Course On Microcontrollers

By Md. Ariful Hoque Shuhan mdshuhan@yahoo.com Mobile: 01678142459

&
Abdur Rahman Noble arnoble072@gmail.com Mobile:01670225958

What is a Microcontroller?

Mini-Computer
Microprocessor
The Brains Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit

Program/ Data Storage Peripherals (Input/Output) Low-Cost

History

The first microprocessor was developed by what was then a small company called Intel (short for Integrated Electronics) in the early 1970s. The chipset was a success and within a short while Intel developed a general purpose 4 bit microprocessor called the 4004. In 1974 the more powerful second generation microprocessor (the 8008) wasannounced fabricated as a single chip.

Why Important?

Embedded Inside:
Automotive systems Airplanes Toys Medical Devices Furniture

Billions of units

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PIC16F690
20-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers with nanoWatt Technology

Wide operating voltage range (2.0V-5.5V) 17 I/O pins and 1 input only Two 8-bit Timer, One 16-bit Timer 12-channel, 10-bit ADC Programmable Serial USART Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator DC 20 MHz oscillator/clock input Software selectable frequency range of 8 MHz to 32 kHz

Pin Diagram

Pin Out And Data Sheet

What do I need to start?

To start C programming language on Microchip PIC Microcontroller you need these following tools: Down load the latest Microchip MPLAB IDE The MPLAB IDE is already come with the HITECH PICC-Lite C compiler The PIC16F690 datasheet Microchip Programmer. Trainer Board

Software Installation
1. 2. 3.

MPLab Programmer Software Proteus

Install Proteus for simulation

When Licence requires, Browse to Many Crack> Sonsivri_LICENCE

Open it, select it and install it

When installation is completed, run Crack Proteus 7.2 SP6 PRO v1.1 and select the folder where the proteus is installed.

Open MPLAB

Start -> All Programs -> Microchip -> MPLAB IDE ver 8.60 -> MPLAB IDE

Create New Project

Project -> Project Wizard from MPLAB IDE and this will launch the project wizard, just continue with Next

Give Project Name

Creating the .C file

File -> New and save it as test.c

END OF CLASS -1

I/O Port
For Port A, B, C there are control bytes TRISx. Setting a TRISx bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTx pin an input Clearing a TRISx bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTx pin an output

TRISA and PORTA

TRISB and PORTB

TRISC and PORTC

Write the first code and simulate

#include<pic.h> #include<htc.h> void delay(int x)

{
int y; for(y=0;y<=6500;y++) { } } void main() {

TRISC=0X00;
TRISA0=0; TRISB=0X00; while(1) { PORTC=1;
RA0=1;

PORTB=1; delay(800); PORTC=0; RA0=0; PORTB=255; delay(800); } }

Open ISIS Professional from Proteus Program

Draw the circuit

Specify HEX file to Microcontroller

Simulate the Circuit with Microcontroller Program

Output current caution

Ensure that the output current <20mA

Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin .................................................................................................... 25 mA Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin .............................................................................................. 25 mA Maximum current sunk by PORTA, PORTB and PORTC (combined) ............................................................ 200 mA

Maximum current sourced PORTA, PORTB and PORTC (combined) ............................................................ 200 mA

Input

Input Arrangement
For hardware side, use 1uf-10uf Capacitor across the push button if the input source is a push button. Solve the de-bouncing problem by programming accordingly.

Class work

Write a program that

takes input from PC1 and PA0 Output LED at PC2 is light while any of the input is high Output LED as PC3 is light while both of the inputs are high

Simulate it and run it to the Microcontroller

Basics Of Display Driver

BCD to 7-segment Decoder LCD Driver 5X7 Dot Matrix Driver

Display Driver 7447

Display test and blank input If the blank input is low the
are active-low so they should be high for normal operation. display will be blank when the count input is zero (0000).

END OF CLASS 3

Analog to Digital Converter

10-bit Resolution 13 - 260 s Conversion Time 12 Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels 0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range Selectable 2.56V ADC Reference Voltage

Block Diagram

Related Pins

Configuration Sequence
Enable ADC Analog input channel declaration Channel Selection Clock Selection Start a conversion Wait until the conversion finishes When the conversion is done, read the 8 bit LSB from ADRESL and 2 bit MSB from ADRESH byte. Concatenate them to get 10 bit conversion

Configuration Bytes
There are four registers available to control the functionality of the A/D module: 1. ANSEL 2. ANSELH 3. ADCON0 4. ADCON1

Enabling ADC

Analog input channel declaration

The ANS<11:0> bits (ANSEL<7:0> and ANSELH<3:0>) and the TRISA<4,2:0>, TRISB<5:4> and TRISC<7:6,3:0>> bits control the operation of the A/D port pins. Set the corresponding TRISx bits to 1 to set the pin output driver to its highimpedance state. Likewise, set the corresponding ANSx bit to disable the digital input buffer.

