in the summer of 1912, I met Roerich in Smolensk and worked with him there in the country house of the Princess Tenischev, a patroness and liberal who had helped
the Sacre
Yes. I
Diaghilev.
I still
have a good opinion of Roerich's he Sacre.

designed a backdrop of steppes and sky, the
He had
nations.
girls
Hie Sunt Leones country of old mapmakers' imagi-
The row
of twelve blond, square-shouldered
against this landscape
made a
very striking tab-
105

leau.
And
Roerich's costumes were said to have been
historically exact as well as scenically satisfying.

I met Roerich, a blond-bearded, Kalmuck-eyed, pug-nosed man, in 1904. His wife was a relative of
and co-librettist of the Nightingale, and I often saw the Roerichs at Mitusov's Saint Petersburg house. Roerich claimed descent from Rurik, the Russo-Scandinavian Ur-Prince. Whether or not this was true (he looked Scandinavian, but one cant say such things any more), he was certainly a seigneur. I became quite fond of him in those early years, though not of his painting, which was a kind of advanced Puvis de Chavannes. I was not surMitusov's,
my
friend
prised during the last

tivities
war
to hear of his secret ac-
and
of his curious connection with Vice-
President Wallace in Tibet; he looked as though he
have been either a mystic or a spy. Roerich Le Sacre, but he received very little attention and, after the premiere disappeared slighted, I think back to Russia. I never saw him
ought
to
came
to Paris for
again.
K.C.Was Henri Matisse your choice of painter for the Chant du Rossignol sets? I.S. No, his collaboration was Diaghilev's idea entirely.
fact, I opposed it, but too directly. (Amiel says, "Every direct resistance ends in disaster.") The production and especially Matisse's part in it were failures. Diaghilev hoped Matisse would do something very Chinese and charming. All he did do, however, was to copy the China of the shops in the Rue de la Boetie. Matisse designed not merely the sets, as you say, but also the costumes and curtain. Matisse's art has never attracted me, but at the time
In
of the
Chant du Rossignol
106
saw him often and
liked
About
My
Life
remember an afternoon together with him in the Louvre. He was never a rousing conversationalist but he stopped in front of a Rembrandt and started to talk excitedly about it. At one
him
personally. I
point he took a white handkerchief from his pocket
"Which
exist,
is
white, this handkerchief or the white in
that picture?
Even the absence of color does not but only white' or each and every white." Our Matisse collaboration made Picasso very angry: "Matisse! What is a Matisse? A balcony with a
all
big red flowerpot falling
over
it."
R.C.
Do you remember Golovine's

bird?
All I
decors for the
first
Fire-
I.S.
pleased
of
remember about them is that the costumes me at the time. The curtain was the curtain the Opera. I do not remember how many sets
Golovine did but I
am
certain that
if
were
trans-
ported back to that Firebird of 1910 I would find them very opulent indeed.
Golovine was several years my senior, and he was not our first choice. Diaghilev wanted Vroubel, the
most talented of all the Russian painters of that epoch, but Vroubel was dying or going mad. We also considered Benois but Diaghilev preferred Golovine for
his realization of the fantastic scenes in Russian,
and
Golovine's orientalism conformed to the ideals of Dia-
ghilevs
to the
own magazine, Mir Isskoustva, rather than academic orientalism then so popular. As an easel painter Golovine was a kind of Russian poin-
tillist.
I do not remember Golovine at the first Firebird performance. Diaghilev probably did not have money
enough to pay
his trip
bles, $500, for the
( I myself received 1,000 roucommission and the expenses of all
107

the travel and stay in Paris )
in the dark of the
.
The first Firebird! I stood
Opera through eight orchestra by Pierne. The stage and the whole theater glittered at the premiere, and that is all I remember.
rehearsals conducted
R.C.
How
do you regard Leon Bakst?

could describe him as concisely as Cocteau
LS.
No one
first
has done in his caricature.
We were friends from
our
meeting, in Saint Petersburg in 1909, though
our conversation was largely Bakst's accounts of his

exploits in the conquest of
lity:
.
women, and my incredu"Now, Lev You couldn't have done all that." Bakst wore elegant hats, canes, spats, etc., but I think these were meant to detract from his Venetian comedy-mask nose. Like other dandies Bakst was sensitive and privately mysterious. Roerich told me that "Bakst" was a Jewish word meaning 'little umbrella." Roerich said he discovered this one day in Minsk when he was caught in a thunder shower and
. .
heard people sending their children home for "Baksts," which then turned out to be what he said they were. There was a question of Bakst designing Mavra for me, but a money quarrel resulted with Diaghilev.
and I regretted it, eswhen, only three years later, aboard the Paris on my first trip to the United States, I saw the
of us ever reconciled,
None
pecially
notice of his death in the ship's newspaper.
Bakst loved Greece and

eled there with Serov
(
all
things Greek.
He
trav-
Serov was the conscience of
our whole circle and a very important friend to me in my youth; even Diaghilev feared him ) and published a book of travel diaries called, With Serov in Greece English long ( 1922) that ought to have been put into
,
ago.
108
About
I
My
Life
had seen
fact, it
Bakst's easel painting before I
knew
it.
any of
In
his theatrical
work but
could not admire
represented everything in Russia against
Bakst's Scheherazade to
which Le Sacre du Printemps is the revolt. I consider be a masterpiece, however,
perhaps the perfect achievement of the Russian Ballet from the scenic point of view. Costumes, sets, the curtain, were colorful in an indescribable way we are so much poorer in these things now. I remember, too, that Picasso considered Scheherazade a masterpiece. In fact, it was the one production of the ballet he really did admire: "Vous savez, cest tres speciale, mais admirablement fait!'
R.C.
I.S.
And
I
Benois?
before I
knew him
knew
Bakst.
He was
at that time
the most cultivated Italophile I had ever met, and
except for Eugene
Berman he would be
still:
and
Benois and Berman are very like in the fact of their
Russian background, their Romantic theater, their

Italophilia.
Benois
knew more about music than any

though of course the music he
Italian opera. I think
of the other painters,
knew was nineteenth-century

he liked
my
Petroushka, however, or at any rate, he

it
wasn't calling
Petrouchka-ka as
many
others of his
generation were. But Benois was the conservative of

the company, and Petroushka was his exceptional
work.
I collaborated with him in a small way before Petroushka with two orchestrations contributed to
Les Sylphides. (I doubt I would like these arrangements today I no longer care for that "clarinet solo" kind of music.) But though I was delighted with his work in Les Sylphides I wouldn't have chosen him to do Petroushka on the strength of it. My real
109

friendship with
him began
in
Rome
in 1911
when
was
finishing Petroushka.
We
stayed in the Albergo
Italia
near the Quattro Fontane and for two months

his
were with each other every day. Benois was very quickly up on
The
ballet's
greatest success at that time

la
Spectre de
Rose with Nijinsky,
amour propre. was the and Benois was
plainly jealous of Bakst's role in that success. Jealousy
accounts for an incident that occurred the following

year.
troushka's cell
was painting the backdrop of Pewhen Bakst happened on the set, picked up a brush, and started to help. Benois fairly
Benois
flew at him.
R*C.And was Michel Larionov your choice

for
I.S.
of painter
Renard?
first,
Diaghilev suggested him

Princess
off
but he became
my
choice also. As you know, I composed Renard for the
Edmonde de
Polignac. In 1914 I
was cut
from
my
Russian estate
money and
I
lived in Swit-
zerland on a very small income. Diaghilev could pay
me
nothing in those war years, so
accepted a com-
mission of 2,500 Swiss francs from the Princess de Polignac. Diaghilev was furious with jealousy (but
Diaghilev was always jealous;
I think I
am
fair in
saying that about him and I certainly
knew him
well
enough to be able to say it now). For two years he would not mention Renard to me, which didn't prevent him from talking about it to others: "Our Igor, always money, money, money, and for what? This Renard is some old scraps he found in his dresser
drawer/'
Diaghilev visited
me
in
Ouchy
in January or
Feb-
ruary 1917, and I wept (it was very surprising to see this huge
played Les Noces
for him.
He man
110
About
My
Life
weep), saying it had touched him more than anything he had ever heard, but he would not inquire about Renard even though he knew I had completed it. And he knew also that the Princess Polignac had no theater, that she had commissioned me only to help me, that she would give Renard to him to perform. ( Some years later the Princess de Polignac gave an avant-propos piano performance of Oedipus Rex at her house and paid me 12,000 francs, which I gave to
Diaghilev to help finance the public performance.)
bigger than Diaghilev (Larionov,
Larionov was a huge, blond mujik of a man, even who had an uncontrollable temper, once knocked Diaghilev down).
always believed that his wife, Goncharova, did his
He made a vocation of laziness, like Oblomov, and we

work for him. He was a talented painter, nevertheless, and I still like his Renard set and costumes. Renard was performed together with Mama, as you know, and both works were preceded by a big orchestral ballet which made my small-scale pieces seem even
smaller.
Renard was no huge success, but compared to it Mama was even less of a "hit." Mama was very ably designed by Survage, an unknown artist who had been commissioned after Diaghilev had quarreled with Bakst. The Mavra failure annoyed Diaghilev. He was anxious to impress Otto Kahn, who attended the premiere in Diaghilev's box and who was to have
brought the company to America. Otto Kahn s only
comment was
"I liked
it all,
quickly." Diaghilev asked

I refused, of course,
me
thenpoop it ends too to change the ending.
and he never forgave me. Another "ballet painter" I saw a lot of at this time
I liked his
was Derain.
"parigot" talk, liked
him more
111
than his pictures, in
though there are charming small Derains. He was a man of large build Balthus's portrait of him is a good resemblance and a copious drinker. During the latter activity furniture was sometimes smashed, but I always found Derain very agreeable. I mediated for him in a quarrel with Diaghilev, who wanted to change something in La Boutique Fantasque. In his later years Derain was a solitary figure and we no longer saw him at concerts or spectacles. My last meeting with him was an extraordinary coincidence. I was driving near Toulon and stopped to walk in a pine wood. I came upon someone standing before an easel, painting, and it turned out to be
fact,
Derain.
Now
like to
that I have mentioned Derain I
would
also
record
my associations with some
other
artists,
most of them associated with Diaghilev or the

