s[t1tf - Acknowledgement _

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIff zf:q ;+sfo cGtu{t Ps jif]{ / ltg jif]{ lj=P8=sf] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof cGtu{t lzIf0f l;sfO k"/f ug{ xfld s]lx ;fyLx? u}+8fsf]6 uf=lj=;=j8f g+= * df kg]{ sflnsf pRrd df=lj=df uPsf lyof}+ . To;} cGtu{t kg]{ cj:yf cWoog k|ltj]bg tuf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] xfldn] To;} cGtu{t cfwfl/t /lx 5fq, 5fqfsf] jf:tljs ljj/0f lnP/ k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . lj1fgsf] o'u / @!cf}+ zftfAbLdf rln/x]sf] ljZjdf ljleGg cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg / ljsl;t sfo{x? tLj| ?kdf ePtf klg g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;'ud dflgPsf] Ps pbfx/0fLo ufpF o; u}+8sf]6nfO{ dflgG5 . dfgj lhjgdf cfPsf] ;/ntfsf] k|d'v pkh g} lzIff xf] . ;j} ljBfyL+x?sf] dfemdf pgsf] z}lIfs cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ljBfyL{sf] ?rL tyf :t/ cg';f/ g} k9fO{ eO/x]sf] kfO{of] . x/]s ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;jn / ;Ifd jlg u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{sf] nfuL plrt z}lIfs jftfj/0f / lzIfs tyf cleefjssf] cfj:ostf cg';f/ cem jl9 ;xof]u rflxg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} ljBfyL{x?sf] rfxgf cg';f/ g} cuf8L a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . of] ljBfno k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ cfgf] cd"No ;'emfj k|bfg ug'{x'g] afns'df/L sn]h kl/jf/ / cWoog sfo{df ;To tYo tYof pknAw u/fpg' x'g] >L sflnsf pRr df=lj=, k|frfo{ >L sdn ;'j]bL , ljifo lzIfs >L xl/ ;'j]bL tyf ;Dk"0f{ lzIfs lzlIfsf tyf ljBfno kl/jf/sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ efO{ jlxgLx? nfO{ klg cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxfG5' . k|ltj]bg tof/L ubf{ ePsf s]xL uNtL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ ;fdfGo 7fgL cWoog ul/lbg' x'g] 5 elg ;Dk"0f{ kf7sHo" ;Fu d ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' . wGojfb ! cflZjg, @)^%

================================ lr/~hLjL cfrfo{

ljifo ;"lr
;d:ofsf] kl/ro ;d:ofsf] k[i7e"ld cWoogsf] p2]Zo cWoogsf] ljwL cWoogsf] ljZn]if0f z}lIfs cj:yf

 cfly{s cj:yf c;/ ug]{ kIfx? ;fdflhs l:ytL ljBfnosf] nfuL s]xL s'/f ljBfyL{sf] nfuL s]xL s'/f lgisif{
;d:ofsf] kl/ro
;do kl/jt{gzLn eP/ gofF gofF o'u / k|ljwLsf] ;xh} lgdf{0f ePklg dflg;df cfpg] ptf/r8fj cfO{g} /xG5 . To;} ul/ ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cfkm' hlt ;Ifd / ;'ne 5 eGg] nfu]tf klg uxg cWoogsf] qmddf ;d:ofx? Ps kl5 csf]{ b]lvg} /xG5g\ . dflg; s]xL klg cfkm}df ;j{u'0f ;DkGGf x'b}g . cWoogsf] qmddf s;}nfO{ ljifout hl6ntf ;fy} efiffut hl6ntf, kl/j]zLo hl6ntf cg';f/ l;sfO ;/n / ;xh x'g ;Sb}g . To:tf] ;d:ofx?sf] cf+lzs ;kmntfsf] nfuL ePtfklg k|ToIf cjnf]sg, 5nkmn, cGtjf{tf cfbLnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;s]df ;d:ofnfO{ ;fdfGo t'Nofpg ;xof]u ldNg] b]lvG5 . o; cGtu{t kg]{ cj:yf cWoogaf6 jfnssf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; u/fpg ;xof]u k'ofpFb5 .