CHANNEL SELECTION
There are fourteen analog channels The CHS<3:0> bits (ADCON0<5:2>) control which channel is connected to the sample and hold circuit.

VOLTAGE REFERENCE
There are two options for the voltage reference to the A/D converter: either VDD is used or an analog voltage applied to VREF is used. The VCFG bit (ADCON0<6>)controls the voltage reference selection. If VCFG is set, then the voltage on the VREF pin is the reference;otherwise, VDD is the reference.

Voltage Reference

CONVERSION CLOCK

The source of the conversion clock is software selectable via the ADCS bits (ADCON1<6:4>).

STARTING A CONVERSION
The A/D conversion is initiated by setting the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<1>). When the conversion is complete, the A/D module: Clears the GO/DONE bit

CONVERSION OUTPUT
The A/D conversion can be supplied in two formats: Left or right justified. The ADFM bit (ADCON0<7>) controls the output format.

END OF CLASS 4

Interrupt

Basics of Interrupt
Interrupted operation while normal operation is going on Very good option for taking input

Interrupt Basic
So far functions were called from the main program or other functions. The interrupt functions is called by the hardware itself and operates by following steps: After the interrupt function is loaded into the memory, the function waits for a moment for the interrupt to occur; When the interrupt has occurred, the operating system stops the execution of the main function and free itself to perform the interrupt function; After the execution of the interrupt function, the operating system continues to run the main function from the place it stopped before the interrupt has occurred.

Interrupt Pins

Interrupts

Interrupt Configuration

RA2/INT Must be configured as Digital I/O Interrupt Mode selection Initializing the flag bit Enable External Interrupt Enable Global interrupt In the Interrupt service routine, clear flag bit every time.

RA2/INT pin as digital IO

Configure TRISA2=1 ANS2=0 for digital input

Mode Selection

INTERRUPT External interrupt on RA2/INT pin is edge-triggered;

either rising if the INTEDG bit (OPTION_REG<6>) is set, or falling, if the INTEDG bit is clear.

Initializing Flag bit

When a valid edge appears on the RA2/INT pin, the INTF bit (INTCON<1>) is set.

So initialize the INTF=0

Enable External Interrupt

Enable Global Interrupt

Software handling of INTF

The INTF bit must be cleared in software in the Interrupt Service Routine before re-enabling this interrupt.
void interrupt test(void) // Interrupt function definition { if (INTF==1) { INTF=0; .. } }

END OF CLASS 5

Timer/ Counter
3 timers/Counters Two 8-bit timers and One 16-bit timer Easily selectable clock source

How timer works?

Its a 8 or 16 bit register. Its value increases with each clock cycle. So, bigger the no of bits, the bigger the range of counting. By setting modes, we can calculate intervals or generate events at regular interval.

Timer0 Diagram

Timer Configuration
Clock selection Mode Selection Interrupt configuration

Clock Input Pins

The external clock source must be at least 2.5 less than the C clock source.

Clock Source
The internal clock can be used as the clock source. For timers, the internal clock can be pre-scaled. There is option for external clock source also.

Clock Selection and Configuration

Clock Pre-scalar Selection

Timer Interrupt Configuration

Timer1

END OF CLASS 6

USART
Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter

Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit Registers) Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation

Parallel and Serial Communication

Frame Format of Serial Communication

Two Types of serial communication

Synchronous
Clock source is synchronized Data is synchronized with clock i.e. a common clock source for the communicating devices is necessary

Asynchronous
No common clock source is required Clock is recognized by the receiver automatically

Serial Mode Selection

Clock Generation

Example of calculating the Baud Rate

PORT Configuration
In order to configure pins RB6/SCK/SCL and RB7/TX/CK as the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter: SPEN (RCSTA<7>) bit must be set (= 1), TRISB<6> bit must be set (= 1), and TRISB<7> bit must be set (= 1).

Transmitter Block Diagram

The Operational Basics

The heart of the transmitter is the Transmit (serial) Shift Register (TSR). The shift register obtains its data from the read/write transmit buffer, TXREG. TheTXREG register is loaded with data in software. The TSR register is not loaded until the Stop bit has been transmitted from the previous load. As soon as the Stop bit is transmitted, the TSR is loaded with new data from the TXREG register (if available).

To set up an Asynchronous Transmission:

1. Initialize the SPBRGH:SPBRG registers for the appropriate baud rate. 2. Enable the asynchronous serial port by clearing bit SYNC and setting bit SPEN. 3. Enable Transmitter by Setting the TXEN

Transmission

Stating The Transmission

Writing TXREG starts the transmission if the shift register is empty

USART Receiver Block Diagram

Receiver Enabling

Checking the receiver status

Copy the data to microcontroller

Copy the REGREG and clear the RCIF.

END OF CLASS 7
6 February 2010

CLASS 8

Analog Comparator

Comparator Enabling

Negative Channel Selection

Positive Channel Selection

Comparator Output

The C1OUT is the output register of Analog Comparator.

Output Pin Configuration

END OF CLASS 8