I think, for
Ballet.
example, of Alexis Jawlensky. Diaghilev had described him to me in Saint Petersburg days as a
strong follower of the
this
new Munich
school. In spite of
he was a contributor to Mir Isskoustva; I say "in spite" because Diaghilev considered the Munich
school to be the ultimate in "Boche" bad taste.
I
did
not meet Jawlensky in Russia but in Switzerland. At

the beginning of the
war
was
living in
he in St. Prex, which is nearby. I with my children from our Morges house to his in St. Prex. He was always hospitable, and his studio was a
little
Morges and sometimes walked
island
of
Russian color that delighted
my
children.
Max Liebermann was

during the
his
first
another friend, especially

I
period of our Ballet in Berlin.
made
I
acquaintance, together with Gerhardt Hauptafter a
manns,
performance of Petroushka and

112
saw
About
My
Life
him quite often
thereafter.
He was
a celebrated wit.
In a story then circulating, a portrait painter commissioned to do Von Hindenburg complains to Liebermann of his inability to draw von Hindenburg's features, whereupon Liebermann exclaims: "Ich kann den Alten in den Schnee pissen." As you know, it was Liebermann who nominated me to the Prussian Academy. Jacques-Emile Blanche was another friend of my early Diaghilev years. He painted two portraits of me that are now in the Luxembourg. I remember sitting for him, and how he drew my head and features only after a great amount of modeling, while everything else, the body and the background, was added in absentia. This meant that one's legs might turn out too long and one's middle too capacious, or that one might find oneself promenading on the beach at Deauville, as I am made to do in one of my portraits. However, Blanche's faces were usually accurately characterized, and that was the important thing. Blanche was a fine mouche for celebrities; he came to make my portrait almost the morning after the premiere of the Firebird. Robert Delauney was another painter I saw very often at one time. He talked too much and too enthusiastically about "modern art," but was otherwise
quite likable.
He did a portrait of me too. I don't know

of
it,
what has become
but
it
was
certainly better than

is
Albert Gleizes' cubist one, which

for Diaghilev, but
my mustache plus
what-have-you. Delauney never did design a ballet
he was often with him, and in

all
Madrid, in 1921,
gether.
we were
three constantly to-
period, but
Fernand Lger I knew throughout the Diaghilev we were closer friends in the United States
113
during the second war.
we had
prepared for
remember a French dinner him in our house in Hollywood

I
concluded with so touched upon seeing these, he burst out crying. The Leger drawing of a parrot on our living-room wall was given
in the dark early days of the war. It
cigarettes,
French Caporal
and Leger was
to us
in 1922 in Berlin, where I was awaiting my mother's arrival from the Soviet Union (she had been petitioning since the Revolution for permission to emigrate, had at last obtained it, but her boat was several times delayed). Tchelichev was talented and handsome and he was quick to un-
Pavel Tchelichev
by him at this time. I met
derstand the value of that combination in the Diaghilev ambience. I
was not attracted by
his earliest
"Russian style" paintings, but his sets for Nabokov's

ballet Ode convinced me of his abilities. Later he made my Balustrade one of the most visually satisfy-
ing of
all
my ballets.
of in Diaghilev days
Marc Chagall I had heard

Larionov,
from
wife,
who belonged to
first
Chagall's circle of Russian

in
painters, but I
met him
New
York.
My
Vera de Bosset, had arranged with him for a show of his Aleko designs and sketches in her Hollywood gallery, La Boutique. Accordingly, we called on him one day in his Riverside Drive apartment. He was in mourning for his wife and he hardly spoke without mentioning her. (I now remember that Lipnitsky, the photographer, was there and made several photographs of us together, but I have never seen them. Two or three years later Chagall was asked to do stage settings and costumes for my Renard. I regret very much that he refused (saying, as I was told, that he wanted to do only "a major work of Stravinsky's").
114
About
My
Life
I still hope he will one day do Renard and Les Noces; no one could be more perfect for them. Chagall's Firebird was a very flamboyant exhibition, though perhaps more successful in the painting than in the costumes. He made an ink portrait of me and presented it to
me
as a
memento
of our collaboration.
There were others too, like Marie Laurencin ( though I couldn't like her couleur de rose painting; I like rose, of course, but not when I am emmerde with it; and I had the same trouble with her gris after Cocteau said: "Marie, tu as invente les nuances de gris"); Constantine Brancusi; Braque (who gave valuable and kind advice to my painter son, Theodore ) Andre Bauchant ( a kind man; the idea that he
;
should decorate
my
Apollo was entirely Diaghilev's,
however, and his set for that ballet was very far from what I had in mind); Christian Berard; and Georges
Rouault (with
whom my
wife worked designing the
ballet Fils Prodigue )
R.C.
You must have seen
a great deal of Jose Maria Sert
in the Diaghilev days.

I.S.
Yes, but his wife Misia
was much more a friend

first
to
me and, in truth,
ridiculous.
could not help finding Sert slightly
The
Serts
were among the
people
met
in Paris
when
I arrived there in
1910 (though
a great
they were not yet legally Herts').
He knew
lot of "interesting people," especially "interesting rich
people," and he was very good at getting commissions from them. I believe that he became a "painter of the Russian Ballet" chiefly because he knew Fiirstner, Richard Strauss's publisher. Diaghilev wanted Strauss to compose a ballet, and the only way he could get at him was through Fiirstner. Sert became the ambassador of the project and therefore its painter. The
115

ballet
sets for
was the Legend of Joseph, as you know. Sert's it were overcrowded, and the result was not
might have figured more permanently
in the
one of Diaghilev's greatest successes.

Sert
history of painting as a subject.
big, black-bearded
man, demode-distinguished, he would have made an excellent portrait subject for Manet. His manner was very grand, and he played at being Spanish, but he had a sense of humor that somewhat redeemed these affectations. I remember asking him once how he intended to move one of his huge murals, and his answer: "You turn a little valve and it deflates to one hundredth the size/* We came to the U.S. on the Normundie together in the 1930s, and the last time I saw him was in the U.S. Poor Sert, he wanted to be a painter, but his painting, alas, is quelconque.
R.C.
Have you any notion where

Pulcinella might be?
It
Picasso's
backdrop for
I.S.
was
in the
dome
of the Paris Opera,
when
cat.
I last
heard, and completely faded save for the moon, whose
yellow had been renewed, in part, by a

ghilev, I suppose,
Dia-
was
in
debt to the Director of the

after the
Opera, and
when our company withdrew
Pulcinella performances the Picasso

I
was kept
there.
Vollard at
have a vague recollection of meeting Picasso with my friend Prince Argutinsky's about 1910,
I
but
did not
know him
until 1917,
when we were
flat,
together in Rome. I immediately liked his

enthusiastic
un-
manner
of speaking
and
his Spanish
way
of accenting each syllable:
"He ne
suis pas musicien,
he comprends rien dans la musique," all said as though he couldn't care less. It was the moment of the Russian Revolution, and we could no longer pre116
About
My
Life
cede our ballet programs with the imperial anthem. instrumentated the "Song of the Volga Boatmen* to replace it, and on the title page of my manuscript Picasso painted a red circle as a symbol of the
Revolution.
Picasso
same time (the was done in his Rue de la Boetie apartment, and the third one was conceived as a mutual gift from Picasso and myself to our friend Eugenia Errazuriz). It was in the Hotel de la Russie, near the Piazza del Popolo, where many of the ballet dancers were staying, including Picasso's future wife Olga ( Olga, who had changed his social life; she had many new robes from Chanel to show, besides Picasso, and suddenly the great painter was to be seen at every cocktail party, theater, and dinner ) Picasso was always very generous in making gifts of his art. I have a dozen paintings or drawings given to me by him at various times, including some beautiful ink designs of horses drawn on letter envelopes and a fine phallic
portrait at this
first
drew
my
one; the armchair portrait
circle-drawing for a cover of
my
Ragtime.
We
trait of
journeyed to Naples together (Picasso's porMassine was drawn in the train) and spent
in close
some weeks
company
there.
We
were both
much impressed with the Commedia del'Arte, which we saw in a crowded little room reeking of garlic.
was a great drunken lout whose every and probably every word if I had understood, was obscene. The only other incident of our Neapolitan holiday I can remember is that we were
The
Pulcinella
gesture,
both arrested one night for urinating against a wall

of the Galleria. I asked the policeman to take us across
the street to the San Carlo Opera to find someone to
vouch
for us.
The policeman granted our

117
request.
Then, as the three of us marched backstage, he heard

us being addressed as maestri and let us go.
from the pure commedia dell'arte Diaghilev wanted. His first designs were for Offenbach-period costumes with side-whiskered faces instead of masks. When he showed them, Diaghilev was very brusque: "Oh, this isn't it at all," and proceeded to tell Picasso how to do it. The evening concluded with Diaghilev actually throwing the drawings on the floor, stomping on them, and slamming the door as he left. The next day all of Diaghilev's charm was needed to reconcile the deeply insulted Picasso, but Diaghilev did succeed in getting him to do a commedia delTarte Pulcinella. I might add that Diaghilev was equally against my Pulcinella music at first. He had expected a strict, mannered orchestration of something very sweet.
Picasso's original Pulcinella
different
was very
118
Venice, 1925.
Diaghilev's funeral procession, Venice, 1935.
|g%%^ %
With Robert Craft and Pierre Boulez.
lilliliiiii
Preparing for a performance of Persephone in above and facing page
New York.
iSilitis
Vw?
The
Stravinskys in a Venice restaurant after the premiere of the Canticum
Sacrum. (Columbia Records Photo)
At the Jolas Gallery for the opening of

showing, 1957.
Mme.
Stravinsky's
first
New
York
Conducting the Canticum Sacrum at the Church of San Marco, Venice, September, 1956. (Columbia Records Photo)
IiLr;
In the Church of San Marco at Venice. (Columbia Records Photo)
4:
About Music Today
R.C. What do you
mean when you
say that
critics
are in-
competent?
7.S.
mean that they are not even equipped to judge one's grammar. They do not see how a musical phrase is constructed, do not know how music is written; they are incompetent in the technique of the contemporary musical language. Critics misinform the public and delay comprehension. Because of critics many valuable things
cisms of
come too late. Also, how often we read critifirst performances of new musicin which
the critic praises or blames (but usually praises)
performance. Performances are of something; they
do not exist in the abstract, apart from the music they purport to perform. How can the critic know whether a piece of music he does not know is well
or
ill
performed?
does "genius"
R.C.
7.S.
What
mean
to
you?
"pathetic" term strictly; or, in literature, a propa-
ganda word used by people who do not deserve rational opposition. I detest it literarily and cannot read it in descriptive works without pain. If it doesn't already appear in the Dictionnaire des Idees Regues, it should be put there, with, as its automatic responses, "Michelangelo" and "Beethoven."
119

