Chapter 3: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology: An Overview

What is a data warehouse? Data warehouse architecture

From data warehousing to data mining

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

What is Data Warehouse?

Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously.

A decision support database that is maintained separately from the organizations operational database Support information processing by providing a solid platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.

A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of managements decision-making process.W. H. Inmon Data warehousing:

The process of constructing and using data warehouses

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Data WarehouseSubject-Oriented

Organized around major subjects, such as customer,

product, sales

Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction processing Provide a simple and concise view around particular subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in the decision support process

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Data WarehouseIntegrated

Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous data sources relational databases, flat files, on-line transaction records Data cleaning and data integration techniques are applied. Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding structures, attribute measures, etc. among different data sources

E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered, etc.

When data is moved to the warehouse, it is converted.

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Data WarehouseTime Variant

The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly longer than that of operational systems

Operational database: current value data Data warehouse data: provide information from a historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years) Contains an element of time, explicitly or implicitly

Every key structure in the data warehouse

But the key of operational data may or may not contain time element

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Data WarehouseNonvolatile

A physically separate store of data transformed from the

operational environment

Operational update of data does not occur in the data warehouse environment

Does not require transaction processing, recovery,

and concurrency control mechanisms Requires only two operations in data accessing:

initial loading of data and access of data

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Data Warehouse vs. Heterogeneous DBMS

Traditional heterogeneous DB integration: A query driven approach

Build wrappers/mediators on top of heterogeneous databases When a query is posed to a client site, a meta-dictionary is used to translate the query into queries appropriate for individual

heterogeneous sites involved, and the results are integrated into

a global answer set

Complex information filtering, compete for resources

Data warehouse: update-driven, high performance

Information from heterogeneous sources is integrated in advance and stored in warehouses for direct query and analysis

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Data Warehouse vs. Operational DBMS

OLTP (on-line transaction processing)

Major task of traditional relational DBMS Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking, manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc. Major task of data warehouse system Data analysis and decision making User and system orientation: customer vs. market Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries
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OLAP (on-line analytical processing)

Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP):

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OLTP vs. OLAP

OLTP users function DB design data clerk, IT professional day to day operations application-oriented current, up-to-date detailed, flat relational isolated repetitive read/write index/hash on prim. key short, simple transaction tens thousands 100MB-GB transaction throughput OLAP knowledge worker decision support subject-oriented historical, summarized, multidimensional integrated, consolidated ad-hoc lots of scans complex query millions hundreds 100GB-TB query throughput, response

usage access unit of work # records accessed #users DB size metric

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Why Separate Data Warehouse?

High performance for both systems

DBMS tuned for OLTP: access methods, indexing, concurrency control, recovery Warehousetuned for OLAP: complex OLAP queries, multidimensional view, consolidation missing data: Decision support requires historical data which operational DBs do not typically maintain data consolidation: DS requires consolidation (aggregation, summarization) of data from heterogeneous sources data quality: different sources typically use inconsistent data representations, codes and formats which have to be reconciled

Different functions and different data:

Note: There are more and more systems which perform OLAP analysis directly on relational databases
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Chapter 3: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology: An Overview

What is a data warehouse? Data warehouse architecture

From data warehousing to data mining

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

11

Design of Data Warehouse: A Business Analysis Framework

Four views regarding the design of a data warehouse

Top-down view

allows selection of the relevant information necessary for the data warehouse exposes the information being captured, stored, and managed by operational systems consists of fact tables and dimension tables sees the perspectives of data in the warehouse from the view of end-user
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Data source view

Data warehouse view

Business query view

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Data Warehouse Design Process

Top-down, bottom-up approaches or a combination of both

Top-down: Starts with overall design and planning (mature) Bottom-up: Starts with experiments and prototypes (rapid) Waterfall: structured and systematic analysis at each step before proceeding to the next Spiral: rapid generation of increasingly functional systems, short turn around time, quick turn around

From software engineering point of view

Typical data warehouse design process

Choose a business process to model, e.g., orders, invoices, etc.

Choose the grain (atomic level of data) of the business process Choose the dimensions that will apply to each fact table record Choose the measure that will populate each fact table record
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Data Warehouse: A Multi-Tiered Architecture

Monitor & Integrator OLAP Server

Other sources Operational DBs

Metadata

Extract Transform Load Refresh

Data Warehouse

Serve

Analysis Query Reports Data mining

Data Marts

Data Sources
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Data Storage

OLAP Engine Front-End Tools

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Three Data Warehouse Models

Enterprise warehouse collects all of the information about subjects spanning the entire organization Data Mart a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to a specific groups of users. Its scope is confined to specific, selected groups, such as marketing data mart

Independent vs. dependent (directly from warehouse) data mart

Virtual warehouse A set of views over operational databases Only some of the possible summary views may be materialized
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Data Warehouse Development: A Recommended Approach

Distributed Data Marts Multi-Tier Data Warehouse

Data Mart

Data Mart

Enterprise Data Warehouse

Model refinement

Model refinement

Define a high-level corporate data model

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Data Warehouse Back-End Tools and Utilities

Data extraction get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external sources Data cleaning detect errors in the data and rectify them when possible Data transformation convert data from legacy or host format to warehouse format Load sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check integrity, and build indicies and partitions Refresh propagate the updates from the data sources to the warehouse
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Metadata Repository