;d:ofsf] k[i7e"ld

s'g} klg ljBfyL{sf] ;d:ofsf] k[i7e"ld vf]Hbf / x]bf{ dWood kl/jf/df hlGdPklg dftf lktfsf] ;xof]usf] k|efj k/]sf] kfO{G5 . x/]s JolQmdf cfgf] 3/ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] k|efj kb{5 . ljBfyL{sf] JolQmut ljljwtf kQf nufO{ p cg';f/sf] z}lIfs / Jojxfl/s lqmofsnfkdf pltr ;+of]hgsf] nfuL ljBfyL{x?sf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf; u/fpg cfjZos ;Nnfx, k[i7kf]if0f / lgb]{zg ug'{ kg]{ / ljBfyL{df zf/Ll/s,dfgl;s / ;dflhs ?kdf /xg] ;d:ofx? s]nfP/ x]g'{ kb{5 / ;d:ofsf] d'Vo s'g kIfdf /x]sf] 5 ;f]xL ;d:of ;dwfgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{ tkm{ nfUg' k5{ .

cWoogsf] p2]Zo
x/]s dflg;x? Pp6f g Pp6f nIo lnP/ cuf8L jl9/x]sf x'G5g\ / k| ultsf] nflUf cWoog ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . nIo jLgfsf] dflg; dl0f x/fPsf] ;k{ h:tf] x'G5 . pQm nIo k"/f ug{sf] nfuL p2]Zox? to ul/G5 . o:tf p2]Zox? k"/f ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . To;} sf/0f cj:yf cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf klg o;sf s]xL p2]Zox?nfO{ lnP/ d}n] 5fqf cGh' cfrfo{sf] cj:yf cWoog ljj/0f tof/ kf/]sf] 5' . 5fqf dGh'sf] cj:yf cWoog ubf{ dfq xf]Og cGo JolQmx?sf] cj:yf cWoog ubf{ s]xL g s]xL p2]Zo /fv]/ cWoog ul/G5 . d}n] o; cEof; lzIf0fdf dGh'sf] cj:yf cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{sf] p2Zox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M ljBfnosf] z}lIfs l:ytLsf] hfgsf/L lng . ljBfyL{sf] JolQmut ;fy} 3/fo;L jftfj/0fsf] ljj/0f lng . ljBfyL{sf] zf/Ll/s,dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] jf/]df a'em\g . ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f / ljBfyL{sf] :t/,?lr kQf nufpg . ljBfyL{x?sf] k9fO{ k|ult ljj/0f kQf nufpg .

cWoogsf] ljwL

jfn cj:yf cWoogsf nfuL ljleGg ljwL,k|lqmofx? r/0fj4 ?kjf6 ckgfO{G5 . h:t} cGtjf{tf{, cjnf]sg, 5nkmn, k|ZgfjnL ljwLnfO{ ckgfpg] ul/G5 . $% lbgsf] cEof; lzIf0fsf] qmddf ljBfyL{sf] x/]sf lqmofsnfksf] oyf]lrt cjnf]sg / d'Nofg gulps] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] cj:yf cWoog tof/ ubf{ lgDg ljwLx? cjnDjg ul/Psf 5g\ M k|ToIf ljwL ;f]wk'5, cGtjf{tf{ b}lgs Jojxf/ / sIffut lqmofsnfk ck|ToIf ljwL ljutsf] z}lIfs clen]v lzIfs tyf ;xkf7L;Fusf] ;f]wk'5 .