R.C. What does "sincerity"
I.S.
mean
to
you?
It is
a sine qua non that at the same time guarantees
nothing.
art
is
Most
artists are sincere
anyway, and most

insincere art
(
badthough,
is
of course,
some
sin-
cerely insincere)
is
quite good. One's belief that one
sincere
is
not so dangerous, however, as one's con-
viction that one
but
is right. We all feel we are right; we felt the same way twenty years ago and today we know we weren't always right then.
R.C. Would you "draw" your recent music? For example:
h[*i* Chfitit
^PofufllOAfU
m
(B*chJ
sekausTs
(WAqHZ
*)
iVew
I.S.
This
is
my music:
fetTtf
120
HARMONY, MELODY, RHYTHM

R.C.
You have
discovery
often remarked that the period of harmonic

is
over, that
harmony
is
no longer open to
explain?
exploration and exploitation.

I.S.
Would you
Harmony,
history
a doctrine dealing with chords
relations, has
had a
brilliant
and chord but short history. This
shows that chords gradually abandoned their harmonic guidance and began to seduce with the individual splendors of their harmonic effects. Today harmonic novelty is at an end.
direct function of
As a medium of musical construction, harmony offers no further resources into which to inquire and from which to seek profit. The contemporary ear requires
a completely different approach to music. It
of nature's
is
one
ways
that
we
often feel closer to distant
generations than to the generation immediately pre-
ceding
us.
Therefore, the present generation's inter-
ests are directed
toward music before the "harmonic age." Rhythm, rhythmic polyphony, melodic or inelements of musical
tervallic construction are the
building to be explored today.

special sense
When
say that I
still
compose "harmonically" I mean to use the word in a and without reference to chord relations.
R.C. Isn't Busoni's famous "attempted definition of mel-
ody" ( 1922) a fairly accurate prophecy of the melodic conception of many young composers today? "Melintervals,
"is a series of repeated rising and falling which are subdivided and given movement by rhythm; containing a latent harmony within itself and giving out a mood-feeling; it can and does
ody," he said,
121

exist
independently of words as an expression and independently of accompanying parts as a form; in
its
performance the choice of pitch and of the

its
in-
strument makes no difference to

I.S.
essence."
The
two points are the most remarkable, coming from Busoni. The idea that the actual pitch of the
last
note
is
not so important in an absolute sense has

to
been supplanted,
my mind, by
the idea that pitch
matters only because of the interval. Today the com-
poser does not think of notes in isolation but of notes

in their intervallic position in the series, in their
dynamic, their octave, and their timbre. Apart from

the series, notes are nothing; but in the series their
recurrence, their pitch, their dynamic, their timbre,
and
their
rhythmic relation determine form. The note
functions only in the series.
The form
is serial,
not
only some or
it.
compose The individual note determines the form only as

all
of the musical elements that
part of
its
group or order.
in the
R.C. Has any
new development
domain of rhythm
caught your attention?

I.S.
The tempo controls if tempo comes under the heading of rhythm in the central movement of Le marteau sans maitre are an important innovation. In this movement the beat is accelerated or retarded to basic fast or slow metronome speeds with indications en route
of exactly the speed one should be traveling. This
amounts
to controlled retard
systematically, as in the Marteau,
and accelerando. Used where you are
never in a tempo but always going to one, these controls are able to effect a new and wonderfully supple kind of music.
The
free-but-co-ordinated
cadenzas
in
Stock-
122
About Music Today

hausen's Zeitmasse (I have not yet heard his Grup-
pen
for three orchestras) are also a
rhythmic innova-
tion of great value.
In exploring the possibilities of variable meters
young composers have contributed but little. In fact, I have seen no advance on the Sacre du Printemps,
if I
may mention
it
that work, in all the half century
since
was
written.
R.C.
Do you know
that a whole school of Klangfarbenis
melodie composers
I.S.
flourishing at present?
Most of that is the merest stylistic imitation, of course, and nothing could be more ephemeral. But the
German word needs definition; it has come to mean too many things. For example, I don't think the
"melodie" part of it is good or useful applied to a work such as Weberns Concerto and I am sure that in the same piece farben is less important than klangdesign which isn't the same thing. If by Klangfarbenmelodie you mean no more than a line of music which is divided among two or more
instruments, that habit has already reached a re-
ductio ad absurdum. Looking at a ridiculously

cult score recently it
diffi-
was really the map of an idea had begun not in musical composition but before it I was reminded of a Russian band I knew in my childhood. This band was made up of twelve openthat is, valvelesshorns. Each horn had one note to play and together they could produce the chromatic scale. They would practice hours and hours in order to surmount the rhythmic problems presented by simple melodies. I do not see the difference between the idea of this band of hunting horns and the idea of some of the Klangfarben scores I have seen.
that
123
a serious composer intends the lines of two or more instruments to produce one melodic line, I advise
If
him
to follow Elliott Carter's practice in his string
Quartet and write out the one-line reduction as a

guide.
124
ELECTRONIC MUSIC
R.C.
Do you have
I
an opinion about electronic music?

is
LS.
think that the matiere
limited;
more
exactly, the
composers have demonstrated but a very limited matiere in all the examples of electronic music I have heard. This is surprising because the possibilities as we know are astronomical. Another criticism I have is
that the shortest pieces of electronic music
less,
seem endand within those pieces we feel no time control. Therefore, the amount of repetition, imaginary or
Electronic composers are
real, is excessive.
making a mistake,
in
my
opinion,
when they
continue to employ significative

of
noises in the
manner
musique concrete. In Stock-
hausen s Gesang der Junglinge, a work manifesting a strong personality and an indigenous feeling for the medium, I like the way the sound descends as
though from auras, but the burbling fade-out noises and especially the organ are, I find, incongruous elements. Noises can be music, of course, but they ought not to be significative; music itself does not
signify anything.
What
is
interests
me
most in electronic music so
far
the notation, the "score/'
R.C. In the music of Stockhausen and others of his generation the elements of pitch, density, dynamics,
duration, frequency (register), rhythm, timbre have
been subjected
in the rigid
to the serial- variation principle.
How
will the nonserial
planning of
element of "surprise" be introduced this music?

1^5

I.S.
The problem that now besets the totalitarian serialist is how to compose "surprise" since by electronic comit does, even if computable; even at its worst, we listen to music as music and not as a computing game ) Some composers are inclined to turn the problem
puter
it
doesn't exist (though in fact

is
every case
over to the performer as Stockhausen does in Piano

Piece No. XI.
little
myself
am
inclined to leave very
to the performers. I
would not give them margin
to play only half or selected fragments of
my
pieces.
Also, I think
it
inconsistent to have controlled every-
thing so minutely and then leave the ultimate shape

of the piece to a performer (while pretending that
all
possible shapes have been allowed for).
R.C.
Do you
for
its
think there
is
a danger at present of novelty
own
sake?
I.S.
Not
really. Nevertheless, certain festivals of
contem-
porary music by their very nature cannot help but
And by a curious reversal of some critics encourage it too. The classic situation in which conservative and academic critics deride the composer's innovations is no more. Now composers can hardly keep up with the demands of some critics to "make it new." Novelties sometimes result that could not interest anyone twice. I am more cautious of the power of the acclaimers than of the
encourage mere novelty.
tradition,
disclaimers, of those critics
who
hail
on principle
politics,
what they cannot possibly contact
directly with their

is
own
ears or understanding. This
musical
not music. Critics, like composers, must
know what
they love. Anything else
is
pose and propaganda, or
what D. H. Lawrence
called, "would-be."
126
CONTEMPORARY MUSIC AND THE

GENERAL PUBLIC
R.C. Isn't the general public everywhere just as isolated
from contemporary music since about 1909 as the Soviet Union?

I.S.
Not everywhere; not
in
Germany where,
for example,
my own later music is performed almost as frequently

for the general public as are Strauss in the U.S.
and Sibelius But the year 1909 means "atonality," and "atonality" did create a hiatus which Marxists explain as a problem of social pressures when in fact it was an irresistible pull within the art.
say anything about patronage?
it is
R.C.
I.S.
Do you wish to
Haphazard patronage, whether or not

systematic patronage,
is
better than
It
extremely inadequate.
called into being all of the music of Schoenberg, Berg,
Webern, Bartok, and myself, though most of our music was not called into being at all but only written and left to compete against more conventional types of music in the commercial market. This is part of the reason why four of those composers died in midtwentieth century in humiliating circumstances, or
at least in circumstances that
were
far
from
affluent.
This kind of patronage has not changed in a hundred
and
fifty
years except that today there seems to be
less of it.
R.C.
Do you know the
present status of your music east of
NATO?
I.S.
Friends
who
attended the
in
Warsaw Conference
of
Contemporary Music
October 1956 say that
my
127
music was
officially
boycotted there but enthusi-
astically received, nevertheless,
by composers from
the Soviet sphere.
My music is unobtainable all of it
and in any form, disc or printed score east of NATO; not only my music but Webern's, Schoenberg's, Berg's,
as well. Russia's musical isolation she will call
it
our
isolation is at least thirty years old.
We
hear
much
about Russian virtuoso
violinists, pianists, orchestras.
The point
is,
of
what
are they virtuosi? Instruments
are nothing in themselves; the literature they play

