Experimental Question 1: Levitation of Conductors in an Oscillating Magnetic Field In an oscillating magnetic field of sufficient strength, levitation of a metal conductor

becomes possible. The levitation occurs due to a non-zero mean magnetic force exerted on currents in the conductor. The currents are induced by the alternating field itself. The Lorentz force doesnt average to zero because of a phase shift between the current oscillations and the magnetic field oscillations. This phase shift is a result of the self-inductance of the current loops within the conductor. In this experiment, we study this phenomenon and deduce the self-inductance of an aluminum ring from measuring the vertical force applied to it by a solenoid with an oscillating current. For measurement convenience, the mean force on the ring will be directed downwards, so levitation will not be observed. On your desk, you have the following items (Figure 1): (1) An AC power supply operating on 50Hz. The power supply has two pairs of terminals. The two smaller sockets (1a) supply a voltage of about 24V; use these only for running current through the solenoid. The two larger sockets (1b) supply a voltage of about 0.7V. The power supply is turned on only when the green button (1c) is pressed this is in order to prevent overheating the system by accidentally leaving the current on, as further explained below. The red light bulb indicates when the power supply is on. A cylindrically symmetric solenoid filled with iron rods. The solenoid is connected to the 24V terminals of the power supply. The solenoid can be raised and lowered using a long screw. The screws vertical step is . Three metal rings made of exactly the same material (an alloy of aluminum). One ring is closed. The second ring is identical to the first except for a short segment which was removed, making the ring open. The third ring is also open, and is much thinner than the first two. Two multimeters. They will be used as a voltmeter and an ammeter. The AC voltmeters sensitivity is 0.1mV. The ammeter can measure currents of up to 20A (also in AC mode). Note: in AC mode, the multimeters display the RMS (root-mean-square) of the measured quantity, i.e. the amplitude divided by . See Figures 3 and 4 for detailed instructions. A battery-powered digital scale with sensitivity 0.01g. When the scale experiences a rapidly oscillating force, it displays the time-averaged force. Note: the scale has a tare option, which calibrates its reading under a given weight to zero. See Figure 2. An 8cm7cm7cm polystyrene block which can be used as a stand for the rings. Electric wires with various connectors. A ruler. Millimeter graph paper. A desktop lamp which can be turned on or off for your convenience.

(2)

(3-5)

(6-7)

(8)

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

Caution: when the closed ring is exposed to the solenoids magnetic field, a large current flows through it, heating it up. As a consequence, the rings electrical properties may change slightly. To avoid this, dont run a current through the solenoid for long periods of time. The earths gravity field in Tel Aviv is . Page 1 of 5

Figure 1 - Summary of the equipment. (2) (1) (1b) (1a) (8) (1c) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (1) 50Hz power supply. (1a) 24V terminals. (1b) 0.7V terminals. (1c) Power button. Solenoid on a vertical screw. Broad closed ring. Broad open ring. Thin open ring. Voltmeter. Ammeter. Scale. Polystyrene block. Wires.

(9)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(10)

Figure 2: The digital scale (1) On/Off button (2) Tare button sets the current weight as 0.

(2)

(1)

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Figure 3: The voltmeter. (1) On/Off button. (2) The dial is set to 200mV AC. (3) Connect your wires to the COM and V/ terminals.

(1)

(2) )

(3) ) ) Figure 4: The ammeter.

(1) On/Off button. (2) The dial is set to 20mA/20A AC. (3) Connect your wires to the COM and A terminals.
(1)

(2)

(3) )

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Theory (1.3 points)

Consider a conducting ring of radius placed in the solenoids magnetic field. The symmetry axes of the solenoid and the ring coincide. Denote the rings inductance by , its resistance by , and the angular frequency of the solenoids current by . Define as the coordinate along the common symmetry axis of the solenoid and the ring. In this part only, you may neglect the small effect of the rings magnetic field on the solenoid and the iron. Also, neglect the thickness of the ring. In this part, well use Faradays law, and the magnetic version of Gausss law: Faradays law: The induced EMF (electromotive force) on a loop generated by a changing magnetic flux is . The magnetic Gauss law: the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.

A current loop placed in a cylindrically symmetric magnetic field experiences a total force ( ) ( ) ( )

where is the current in the loop, and is the radial component (in the direction of the loops radius) of the external magnetic field in the loops vicinity. The positive direction of the force is downwards in the direction. The positive direction of the current is shown in Figure 5. ( ) a. (0.2 pts.) Consider an oscillating external magnetic flux ( ) through the ring. Find ( ) - the EMF induced by the given flux only, and ( ) - the current induced in the ring, as functions of , , , and . Hint: The EMF amplitude and the current amplitude on an AC circuit element with both resistance and inductance are related by to the EMF. b. (0.6 pts.) Find plane. c. (0.5 pts.) Show that
( ( ) )

, and the current is delayed by a phase

with respect

in terms of and

, where is the coordinate along the axis perpendicular to the rings

, where is the time averaged value of

( ) is the RMS (if you do

(root-mean-square, i.e., amplitude divided by ) of the EMF on a loop at height . Find the constant not find , in later parts, take the magnitude of to be 1). Hint: you may find the following identities useful: ( ) ( ) ( ( )) Figure 5: The metal ring in the solenoids magnetic field. Page 4 of 5 ( ( ))

Measurements (5.1 points)

In all of the following measurements and analysis, take into account that results with higher precision will receive higher grades. In all of your measurements and results, specify error estimations. Resistance measurements (2.6 points) In this part, you should use the 0.7V terminals of the AC power supply. Using the supplied wires to short-circuit the two 0.7V terminals should result in a current of , depending on the contacts. Note that the three shorter wires achieve a better contact with the ammeter than the two longer ones. CAUTION: Dont use the 24V terminals, to avoid overheating the components. d. (1.3 pts.) Find the resistance of the thin ring. Draw your circuit on the answer form. Hint: the resistance of each of the rings is much smaller than . For the thin ring, you can neglect the inductive impedance with respect to the resistance. e. (1.3 pts.) Find the resistance of the closed ring. Make additional measurements as necessary.

Measurements of the induced EMF (1.5 points) f. (1.5 pts.) Connect the solenoid to the 24V terminals of the power supply. Place the broad open ring so that its axis coincides with the axis of the solenoid. Measure the induced EMF on the ring at different heights , i.e., at different distances from the solenoid. Record your measurements in the provided table on the answer form. Plot a graph of as a function of (with a trend line). Measurements of the force (1 point) g. (1 pt.) Place the broad closed ring so that its axis coincides with the axis of the solenoid. Measure the timeaveraged magnetic force on the ring at different heights , i.e. at different distances from the solenoid. Record your measurements in the provided table on the answer form.

Analysis (3.6 points)

| of h. (1.4 pts.) Find the absolute value of the derivative | with respect to , for values of where you measured the force in part (g). Record your values in the provided table on the answer form. Error estimations are not required in this part. i. (2.2 pts.) Analyze your results using a linear graph to find - the inductance of the closed ring. You may use the fact that . Note: Despite the noticeable thickness of the closed ring, the formula you derived in part (c) still applies with a high accuracy. Use it as an operational definition for the inductance of a broad ring. Hint: When the ring is too close to the iron, the measurements will be distorted. Try to avoid this complication in your analysis.

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