cWoogsf] ljZn]if0f
cj:yf cWoog cGtu{t cWoog ubf{ sIff !) P df cWoog/t 5fqf cGh' cfrfo{sf] JolQmut ljj/0f o;/L lnPsf] lyof] M kl/ro JolQmut ljj/0f 3/fo;L ljj/0f kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ytL c;/ tyf k|efj kfg]{ kIfx? z}lIfs l:ytL ;fdflhs l:ytL cfbL . dGh' cfrfo{ sf] kl/ro jfjf hgs cfrfo{ / cfdf b'uf{ b]jL cfrfo{sf] rf}+yf] ;Gtfgsf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)%)$@# sf lbg gjnk/f;Lsf] s]Gb| ljGb' u}+8fsf]6df hGd lnPsL lyOg\ . jfNoj:yfsf ljleGg r'gf}ltx?nfO{ kf/ nufpFb} clxn] lszf]/j:yfdf k|j]z u/]sL rGrn] :jefjsL cGh'sf] nIo eljiodf Ps c;n :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf jGg] /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] cGo ljj/0f o;/L ptfl/Psf] 5 M

JolQmut ljj/0f
gfd M cGh' cfrfo{ hGd M @)%)$@# :yfg M u}+8fsf]6, g=k= ljBfnosf] gfd M sflnsf pRr df=lj= sIff M !) /f]n g+= M% 7]ufgf M u}+8fsf]6, g=k= prfO{ M % OGr tf}n M #* s]=hL= ?rL M;fyLx?;+u j:g] / k9\g] nIo M c;/ :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf wd{ M lxGb"

3/fo;L ljj/0f
afafsf] gfd M hgs cfrfo{ k]zf M lzIfs cfdfsf] gfd Mb'uf{b]jL cfrfo{ k]zf Ms[ifs kl/jf/ ;+Vof M$ kl/jf/sf] d"Vo JolQm M afaf bfh'x? @ M k/d]z / /d]z lbbL ! M dGh' kfl/jf/Ls l:ytL M lzlIft wd{ M lxGb"

hUuf 3/

M # sf M klSs

kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ytL

cfo cfh{g M hflu/ ;jf/L ;fwg M ;fO{sn cGo cfo M 5}g jif{ el/sf] cfDbfgL M ! nfv

jif{ el/ vr{

lzIff :jf:Yo nQf sk8f cGo

z}lIfs cj:yf
o; >L sflnsf pRr df=lj=df sIff ! b]vL g} cWoog/t 5fqf cGh'sf] k|fylds lzIffsf] hujf6 g} cfgf] cWoog ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng u/]sL 5g\ . clxn] cfP/ pgsf] klg pgsf] cWoog sfo{ ;kmntfsf ;fydf g} cuf8L j9fO{/x]sL 5g\ / cem cuf8L uP/ emg\ /fd|f] ug]{ nIo lnPsL 5g\ . pgsf] sIff * / ( sf] jflif{s k/LIffsf] k|fKtfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M sIff * qm =; += ljifo k"0ff{ plQ0ff k|fKtf s}lkm { ot

! @ # $ % ^ & * ( hD df

g]kfnL c+u|hL ul0ft lj1fg ;fdflhs :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s hg;+Vof k"j{ Joj;flos gful/s

!)) !)) !)) !)) !)) !)) !)) %) %)

#@ #@ #@ #@ #@ #@ #@ !^ !^

^^ ^) &( ^) && &% ^( ## #%

sIff qm =; += ! @ # $ % ^ & *

( ljifo k"0ff{ plQ0ff k|fKtf s}lkm { ot #@ #@ #@ #@ #@ #@ #@ #@ ^% ^# *) ^) &( ^^ *) ^*

g]kfnL !)) c+u|hL !)) ul0ft !)) lj1fg !)) ;fdflhs !)) :jf:Yo hg= tyf jft= !)) lzIff P]= ul0ft !)) n]vf !))

c;/ tyf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?