creates them.
The mandolin and
guitar, for instance,
did not exist until Schoenberg imagined them in an

entirely
new way
in his Serenade.
is
A new
musical
masterpiece of that kind
demand
that musicians
be created to play
literature
it. The Soviet virtuoso has no beyond the nineteenth century. I am often asked if I would consent to conduct in the
Soviet Union. For purely musical reasons I could not.
Their orchestras do not perform the music of the three
Viennese and myself, and they would be,

execution that
am
sure,
unable to cope with the simplest problems of rhythmic
we introduced to music fifty years

music would
also
ago.
The
style of
my
be
alien to them.
These
difficulties
are not to be overcome in a few
rehearsals; they require a twenty- or thirty-year tradition. I discovered
something of the same situation
years of Hitler, in which
end of the war. After so many my Histoire du Soldat, Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire, Berg's and Webern's music were banned, the musicians were unable for a long time to play the new music, though they have
in
Germany
at the
more than made up for it since. It is the same thing with ballet. A ballet exists in its repertoire as much as, or more than, in the techcertainly
128
About Music Today

nical perfection of
its
dancers.
The
repertoire
is
a few
nineteenth-century ballets. These and sentimental,

realist,
Technicolor Kitsch are
all
the Soviets do.
Ballet in this century
means the Diaghilev repertory and the creations of the very few good choreographers
since.
R.C.You have known American musical life since 1925; would you comment on any aspect of its development
since then?
I.S.
hope I am wrong, but I fear that in some ways the American composer is more isolated today than he was in 1925. He has at present a strong tendency to say, "We'll leave all of that avant garde stuff to Europe and develop our own musical style, an American style." The result of having already done that is now clear in the way the "intellectual advanced stuff" ( some of it, that is, for at least 99 per cent of all avant garde products are transparent puerilities) is embarrassing everybody; compared to Webern, for example, most of our simple homespun "American style" is fatuous in expression and in technique the vilest cliche. In the phrase "American Music," "American" not only robs emphasis from "music" but it asks for lower standards. Of course, good music that has grown up here will be American. We have no capital for new music as New York was a capital in 1925. Look at the League of Composers' programs of the 1920s and see if anything comparable is taking place in New York at the present. Of course, more contemporary music is played there now, and more American music, but the really consequential, controversial, new music is not played and it was then. True, we have those wonderful orchestras, but they are growing flabby on their diet of repertoire
I
129
and second-rate new musictoo much sugar. Recently I was asked to conduct two programs with one of the glamorous American orchestras. But my programs were rejected and the engagement canceled because I refused to play Tchaikovsky instead of a program entirely of my own music. This could not happen in Europe and at this date it shouldn't happen here. Boards of directors and managers must stop assuming that their limited educations and tastes are reliable gauges for an audience's. An audience is an abstraction; it has no taste. It must depend on the
only person
ductor.
who has
(pardon, should have), the con-
The United
States as a
whole has certainly a
far
richer musical life today, with first-rate orchestras
everywhere and good opera production in places like San Francisco, Santa Fe, Chicago, and the universities. But the crux of a vital musical society is new
music.
130
JAZZ
R.C.
l.S.
What
Jazz
is
your attitude to jazz?
is
a different fraternity altogether, a wholly difseeks to be injazz
ferent kind of music making. It has nothing to do
with composed music and when fluenced by contemporary music

isn't
it
it isn't
and
it
good. Improvisation has
its
own
time world,
necessarily a loose
and large one,
since only in
an
imprecisely limited time could real improvisation be
worked up to; the stage has to be set, and there must be heat. The percussion and bass (not the piano; that instrument is too hybrid, and besides most of the players have just discovered Debussy) function as a central heating system. They must keep the temperature "cool," not cool.
that never arrives
It is
a kind of masturbation
anywhere (of course) but that
supplies the "artificial" genesis the art requires.
The
point of interest
is
instrumental virtuosity, instru-
mental personality, not melody, not harmony, and certainly not rhythm. Rhythm doesn't exist really
because no rhythmic proportion or relaxation
Instead of rhythm there
all
is
exists.
"beat."
The
players beat
the time, merely to keep
side of the beat they are on.
up and to know which The ideas are instru-
mental,
or,
rather, they aren't ideas because they
come
ers's
after,
come from the

is
instruments. Shorty Rog-
an example of what I mean by instrumental derivation, though his trumpet is really a deep-bored, bugle-sounding instrument which reminds me of the keyed bugles I liked so much and
trumpet playing
131
Conversations ivith Igor Stravinsky
wrote for in the
first
version of Les Noces. * His
patterns are instrumental: half -valve effects with lip

glissandi, intervals
fingers, "trills"
a B-flat
and runs that derive from the on one note, for example, G to G on instrument (between open and first-and-third
of
fingers ) , etc.
have said about timing, I style, with its dotted-note tradition, for stretches of fifteen minutes and more and not feel the time at all, whereas the weight of every "serious" virtuoso I know depresses me beyond the counteraction of Equanil in about five. Has jazz influenced me? Jazz patterns and esI
As an example
listen to
what
can
Shorty Rogers's good
pecially jazz instrumental combinations did influence
me
but
forty years ago, of course, but not the idea of
jazz.
is another world. I don't follow it can be an art of very touching dignity, as it is in the New Orleans jazz funerals. And, at its rare best, it is certainly the best musical entertain-
As
I say,
that
It
I respect
it.
ment
*
in the U.S.
this
Hearing Mr. Rogers play
instrument in Los Angeles last

it
year perhaps influenced
me
to use
in Threni.
132
THE PERFORMANCE OF MUSIC

R.C.
Do you
music?
agree that in some cases the composer should
indicate
how he
wishes the conductor to beat his
I.S.
think he should always indicate the unit of the beat and whether or not a subdivision is to be felt. Also, he should show whether the conductor is to beat the
if
beat or the rhythmic shape of the music,

is
that shape
against the beat. For example, the triplets, three
in the time of four, in
Webern's Das Augenlicht and

contend that to beat three here
is
in
my Surge Aquilo:
(in other words, to beat the music)

"in the time of four" feeling,
to lose the
feeling
and instead of a triplet you have merely a three-beat bar in a new
tempo.
R.C.
Do you
berg's
agree with Schoenberg's premise that a good

is
composition
playable in only one tempo?
Schoen-
example of a piece of music of uncertain tempo was the Austrian hymn from Haydn's Emperor Quartet).
I.S.
think that any musical composition must necessarily

:
possess
its unique tempo ( pulsation ) the variety of tempi comes from performers who often are not very familiar with the composition they perform or feel a
personal interest in interpreting
it.
In the case of
in
its
Haydn s famous melody,

the
if
there
is
any uncertainty
of
tempo the fault is in the alarming behavior numerous interpreters.
R.C.
Have you ever considered whether a piece

133
of "classic"
music
I.S.
is
more
difficult to kill
by misperformance than
a "romantic" piece?
It
depends, of course, on what
we
decide to
mean by
those divisions and also on the kinds and degrees of
misperf ormance. Let us take refuge in examples, con-
temporary ones, preferably. My Agon and Berg's Kammerkonzert divide, I should think, on most of the characteristic issues we imagine to determine those
categories.
The Kammerkonzert depends

interpretation. Unless
strongly
on mood or
is
mood dominates
is
the whole, the
parts do not relate, the form
not achieved, detail

say
what it has to say for "romantic" pieces are presumed to have messages beyond the purely musical messages of their notes. The romantic piece is always in need of a "perfect" performance. By "perfect" one means inspired
not suffused, and the music
fails to
rather than
strict or correct.
In
fact, considerable
fluctuations in
tempo are possible in a "romantic" piece (metronomes are marked circa in the Berg, and
.
performance times sometimes diverge as much as ten minutes ) There are other freedoms as well, and "free-
dom"
itself
must be conveyed by the performer
of a
"romantic" piece.
It is interesting to
note that conductors' careers
most part with "romantic" music. "Classic" music eliminates the conductor; we do not remember him in it and we think we need him for his
are
for the
made
metier alone, not for his mediumistic abilities I
am
speaking of
my
music.
But does all of this turned around fit the contrary? Perhaps, though the question of degree is important, for the characteristics of each category apply at some point to both. For example, when a conductor has
134
About Music Today

ruined a piece of mine, having failed to convey a sense of "freedom" and 'mood/' let him not tell me
that these things are joined exclusively to another
kind of music.
R.C.What do you regard

I.S.
as the principal
performance
problems of your music?
Tempo
tempo.
(
is
the principal item.
piece of mine can
survive almost
anything but wrong or uncertain

spirit,
To anticipate your next question, yes, a tempo
can be metronomically wrong but right in

very great.
does
it
though obviously the metronomic margin cannot be

)
And
if
not only
trills,
my music,
all
of course.
What
matter
the
the ornamentation, and the

correct in the perform-
instruments themselves are
is absurd? I have often said that my music is to be "read," to be "executed," but not to be "interpreted." I will say it still, because I see in it nothing that requires interpretation ( I am trying to sound immodest, not modif
ance of a Bach concerto
the tempo
est). But,
you
will protest, stylistic questions in
my
music are not conclusively indicated by the notation; my style requires interpretation. This is true and it is
also
why
regard
my
recordings as indispensable
supplements to the printed music. But that isn't the kind of "interpretation" my critics mean. What they would like to know is whether the bass clarinet re-
peated notes at the end of the first movement of my Symphony in Three Movements might be interpreted as "laughter." Let us suppose I agree that it is meant to be "laughter"; what difference could this make to the performer? Notes are still intangible. They are not symbols but signs. The stylistic performance problem in my music is one of articulation and rhythmic diction. Nuance
135
depends on these. Articulation is mainly separation, and I can give no better example of what I mean by
it
than to refer the reader to
W.
B. Yeats's recording
end of each he dwells a precise time on and in between each word one could as easily notate his verses in musical rhythm as scan them in poetic meters. For fifty years I have endeavored to teach musiof three of his poems. Yeats pauses at the
line,
cians to play
ST
t*
%/ +/ +/
instead of
*p
have also labored to teach them to accent syncopated notes and to phrase before them in order to do so. ( German orchestras are as unable to do this, so far, as the Japanese are unable to pronounce "L". ) In the performance of my music, simple questions like this conin certain cases,
style. I
depending on the
sume half of my rehearsals: when will musicians learn to abandon the tied-into note, to lift from it, and not
to rush the sixteenth notes afterwards?
mentary
level.
is
things, but solfeggio
is still
at
These are elean elementary
And why
should solfeggio be taught,
taught, as a thing apart from style? Isn't this
when it why
Mozart concertos are still played as though they were Tchaikovsky concertos? The chief performance problem of new music is rhythmic. For example, a piece like Dallapiccola's Cinque Canti contains no interval problems of instrumental technique (its cross shapes in the manner of George Herbert are for the eye and present no aural problems; one does not hear musically shaped crosses). The difficulties are entirely rhythmic, and
136
About Music Today