Meta data is the data defining warehouse objects. It stores: Description of the structure of the data warehouse

schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies, derived data defn, data mart locations and contents data lineage (history of migrated data and transformation path), currency of data (active, archived, or purged), monitoring information (warehouse usage statistics, error reports, audit trails)

Operational meta-data

The algorithms used for summarization The mapping from operational environment to the data warehouse Data related to system performance warehouse schema, view and derived data definitions Business data

business terms and definitions, ownership of data, charging policies

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OLAP Server Architectures

Relational OLAP (ROLAP)

Use relational or extended-relational DBMS to store and manage warehouse data and OLAP middle ware Include optimization of DBMS backend, implementation of aggregation navigation logic, and additional tools and services Greater scalability Sparse array-based multidimensional storage engine Fast indexing to pre-computed summarized data Flexibility, e.g., low level: relational, high-level: array Specialized support for SQL queries over star/snowflake schemas
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Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)

Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) (e.g., Microsoft SQLServer)

Specialized SQL servers (e.g., Redbricks)

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Chapter 3: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology: An Overview

What is a data warehouse? Data warehouse architecture

From data warehousing to data mining

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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

20

Data Warehouse Usage

Three kinds of data warehouse applications

Information processing

supports querying, basic statistical analysis, and reporting using crosstabs, tables, charts and graphs

Analytical processing

multidimensional analysis of data warehouse data

supports basic OLAP operations, slice-dice, drilling, pivoting knowledge discovery from hidden patterns supports associations, constructing analytical models, performing classification and prediction, and presenting the mining results using visualization tools
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Data mining

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From On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) to On Line Analytical Mining (OLAM)

Why online analytical mining? High quality of data in data warehouses DW contains integrated, consistent, cleaned data Available information processing structure surrounding data warehouses ODBC, OLEDB, Web accessing, service facilities, reporting and OLAP tools OLAP-based exploratory data analysis Mining with drilling, dicing, pivoting, etc. On-line selection of data mining functions Integration and swapping of multiple mining functions, algorithms, and tasks
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An OLAM System Architecture

Mining query User GUI API Mining result Layer4 User Interface

OLAM Engine
Data Cube API

OLAP Engine

Layer3
OLAP/OLAM

Layer2

MDDB
Meta Data
Filtering&Integration

MDDB

Database API
Data cleaning

Filtering

Layer1 Databases
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Data Data integration Warehouse

Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Data Repository

23

Chapter 3: Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology: An Overview

What is a data warehouse? A multi-dimensional data model Data warehouse architecture Data warehouse implementation From data warehousing to data mining Summary
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Summary: Data Warehouse and OLAP Technology

Why data warehousing? Data warehouse architecture From OLAP to OLAM (on-line analytical mining)

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References (I)

S. Agarwal, R. Agrawal, P. M. Deshpande, A. Gupta, J. F. Naughton, R. Ramakrishnan, and S. Sarawagi. On the computation of multidimensional aggregates. VLDB96

D. Agrawal, A. E. Abbadi, A. Singh, and T. Yurek. Efficient view maintenance in data warehouses. SIGMOD97
R. Agrawal, A. Gupta, and S. Sarawagi. Modeling multidimensional databases. ICDE97 S. Chaudhuri and U. Dayal. An overview of data warehousing and OLAP technology. ACM SIGMOD Record, 26:65-74, 1997

E. F. Codd, S. B. Codd, and C. T. Salley. Beyond decision support. Computer World, 27, July 1993. J. Gray, et al. Data cube: A relational aggregation operator generalizing group-by, cross-tab and sub-totals. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 1:29-54, 1997.
A. Gupta and I. S. Mumick. Materialized Views: Techniques, Implementations, and Applications. MIT Press, 1999. J. Han. Towards on-line analytical mining in large databases. ACM SIGMOD Record, 27:97-107, 1998. V. Harinarayan, A. Rajaraman, and J. D. Ullman. Implementing data cubes efficiently. SIGMOD96
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References (II)

C. Imhoff, N. Galemmo, and J. G. Geiger. Mastering Data Warehouse Design: Relational and Dimensional Techniques. John Wiley, 2003

W. H. Inmon. Building the Data Warehouse. John Wiley, 1996

R. Kimball and M. Ross. The Data Warehouse Toolkit: The Complete Guide to Dimensional Modeling. 2ed. John Wiley, 2002 P. O'Neil and D. Quass. Improved query performance with variant indexes. SIGMOD'97 Microsoft. OLEDB for OLAP programmer's reference version 1.0. In http://www.microsoft.com/data/oledb/olap, 1998 A. Shoshani. OLAP and statistical databases: Similarities and differences. PODS00. S. Sarawagi and M. Stonebraker. Efficient organization of large multidimensional arrays. ICDE'94 OLAP council. MDAPI specification version 2.0. In http://www.olapcouncil.org/research/apily.htm, 1998 E. Thomsen. OLAP Solutions: Building Multidimensional Information Systems. John Wiley, 1997 P. Valduriez. Join indices. ACM Trans. Database Systems, 12:218-246, 1987. J. Widom. Research problems in data warehousing. CIKM95.
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