cGh'sf] cWoogsfo{nfO{ c;/ tyf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M z}lIfs :t/ M ljlzi6 zf/Ll/s l:ytL M :j:y kf9fO{ k|lt ?lr M /fd|f] ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f M /fd|f] ;fyL ;+usf] ;DaGw M /fd|f] cg'zf;g M /fd|f] lzIfs ;Fu ;DaGw M /fd|f] ljBfnodf pkl:ytL M lgoldt

;fdflhs l:ytL
g]kfnsf] kfl/l:ytLs tyf e" jgf}6sf] l:ytL cg';f/ gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] u}+8fsf]6 ;+3 ;+:yfx?df kl/k"0f{ 7fpF xf] . To;sf/0f 5fqf cGh' klg cfgf] k9fO{sf] cnjf v]ns'b,dgf]/~hg / 3/fo;L sfddf ;do lbg] ul5{g\ . d]nldnfkdo jftfj/0f tyf ;d"bfosf] dflg;sf] ;b\efjk"0f{ Jojxf/n] ubf{ ;fdflhs l:ytL /fd|f] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . ;dfhdf JolQm ;fdflhs k|f0L ePsfn] oxfF pgn] cfgf] cl:yTj sfod /fVg] ePsfn] ;dfh JolQmsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 .

ljBfyL{sf] nfuL s]xL s'/f

o; sflnsf pRr df=lj=df cWoog ug{ cfpg] ;Dk"0f{ efO{ jlxgLx?n] xfd|f] of] lzIf0f l;sfOsf]

lznlznfdf ;xof]u ug'{ ePsf]df wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . ;fy} cGh' jlxgLdf xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub}{ ef]lnsf lbgx?df klg o:t} ul/ ;kmntfsf ;fydf cuf8L a9\b} hfp eGg] z'esfdgf lbg rfxfG5' . ;fy} cWoog g} hLjgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ ePsfn] o;nfO{ h:tf] ;'s} kl/l:ytLdf klg lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy cuf8L a9fpb} hfg' eGg rfxfG5' .

ljBfnosf] nfuL s]xL s'/f

u}+8fsf]6sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /x]sf] sflnsf pRr df=lj= cfkm}df Ps pbfx/0fLo ljBfno xf] . cfgf] cg]sf}+ ;d:of;+u 3'Nb} / v]Nb} k|ultsf] lzv/ lt/ nDs]sf] o; ljBfnodf kmlg{r/,v]n d}bfg,ejg,k9fO{ :t/, vfg]kfgL sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ ljBfnodf cfjZos ;fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf / ljBfyL{sf] :t/ tyf Ifdtfsf cfwf/df k9fO{ ul/g] ePsfn] klg oxfFsf] z}lIfs :t/nfO{ a9f] uxgtfsf ;fydf x]g'{ kb{5 . lxhf]sf] b'MvnfO{ e'n]/ cfhsf] ;d:of;Fu h'6]/ ef]nL ljZjsf] g} Ps pbfx/0fLo ljBfnosf ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;sf]; eGGf] z'esfdgf lbg rfxfG5' .

lgisif{
o;/L sIff !) df cWoo/t 5fqf cGh'sf] JolQmut ljj/0fsf] k|ltj]bg ln+bf pgsf] JolQmut kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f, cfly{s ljj/0f, ;fdflhs l:ytL, z}lIfs l:ytL / k9fO{df k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?nfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ pgL k9fO{df /fd|f] sf ;fy ;fy} st{Jolgo7,nugzLn / cg'zfl;t 5fqf x'g\ . pgn] cfkm" eljiodf Ps c;n :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf jGg] nIo /fv]sL l5g\ . pgnfO{ pgsf] nIdf k'Ug ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g] cleefjs tyf lzIfssf] ;fy} cf1f kfng ug]{ / pxfFx?n] g} l;sfPsf] af6f]df lx8\g] jlxgL cGh'nfO{ ;bf ;kmntfsf] lzv/ r\'Db} hfpg eGg] z'esfdgf .

z'esfdgf

z'esfdgf z'esfdgf