the average musician has to learn such a piece bar
by bar. He has not got beyond Le Sacre du Printemps, if he has got that far. He cannot play simple triplets,
much
less subdivisions of
them. Difficult
new music
must be studied
in reading.
in schools,
even
if
only as exercises
Myself as a conductor? Well, reviewers have certainly resisted

spite of
me
in that capacity for forty years, in
my
recordings, in spite of
my
special quali-
fications for
knowing what the composer wants, and
my
perhaps one thousand times greater experience
conducting
my
music than anyone
else.
Last year
Time called my San Marco performance of my Canticum Sacrum "Murder in the Cathedral." Now I don't mind my music going on trial, for if I'm to keep my position as a promising young composer I must accept that; but how could Time or anybody know whether I ably conducted a work I alone knew? ( In London, shortly after the Time episode, I was at tea one day with Mr. Eliot, being tweaked by a
story of his,
when my wife asked
that kindest, wisest,
and gentlest of men did he know what he had in common with me. Mr. Eliot examined his nose; he regarded me and then reflected on himself tall, hunched, and with an American gait; he pondered the
possible communalities of our arts.
said
When my
wife
"Murder
in the Cathedral," the great poet
was
he would rather not have written this opus theatricum than have its title loaned to insult me.
so disconcerted he
feel
made me
R.C.
Do you
finale of
agree that perhaps the composer should try
to notate "style"
more
precisely? For example, in the
your Octuor, the bassoons play eighth notes

137
with dots; wouldn't

I.S.
it
have been more exact to write
sixteenth notes followed

I
by
rests?
comby notation. Some elements must always be transmitted by the

do not believe that
it is
possible to convey a
plete or lasting conception of style purely
performer, bless him. In the case of the Octuor, for
example,
if I
had written sixteenth
notes, the
of their length, whether they should
be cut
off
problem on or
before the rests would be substituted for the original
problem, and imagine reading

R.C.
all
those flags
Have you noticed any

posers?
influence of electronic tech-
nique on the compositions by the

I.S.
new
serial
com-
Yes, in several ways;
of certain composers interests

"live" compositions
and the electronic technique me far more in their
than in their electronic ones. To
mention only one influence, electronic music has made composers more aware of range problems (in electronic music, after all, an octave higher does mean twice as fast). But here again, Webern was ahead in realizing that the same material, if it is to be worked out on equal levels, must be limited to four or five octaves (Webern extended beyond that only for important outlines of the form). But electronic music has influenced rhythm (for example, that curious sound which trails off into slower and slower dots), articulation, and many items of texture, dynamics,
etc.
R.C.
Which
I
of your recorded performances

definitive?
do you
prefer;
which do you consider

I.S.
cannot evaluate
my records
for the reason that I
am
always too busy with

listen to
new works
to
have time to
not as easily
them. However, a composer

138
is
About Music Today

with recordings of his works as a performer is satisfied for him, in his name, and this is true even when the composer and the performer are the same
satisfied
person.
The composer
fears that errors will
become
authentic copy and that one possible performance,
be accepted as the only one. First recordings are standard-setting and we are too quickly accustomed to them. But to the composerconductor the advantage of being able to anticipate performances of his new works with his own recordings outweighs all complaints. For one thing, the danger of the middle musician is reduced. For another, the time lag in disseminating new music has been cut from a generation or two to six months or a year. If a work like he Marteau sans Maitre had been written before the present era of recording it would have reached young musicians outside of the principal cities only years later. As it is, this same Marteau, considered so difficult to perform a few
one
set of variables will
years ago,
is
now
within the technique of
many
players, thanks to their being taught
by
record.
But the public
is still
too
little
aware that the word

is
"performance" applied to recording

recording
artist
often extremely
euphemistic. Instead of 'performing" a piece, the
"breaks
it
down."
He
records accord-
ing to the size (cost) of the orchestra. Thus Haydn's
Farewell
Symphony would be recorded from
the be-
ginning to the end in order; but Bolero would be done
backwards, so to speak, if it were sectionally divisible. Another problem is that the orchestra is seated according to the acoustical arrangement required by
the engineering. This means that the orchestra does
not always sound like an orchestra to the orchestra.

I
still
prefer productions to reproductions.
(No
139
photograph matches the colors of the original, nor is any phonographed sound the same as live sound; and we know from experience that in five years new processes and equipment will make us despise what we now accept as good enough imitations.) But the reproduced repertoire is so much greater than the produced, concerts are no longer any competition at
all.
140
MUSIC AND THE CHURCH

R.C. Your Mass, Canticum Sacrum, and Threni are the
strongest challenges in
cline of the
I.S.
two hundred years

institution.
I I
to the de-
Church as a musical
wish they were effective challenges.

liturgically,
Mass would be used
but
is
had hoped my have no such

I call
it,
aspiration for the Threni,
which
why
not
Tenebrae Service but Lamentations. Whether or not the Church was the wisest patron though I think
it
was;
we commit
fewer musical
sins in
church it
are
was
rich in musical forms.
How much poorer we
without the sacred musical services, without the

Masses, the Passions, the round-the-calendar cantatas
of the Protestants, the motets
and vespers and so many
others.
and sacred concerts, These are not merely

spirit in disuse.
defunct forms but parts of the musical

praises
The Church knew what the Psalmist knew: music

God. Music
it
is
as well or better able to praise

all
its
Him
than the building of the church and

is
decoration;
the Church's greatest ornament.
Glory, glory, glory; the music of Orlando Lasso's
motet praises God, and

not exist in secular music.
I
this particular "glory"
does
And not only glory though

all
think of
it first
because the glory of the Laudate,

but extinct but prayer
secular-
the joy of the Doxology, are
and penitence and many others cannot be

ized.
The
spirit
disappears with the form. I
am
not
comparing "emotional range" or "variety" in sacred and secular music. The music of the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries it
is all
secular is "expressively"
141
and "emotionally" beyond anything

gory, gory,
in the
music of
the earlier centuries: the Angst in Lulu, for instance-
gory or the
tension, the perpetuation of
the
moment
of epitasis, in Schoenberg's music. I say

"left to
simply that, without the Church,

devices,"
our
own
we
it
are poorer
by many musical forms.

between
religious-religious
When
mean by
I call the nineteenth century "secular" I
to distinguish
music and secular-religious music. The latter is inspired by humanity in general, by art, by Vbermensch, by goodness, and by goodness knows what. Religious music without religion is almost always vulgar. It can also be dull. There is dull church music from Hucbald to Haydn, but not vulgar church music. ( Of course there is vulgar church music now, but it is not really of or for the Church. ) I hope, too, that my sacred music is a protest against the Platonic tradition, which has been the Church's tradition through Plotinus and Erigena, of music as antimoral.
"tabrets
viols."
Of course Lucifer had music. Ezekiel and pipes" and Isaiah to the
refers to his
"noise of his
Paradise,
But Lucifer took his music with him from and even in Hell, as Bosch shows, music is able to represent Paradise and become the "bride of
"It
the cosmos."
been corrupted by musicians," is the Church's answer, the Church, whose musical history
has
is
a series of attacks against polyphony, the true mu-
sical expression of
Western Christendom,
until
music
retires
it
from
it
in the eighteenth century or confounds
with the theater. The corrupting musicians Bosch

cor-
means are probably Josquin and Okeghem, the

Ockeghem, Compere, Brumel.
142
rupting artifacts the polyphonic marvels of Josquin,
About Music Today

R.C. Must one be a believer to compose in these forms?
LS. Certainly, and not merely a believer in "symbolic

figures,"
but in the Person of the Lord, the Person of
the Devil, and the Miracles of the Church.
M3
THE YOUNGER GENERATION

R.C. Of your works, the young avant-garde admire Le Sacre
du Printemps, the Three Japanese Lyrics, various of and the Symphonies of Wind Instruments. They react strongly against your so-called neoclassic music, however ( Apollo, the piano Concerto, Jeu de Cartes, etc.), and though they affirm your more recent music they complain that triadic harmonies and tonic cadences are solecisms in the backward direction of the tonal system. What do you say to all this?
the Russian songs, Renard,
I.S.
Let me answer the latter complaint first: my recent works are composed in the my tonal system. These composers are more concerned with direction than with realistic judgments of music. This is as it should be. But in any case they could not have followed the twenty years of their immediate forebears, they had to find new antecedents. A change in direction does
not
mean
that the out-of -influence
is
worthless,
howthat.
ever. In science,
where each new

it
is
scientific truth cor-
rects
some
prior truth,
does sometimes
mean
But
in
music advance
only in the sense of developin sound, in structure.
ing the instrument of the language we are able to
do new things in rhythm,

fore contend that
progressively.
We
claim greater concentration in certain ways and there-
we have
evolved, in this one sense,

in this evolution does not
But a step
cancel the one before. Mondrian's series of trees can be seen as a study of progress from the more "resemblant" to the more abstract; but no one would be
so silly as to call
any of the
144
trees
more
or less beautiful
About Music Today

than any other for the reason that it is more or less abstract. If my music from Apollo and Oedipus to
The Rake's Progress did not continue
to explore in
the direction that interests the younger generation

today, these pieces will nonetheless continue to exist.
Every age is an historical unity.

as anything but either/or to
raries, of course,
its
It
may never appear

gradual,
partisan contempois
but semblance
and
in
time either and or come to be components of the same thing. For instance, "neoclassic" now begins
to apply to all of the
(
between-the-war composers
not that notion of the neoclassic composer as some-
one who rifles his predecessors and each other and then arranges the theft in a new "style") The music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern in the twenties was considered extremely iconoclastic at that time but the composers now appear to have used musical form
.
as I did, "historically/'
My
use of
it
was
(
overt,
howwon-
ever,
and
theirs elaborately disguised.
Take, for exis
ample, the Rondo of Webern's Trio; the music

derfully interesting but
Rondo. We all explored and discovered new music in the twenties, of course, but we attached it to the very tradition we were so busily outgrowing a decade
no one hears
it
as a
before.
R.C.
7.S.
What music
I
delights
you most today?
play the English virginalists with never-failing de-
light. I also
play Couperin, Bach cantatas too numer-
ous to distinguish, Italian madrigals even more numer-
and masses by Ockeghem, Obrecht, and others. Haydn quartets and symphonies, Beethoven quartets, sonatas, and especially symphonies like the Second, Fourth, and Eighth, are sometimes wholly fresh and
ous, Schutz sinfoniae sacrae pieces,
Josquin,
145

delightful to me. Of the music of this century I am still most attracted by two periods of Webern: the later instrumental works, and the songs he wrote after the first twelve opus numbers and before the Triomusic which escaped the danger of the too great preciosity of the earlier pieces and which is perhaps the richest Webern ever wrote. I do not say that the late cantatas
are a decline quite the contrarybut their sentiment
me, and I prefer the instrumental works. People who do not share my feeling for this music will wonder at my attitude. So I explain: Webern is for me the juste de la musique, and I do not hesitate
is
alien to
to shelter myself
by the beneficent protection

art.
of his
not yet canonized

R.C.
I.S.
piece of music has most attracted you from a composer of the younger generation? Le Marteau sans Maitre, by Pierre Boulez. The ordinary musician's trouble in judging composers like Boulez and the young German Stockhausen is that he doesn't see their roots. These composers have sprung full-grown. With Webern, for example, we trace his origins back to the musical traditions of the nineteenth and earlier centuries. But the ordinary musician is not aware of Webern. He asks questions like, "What sort of music would Boulez and Stockhausen write if they were asked to write tonal music?" It will be a considerable time before the value of Le Marteau sans Maitre is recognized. Mean-
What
while
I shall
not explain
my
admiration for
it
but
she
adapt Gertrude Stein's answer

like to listen to Boulez.
when asked why
liked Picasso's paintings: "I like to look at them." I
R.C.
What do you
actually "hear" vertically in music such
146
About Music Today
I.S.
Deux Improvisations sur MallarmS or he Marteau sans Maitre? "Hear" is a very complicated word. In a purely acousas Boulez's
tical sense I
hear everything played or sounded. In

I
another sense, too,
am aware
of everything played.
relationships
But you mean,

conscious
filter
really,
what tonal
am
I
it
of,
what does
all
my
ear analyze,
and does
the pitches of
the individual notes? Your

still
question implies that you

tonally; that
seek to relate the notes
you are looking for a "key" that will enable you to do so ( like Hardy's Jude, who imagined that Greek was only a different pronunciation of English). However, all that the ear can be aware of in this sense is density (nobody under thirty and
only rare antediluvians like myself over thirty uses
word "harmony" any more but only And density has become a strict serial
the
"density").
matter, an
element for variation and permutation

notes in the vertical aggregation.
cal?
like
any other;
according to one's system one gets from two to twelve

(
Is this
mathemati-
Of course
)
it is,
but the composer composes the
back to Webern, who understood the whole problem of variable densities (a fact so remarkable that I wonder if even Webern knew who Webern was). But the question of harmonic hearing is an older one, of course. Every ordinary listener (if there is any such extraordinary creature) has been troubled by harmonic hearing in the music of the Vienna school from circa 1909 in Erwartung, for example. He hears all of the notes acoustically but cannot analyze their harmonic structure. The reason is, of course, that this music isn't harmonic in the same way. (In the case of the
mathematics.
All of this goes
147
Erwartung recording there is another reason too; the vocal part is sung off pitch most of the time. Do I hear the chord structure of these nonharmonicbass chords? It is difficult to say exactly what I do hear. For one thing it is a question of practice (while perhaps not entirely a question of practice). But whatever the limits of hearing and awareness are, I shouldn't like to have to define them. We already hear a great deal more in the harmony of these nontonal-system harmonic pieces. For example, I now hear the whole first movement of Weberns Symphony tonally (not just the famous C-minor place), and
melodically
I
think everyone hears
it
tonally now than twenty years ago. Also,
more nearly young people

it
born to
are.
this
music are able to hear more of

of the
than
we
dif-
The Boulez music? Parts

ficult to
Marteau are not
hear in toto; the "bourreaux de solitude," for
instance, which resembles the first movement of the Webern Symphony. With a piece like "apres l'artisanat
however, one follows the line of only a single is content to be "aware of" the others. Perhaps later the second line and the third will be familiar, but one mustn't try to hear them in the
f urieux,"
instrument and
tonal-harmonic sense.
What
is
"aware of?" Instru-
mentalists often ask that question: "If
such and such

to
we leave out who will know?" The answer is that one does know. Many people today are too ready
bits,
condemn a composer for "not being able to hear what he has written." In fact, if he is a real composer, he always does hear, at least by calculation, everything he writes. Tallis calculated the forty parts of
his
Spem
in
Alium Nunquam Habui, he did not
hear them; and even in twelve-part polyphony such

148
About Music Today
we hear only four-part music. even wonder if in complicated Renaissance polyphony the singers knew where they were in relation to each otherwhich shows how good their rhythmic training must have been ( to maintain such independence )
as Orlando's, vertically
R.C.
How
do you understand Anton Webern's remark:

all right,
"Don't write music entirely by ears. Your ears will
always guide you

I.S.
but you must
know why."
Webern was not of view passive
satisfied
with the from one point
act of hearing: his music requires
that the hearer, whether composer or listener,
cognizant relations of what he hears: "You must
make know
why."
It
obliges the hearer to
become
a listener,
summons him
to active relations with music.
149
THE FUTURE OF MUSIC

R.C. Young composers are exploring dynamics; what kind
LS.
new use of them may we expect? An example of the kind of dynamic

of
use
we might
anticipate
is
in Stockhausen's Zeitmasse. In that piece,
at bar 187, a
chord
is
sustained in
all five
instruments,
but
the intensities of the individual instruments con-
tinue to change throughout the duration of the chord:
the oboe begins

to
p,
ppp and makes a

little
short crescendo
at the end: the flute
diminuendos slowly from

to p,
then crescendos a
more quickly
where
it
remains through the
last third of
the bar; the English
horn crescendos slowly, then more quickly, from ppp to mp, and diminuendos symmetrically; the clarinet
diminuendos from it. Such dynamic exploitation is not new, of course a serial use of dynamics as well as of articulation, a related subject and just as important, is already clearly indicated in Webern's Concerto for Nine Instruments but I think electronic instruments, and especially electronic control might carry it much farther. I myself employ dynamics for various purposes and in various ways, but always to emphasize and
sustains p, then slowly
articulate musical ideas: I
as exploitable in themselves. In places
have never regarded them such as the

I
tenor ricercare in
my
Cantata
ignore volume almost
altogether. Perhaps
my
experience as a performer
has persuaded
me
that circumstances are so differ-
ent as to require every score to be re-marked for
every performance. However, a general scale of dy-
150
About Music Today

namic relationshipsthere are no absolute dynamicsmust be clear in the performers mind. The inflections of a constantly changing dynamic register are alien to my music. I do not breathe in ritardandos or accelerandos, diminuendos or crescendos, in every phrase.
And
infinitely subtle
gradu-
ations pianissimi at the limits of audibility and be-
yondare suspect to me. My musical structure does not depend on dynamics though my "expression" employs them. I stand on this point in contrast to Webern.
R.C. Will you
future ?
I.S.
make any prediction about
the "music of the
may be add-a-part electronic sonatas, of course, and precomposed symphonies ("Symphonies for the Imagination"you buy a tone row, complete with slide rules for duration, pitch, timbre, rhythm, and calculus tables to chart what happens in bar 12 or 73 or 200 ) and certainly all music will be mood-classified (kaleidoscopic montages for contortuplicate perThere
,
sonalities,
simultaneous concerts binaurally disaligned
to soothe both
mostly
it
will
present":
for
men in the schizophrenic, etc.), but very much resemble "the music of the the man in the satellite super-hi-fi
likely that the masterpiece of the
Rachmaninov.
R.C.
Do you
think
it
next decade will be composed in serial technique?

I.S.
Nothing is likely about masterpieces, least of all whether there will be any. Nevertheless, a masterpiece is more likely to happen to the composer with the most highly developed language. This language
is
serial at present,
it
and though our contemporary
development of
could be tangential to an evolution

151
we do
not yet see, for us this doesn't matter.
Its
resources have enlarged the present language and
changed our perspective in it. Developments in language are not easily abandoned, and the composer
who
fails to
take account of
them may
it
lose the
main-
stream. Masterpieces aside,
seems to
me
the
new
music will be
serial.
!5*
ADVICE TO YOUNG COMPOSERS

R.C. Will you offer any cautions to young composers?
I.S.
or isn't; he cannot learn to acquire the makes him one, and whether he has it or not, in either case, he will not need anything I can tell him. The composer will know that he is one if composition creates exact appetites in him and if in satisfying them he is aware of their exact limits. Similarly, he will know he is not one if he has only a
gift that
A composer is
"desire to compose'' or "wish to express himself in
music." These appetites determine weight and
size.
They
are
more than manifestations
of personality,
human measurements. In music, however, we do not feel these dimensions, which is why it seems to "flee music," to touch it and rush away, like the mujik who, when asked what he would do if he was made Tsar, said, "I
are in fact indispensable
much new
would
can."
I
steal
one hundred roubles and run as

too,
fast as I
would warn young composers
Americans
especially, against university teaching.
However pleas-
ant and profitable to teach counterpoint at a rich
Smith or Vassar, I am not sure that that is the right background for a composer. The numerous young people on university faculties who write music and who fail to develop into composers cannot blame their university careers, of course, and there is no pattern for the real composer, anyway. The point is, however, that teaching is academic (Webster: "Literary rather than technical or professional Conforming to rules
American Gymnasium
like
153

conventional Theoretical and not expected to produce ... a practical result"), which means that it may not be the right contrast for a composer's noncomposing time. The real composer thinks about his work the whole time; he is not always conscious of this but he is aware of it later, when he suddenly knows what he will do.
. . .
R.C.
Do you
allow that some of the
new
"experimental"
I.S.
composers might be going "too far?" "Experiment" means something in the sciences; it means nothing at all in musical composition. No good musical composition could be merely "experimental"; it is music or it isn't. It must be heard and judged like any other. A successful "experiment" in musical composition would be as great a failure as an unsuccessful one, if it were no more than an experiment. But in your question, the question that interests me is the one which implies the drawing of lines: "Thus far and no farther; beyond this point music cannot go." I suppose psychology has studied the effects of various types of challenges on various groups and I suppose it knows what are normal responses and when they occur in this case, when one begins to seek defense from new ideas and to rationalize them away. I have no information about this. But, I have all around me the spectacle of composers who,
after their generation has had its decade of influence and fashion, seal themselves off from further development and from the next generation. (As I say this,
exceptions
course,
it
come
to
mindKrenek,
for instance.)
Of
juniors,
requires greater effort to learn from one's and their manners are not invariably good. But when you are seventy-five and your generation has overlapped with four younger ones, it behooves
154
About Music Today

you not
to decide in advance
"how
far
composers
can go," but to try to discover whatever new thing it is makes the new generation new. The very people who have done the breaking through are themselves often the first to try to put a
scab on their achievement.
cry halt?
it
What
fear tells
them
to
What
security
is
do they
seek,
and how can
be secure
if it
limited?
How
can they forget
that they once fought against
what they have be-
come?
155
INDEX
(S) Stands for Stravinsky
Abeilles,
Les (S), 40-41
Berg, 30, 77, 79-82, 127, 128,

134, 145
Agon
(S), 23, 134
Aleko (ballet music by Tchaikovsky), 114 Alexander III, Tsar, 92-93 Altenberg Lieder (Berg), 30
28 Berman, Eugene, 25, 109 Bessel (publisher), 66 Blanche, J.-E., 113

Berlioz, 27,
Ansermet, Ernest, 58
Apollo (S), 15, 17, 23, 115, 144,
Bluebird,
The
(Maeterlinck),
145 Apologie
de
la
Danse
(de
Lauze), 19
Argutinsky, Prince Vladimir, 116
41 Blue Facade (Mondrian), 16 Boccioni, 103, 105 Bocklin, Arnold, 84 Bohdme, La (Puccini), 68
Bolero (Ravel), 139 Bonnard, 96
Boris
Ariadne auf Naxos
(Strauss),
83
Auberjonois, Ren6, 63, 64 Auden, W. H., 15, 35, 86, 87 Augenlicht, Das (Webern), 133
Godunov (Moussorgsky),
55
Borodin, 43 Bosch, Hieronymus, 142
Bosset, Vera de,
Augures Printanidres, Les (Sacre
du Printemps,
Bach,
S.,
S),
47
114; see also
Stravinsky
J.
25, 30-31, 78, 135,
Boulez, Pierre, 23, 31-32, 146,

147, 148 Boutique Fantasque, La Rossini-Respighi), 112 Brahms, 27, 43-44, 78
(ballet,
145
Bakst, 96, 108-9,
Balakirev, 38, 43,
Balla, 103, 104,
n>
46
105
Balthus, 112
Brancusi, 102, 115
Balustrade (ballet, S), 114 Barber of Seville (reduction for two pianos, Schoenberg), 77
Bartok, 82, 127
Braque, 115 Brumel, Antoine, 142

Busoni, 99, 121-22
Cage, The
(ballet, S),
40
Bauchant, Andre, 115 Beethoven, 27-28, 39, 99, 119,
Caldara, 84-85
145-46
Benois, 70, 107, 109-10
Canova, 102 Cantata (S), 150
Canticum Sacrum (S), 22, 36,

137, 141
Berard, Christian, 115
156
Index
Capriccio (S), 77 Carra, Carlo, 103, 105
Carter, Elliott, 124
Casella, Alfredo, 38,
Debussy, 31, 39, 5o~59> 60, 63, 65, 75, 131 Debussy, Emma-Claude, 52 n.,
n.
69
56,59
Delage, Maurice, 69, 71 Delauney, Robert, 113
(S),
Chagall, 114-15
Chaliapin, 66-67 Chant du Rossignol, Le
Derain, 111-12
106; see also Nightingale,
The
Deux
Improvisations sur
Mal-
Chinese March, The (in Nightingale),
larme (Boulez), 147

Diaghilev, 47, 48, 55, 61
103,
105,
n., 66,
72
n.
Chinese
Pirates,
The
(Milan
puppet theater), 104-5

Chopin, 29, 30 Cimarosa, 84
68, 76, 83, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
106,
107,
108,
110-11, 112, 113, 114, 115,

116, 118, 129 Diphonas (of Threni, S), 18 Dithyrambe (of Duo Concertant, S), 20 Doctor and the Devils, The (Dylan Thomas), 86 Doktor Faust (Busoni), 99 Donatello, 102 Donna, se mancidete (Gesualdo),34
Cinque Canti (Dallapiccola), 136-37 Cipriano da Rore, 85

Claudel, 41 Cocteau, 61
n.,
96
n., 98,
108,
115
Cohen (philosopher), 100

Compere, Loyset, 142 Concerto for Nine Instruments
(Webern), 123, 150
Cooper, Gary, 101
Doret, Gustave, 58
Coup de Des, Un (Mallarm6),

31-32
Couperin, Frangois, 145 Craft, Robert, 89 Croce, Giovanni, 85
Cui, Cesar, 43, 46
Dallapiccola, 136 D'Annunzio, 94-95
Dostoievsky, 93
Duke Hercules Mass

23
(Josquin),
Duo
Concertant, 19, 20
Eight Symphony
28, 145 Einstein, Albert, 84
(Beethoven),
Elegias (of Threni, S), 18

PrinEliot, T. S., 77,
Danse Sacrale (Sacre du

temps, S), 19, 21 Dante, 77
137
noir
Emperor Quartet (Haydn), 133
En
52
blanc
n.
et
(Debussy),
Daphnis et Chloe, 72 Dargomizhsky, 46 David project (Cocteau and S),

61
n.
Errazuriz, Eugenia, 117 Erwartung (Schoenberg), 14748
157
Index
Falstaff (Verdi),
83
(Haydn),
n.,
Goncharova (wife of Larionov),

111
Farewell
Symphony
139
Gromyko, Andrei, 97
et
Faune
Bergdre (S), 26
40
Fils Prodigue,
fiev),
Le
(ballet,
Proko-
Gruyypen (Stockhausen), 123 Guillaume, Georges, 96 n.
115
Firebird,
The
(S), 41, 65, 76,
107-8, 113, 115 Fireworks (S), 103
Handel, 78 Hardy, Thomas, 147
Five
Pieces
for
Orchestra
(Schoenberg), 79
Flight of the
Fontanelli,
Bumble Bee (Rim-
Hauptmann, Gerhardt, 112 Haydn, 16, 133, 139, 142, 145 Heard, Gerald, 40 Heidegger, 100
Herbert, George, 136 Herzgewachse (Schoenberg), 79 Histoire du Soldat, (S), 13,
sky-Korsakov), 40, 41 n.
Count Alfonso, 34 Franck, Cesar, 79

Fritsch,
their
Von
(author of Bees,
Chemical Sense and Lan-
63 n., 64 n., 99, 128 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 84

Hotson, Leslie, 34
guage), 40 Fiirstner, Adolph, 115

Gabrieli, Giovanni,
Houdon, 102 Hucbald, 142

Husserl,
85
(Stock-
Edmund, 100
Galuppi, 84 Gesang der Jiinglinge
Ibsen, 93, 94
Ielatchich, Alexander,
Is
hausen), 125 Gesualdo, 33-34

Giacometti, 101-2
Gilbert
44
Another
World Watching?
(Heard), 40
and
Sullivan,
35
Islamey (Balakirev), 38
Jacob, Max, 96 n.
Jacob's
Glazunov, 37-38, 46
Gleizes, Albert,
113
Glinka,
45-46
Ladder
(Schoenberg),
Gloria Patri (from Monteverdi's
78
Jawlensky, Alexis, 112
Vespers), 21
Gliickliche
Hand, Die (Schoen-
berg), 78 Godebski family, 71 Goethe, 58-59 Gogol, 68
Jeu de Cartes (S), 144 Jeux (Debussy), 53

Josquin, 18, 23, 142, 145
Kafka, 78
Goldoni, 85 Golovine, 107
Golubev, Mme., 94
Kahn, Otto, 111 Kammerkonzert (Berg), 80, 134 Kandinsky, 99-100
158
Index
Khovanshchina (S and Ravel), 66-67
Kireievsky,
Marriage of Figaro, The (Mozart), 93 Marteau sans Maitre, Le (Boulez), 23, 122, 139, 146, 147,
48-49
Klee, Paul, 31, 75, 99, 102 Koussevitzky, 56, 57
148
Krenek, 154
Laloy, Louis, 52 Lamentations, see Threni
Mass
(S), 36, 141
Massine, 117
Matisse,
106-7
Mavra
(S), 23, 98, 108, 111
Larionov, 110, 111, 114

Lassus, 141
Laudate
Pueri
(from
Monte-
verdi's Vespers),
21
Mayakovsky, 97-98 Mendelssohn, 41 n. Mersenne, Mavin, 19 Micheaux, Henri, 24
Laurencin, Marie, 115 Lauze, de, 19
Mir Isskoustva, 107, 112

Mitusov,
S. N.,
Lawrence, D. H., 126 Lee, Vernon, 84
Modern Psalms
78
R.
Modigliani, 96
106 (Schoenberg),
Legend
Joseph Strauss), 83, 116

of
(ballet,
Leger, 113-14
Mondrian, 16, 144-45 Monet, 97
Liapunov, 46 Liebermann, Max, 112-13

Life for the Tsar,
Monn, G. M. and
Monteux, 47
J.
M., 78
(Glinka),
Monteverdi, 21, 85
37
Lipnitsky, 114
Liszt, 15, 44,
46
Moses und Aron (Schoenberg), 78 Moussorgsky, 43, 44-45, 66, 67
Livre de Mallarme,
rer),
Le (Sche-
32 Loewe, 78 Lulu (Berg), 30, 80, 142

Maeterlinck, 40-41
Mozart, 84, 136 Murat, Princess Violette, 99

Mussolini,
94-95
Nabokov, Nicolas, 114

Napravnik, E.
F.,
37
Mahler, 38-39, 80, 81, 84 Malipiero, G. F., 95
Nicolson, Sir Harold, 94 Nightingale, The (S), 60, 61,

62, 63, 69, 72, 94, 106 Nijinsky, 47-48, 53, 61 n., 110 Nikisch, 38
Mallarme, 31-32 Manet, 116
Manfred (Tchaikovsky), 39
Marcello, Benedetto, 84
Nikolsky, 45
Peters-
Mariinsky Theater,
burg, 37
St.
Noces, Les (S), 48-49, 73, 11011, 115, 132 Nocturnes (Debussy), 58
Marinetti, 103, 104, 105
159
Index
Notebooks (von Hofmannsthal),
84
Powell, Michael, 86
Pratella, F. B.,
104
Nouvelle Revue Frangaise, La,

60, 63-64 Nuages gris
(Liszt), 15
Prince Igor (Borodin), 105

Prokofiev, 97 Proust, 98-99
Pulcinella (S), 85, 116, 118
Obrecht, 85, 145
Purcell,
36
Ockeghem, 142, 145 Octuor (S), 137-38 Ode to Napoleon (Schoenberg),

79 Oedipus Rex (S),
Oeil,
Pushkin, 48, 49, 93 Puvis de Chavannes, 106
Quartet (Schoenberg, 1897), yy

17, 36,
84,
111, 145 (periodical), 71 n.
Orpheus (S), 17
Orsini, 34 Ortega y Gasset, 17, 100-1
Rachmaninov, 42-43, 151 Radiguet, Raymond, 98 Ragtime (S), 117
Rakes
145
Progress,
The
99 61
(S),
87,
Othello (Verdi), 83
Ramuz, C.
Ravel,
27,
F., 64,
29,
(R.'s
n.,
66-73;
70,
(Wagner), 51 Pergolesi, 85 Persephone (S), 17, 21

Parsifal
Edouard
brother),
Petit Concert
(from L'Histoire
,
71 Reger, Max, 38, 79 Renard (S), 36, 98

114, 115, 144 Richter, Hans, 38
110,
111.
du
Soldat, S )
13
Petroushka (S), 50, 51, 52, 62, 64, 76, 81, 95, 109, 110, 112 Piano Concerto (S), 18, 23, 144
Rigoletto (Verdi), 83
Rimsky-Korsakov,
26
n..
27,
No. XI (Stockhausen), 126 Piano Quartet, G-minor (Brahms), 27 Piano Sonata (S), 23
Piano
Piece
28
n.,
38,
39-40, 41 n
43,
44-45, 46, 66, 67

Riviere, Jacques,
60-65
96 n., 107, 109, 116-18, 146; Olga, 117 Pierne, G., 108
Picasso,
Rodin, 95-96, 102 Roerich, Nicolas, 105-6, 108 Rogers, Shorty, 131-32
Romeo and
sky),
Roi des Etoiles, Le (S), 54 (Tchaikov Juliet
Pierrot
Lunaire
(Schoenberg),
26
n.
31, 76, 79,

Pigalle,
128
102
110,
Rouault, 115 Russolo, 103, 104
Poetics of Music (S), 83 Polignac, Princess E. de,
111
Sacre du Printemps, Le (S), N47-48, 50, 52-53, 55 n.,
19,
60,
160
Index
64, 67, 69, 105-6, 109, 123,
Stassov,
28
n.
137, 144
Satie, 67,
Scarlatti,
Stein, Gertrude,
146
74-75 85
Stendhal, 25 Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 122-23,

125, 126, 146, 150
Strauss, Richard, 39, 83-84, 115,
Scheler, 100
Scherchen, Hermann, 76, 99 Scherer, Jacques, 32 n. Scherzo (of Eighth Symphony,
127
Stravinsky,
Mme.
first
Catherine,
wife, 69-70,
refs.
Beethoven), 28 Scherzo Fantastique
Stravinsky's
(S),
40-
89 (and various
(Stravinsky's
in let-
42
n.
n.,
ters), see also Bosset,
Vera de
wife);
Schmitt, Florent, 69
Schoeller,
71
second
96
n.
Schoenberg, Arnold, 23, 27, 29, 31, 76-79, 93, 1^7, 128, 133,
142, 145
93-94; Soulima, 77; Theodore, 115 Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy (Vernon Lee),
Goury,
Schubert, 39
84
Surge Aquilo (from Canticum Sacrum, S), 133 Survage, 111 Sylphides, Les (Ballet music),
29-30, 109 Symphonies of Wind Instruments (S), 144 Symphony (Webern), 148
Schumann, 25 Schiitz, 145 Scriabin, 39-40

Set disposto (Gesualdo),
34
Septet (S), 22 Seraphita (Schoenberg), 79
Serenade (Schoenberg), 79, 128 Serov, A. N., 108

Sert,
J.
M. and
Misia,
71
n.,
115-16
Seurat, 17
Symphony Symphony
40
in
(S), 19, 21
in E-flat (S),
26
n.,
Shestakova, Ludmilla, 45-46
Symphony
Symphony
Szanto,
in
Three Movements
Psalms (S), 36
127 Slauzol, la Marquise de, 100 Societe de la Musique Actuelle,
Sibelius,
(S), 29, 135

of
72
56
Society for Private Performances
Tagebiicher (Klee), 31
Tallis, 19,
(Vienna), yy Socrate (Satie), 74-75 Some People (Nicolson), 94 Spectre de la Rose, he (ballet
148 Tchaikovsky, 26
n.,
39,
41
n.,
43, 130, 136 Tchelichev, Pavel, 114
music by Weber), 110
Tenischev, Princess, 105
Spem
in
Alium Nunquam Habui

148
Thomas, Dylan, 86-91;
Caitlin,
(Tallis),
87,91
161
Index
Three Japanese Lyrics (S), 67, 69,144 Three Pieces for Orchestra, op.6 (Berg), 80-81 Threni (S), 14, 18, 19, 30,
141 Time (magazine), 137 Tintoretto, 16
n.
Von Heute
auf berg), 27 Vroubel, 107

n.,
Morgen (Schoen-
Wagner, 26
39, 44, 46,
132
Wallace, Vice-President,
83 106
Water Lilies (Monet), 97 Webern, 18, 76, 77, 79, 80, 8182, 123, 127, 128, 129, 133,
Trio (Webern), 145, 146

Trois
Podmes
de
MallarmS
138, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,

150, 151 Wilder, Thornton, 101
Willaert,
(Ravel), 67, 69
Valery, Paul, 18
Valse,
85
in
La (Ravel), 70
n.
With Serov
108
Greece (Bakst),
Variations for Orchestra, op. 31
(Schoenberg), 29, 79
Verdi, 83
Wozzeck (Berg), 80
Yeats,
Vespers (Monteverdi), 21 Vie des Abeilles, La (Maeterlinck),
W.
B., 87,
136
40-41
Visage
Nuptial,
Le
(Boulez),
Zeitmasse
Zborovsky, 96 n. (Stockhausen),
123,
78
n.
150
Vivaldi,
84
Ziloti,
Alexander, 41 n.
Vollard, 116
162
Date Due
NOV 4
59
deu
vm
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APR
.:
6*
4
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MAR 2
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>2
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MAY
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MAR 4
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19 64
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JAN 24
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Library Bureai
Cat.
No. 1137
1
927.81St87c
MUSIC
3 5002 00397 0634

Stravinsky, Igor Conversations with Igor Stravinsky
ML 410 .932 A33
Stravinsky,
Igor,
1882-1971
ML 410
S932 A33
1682-1971
Stravinsky, Igor,

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CONVERSATIONS WITH IGOR STRAVINSKY

1959 DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, INC. GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK

thanks are due to

About Composing and Compositions

About Musicians and Others

and Times and Other Arts

About Music Today

of the Father there

but only dialogue, which

CONVERSATIONS WITH IGOR STRAVINSKY

aspect of an auditive shape. But long before ideas

relating intervals rhyth-

a later expansion and

always clear in your mind from the inception of

of composition will develop?

And the idea itself:

what instrumental sound

You should not suppose

that once the musical idea

Conversations with Igor Stravinsky

the form your composition

doer, not a thinker; that

not a department of conceptual thinking;

you always sure

do you always do you sometimes

for a greater period of time?

uncomfortable in postponing a solution on the future. The future never gives

me the assurance of reality I receive from the present.

theory in musical composition?

There are compositions

this isn't quite true,

has a by-product existence that

About Composing and Compositions

involves a deep intuition of "theory."

musical ideas occur to you at random times of

the day or night?

LS. Ideas usually occur to

and only very rarely do they present themselves when

to myself their intervals

was surprised and happy

the Petit Concert,

Conversations with Igor Stravinsky

often speak of the weight of an interval.

me, the contrary of an impres-

but found only a confusing explanation

which I checked the next morning found to be the same.

R.C. While composing do you ever think of any audience?

there such a thing as a problem of communication?

has followed music up to where

About Composing and Compositions

Have you ever thought

"a virtual image of our experience of living as tem-

the dissipation of the

understand "recurrence" and "becoming" their aspect is greatly diminished in

listening to Liszt's precise

could pretend that "gray clouds"

are a musical cause