Disorders: musculoskeletal, digestive,

cardiovascular, neurolotical

Term Meaning

(congenital) a developmental factor which the upper & lower

Esophageal atresia esophageal segments (LES) are separated; the upper section ends in a
blind pouch; usually a connecting fistual from one segment to trachea
may be developmental in infants, or acquired later in life, usually b/c
Congenital pyloric
of fibrous scar tissue; the pyloric muscle is hypertrophied & can be
stenosis
palpated as a hard mass in the abd.
"inflammation in the stomach"; atrophy of the mucosa of stomach,
w/loss of secretory glands; seen in indviduals w/PUD, alcohol abuse,
Chronic gastritis
and aging; Also Autoimmune disorders are associated; loss of parietal
cells leads to achlorhydria & lack of Vit B-12
a common fungal infection that occurs in people who have taken broad
spectrum atibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, or glucocorticoids & in
Oral candidiasis
those who have diabetes or are immunosuppressed; may appear as red,
swollen and white curdlike material on mucosa
common form of demetia' changes in progressive cortical atrophy,
Alzheimer's disease which leads to dilated ventricles * widening of sulci, particularily in
parietal & frontal lobes; deficit of ACh occurs
an inherited disorder that does not manifest until midlife: maternal
inheritance delays onset longer than inheritance from fathers.
Huntinton's disease
Progressive atrophy of the brain occurs. w/degeneration of neurons:
depletion of GABA, ACh
"Lou Gehrig's disease" amyotrophic=muscle wasying,;
Amyotrphic laterl sclerosis=degenerative hardening of lateral corticospinal tracts; affects
sclerosis upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex & lower motor neurons in
brainstem & spinal cord. s/s spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia,
dysfuntion of extrapyramidal motor system occurs b/c or pregressive
degenerative changes in basla nuclei; decreased # of neurons secrete
Parkinsons' disease
dopamine leading to an imbalance b/t excitation & inhibition of basal
nuclei: s/s tremors, facial/ocular
"PUD" occurs primarily proximal deodenum, also stomach antrum and
Peptic Ulcer Disease lower esophagus; usually appears as cavity penetrating sub-mucosa.
Ulcers can penetrate and perforate mucosal wall.
inflammation commences in the rectum & progresses thru colon.;
Ulcerative colitis Inflammed Mucosa becomes edematous/friable and ulcerations
develops. Vascular granulation tissue forms and easily bleeds; large
 coalesce areas become denuded.

a condition demonstrating extensive diffuse fibrosis loss of lobular

organization; regenerated hepatocyte nodules may be present;
Cirrhosis of the liver
progressive disorder leading to liver failure; Pathophysiologic effects
evolve loss of liver cell functions
may form spontaneously usually b/c of stasis of blood or increased
coagulabitlity of blood, or clot may from over an inflamed vein;
Thrombus formation
Common in legs or pelvis. Piece of thrombus may break aways, an
embolus to the heart of lungs (PE).
Infection from a group of viruses that target the hepatocytes: these
include: hepatitis A (HAV ), HBV, HCV, HDV, & HEV. Liver cells
Hepatitis
are damaged by direct action of the virus or by cell-mediated immune
responses to the virus. Liver necrosis results
Inflammation of pancreas resulting from autodigestion of tissues;
acute or chronic; autodigestion follow premature activiation of
Acute pancreatitis
pancreatic proenzymes w/in the pancreas; (trypsin, proteases amylase
& lipase); Massive Inflammation process
caused from being connected w/gastric veins & cirrhosis of the liver
increasing the pressure of blood that extends into the esophageal veins,
Esophageal varices
creating large distended & distorted veins near the mucosal surface of
the esophagus; Complication hemorrhage
affects digestive tract, frequently small intestines. inflammation occurs
(skip lesions) with affected segments clearly separated by normal
Crohn's disease
tissue. Mucosal inflammation leads to ulcers that tend to coalesce to
form fissures; Obstucts intrinsic factor
progressive neuron demyelination (brain, spinal cord, & cranial
Multiple sclerosis nerves) affects all types of nerves throughout NS; MS is marged by
remission/exacerbation until neural degeneration is irreversible
`X-linked recessive (only males); a metabolic defect, a deficit of
Duchenne's muscular dystrophin, a muscle cell membrane protein, leads to
dystrophy degeneration/necrosis of cell; skeletal muscle fiberas are replaced by
fat/fibrous connective tissue; muscle funtions is lost
vertebral joints first become inflamed; fibrosis, calcificatin or fusion of
joints follow; the result is ankylosis or fixation of the joints.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammtion begins in the lower back (sacrial joint) progresses up the
spince, causing a "poker back"
autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammaroty disease;
remissions/exacerbations lead to progressive joint damage.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an antibody against I-Gh that is present in
blood. Mobility is impaired
common in men (> 40 yo) joint disease; results from deposits of uric
Gout acid (waste) & urate crystals in the joint developing acute
inflammatory response. Gout affects a single joint; articular cartilage
 is damaged;
the formation of gallstones (solid masses/calculi bile formation);
Cholelithiasis Larger stones obstruct bile flow causing pain; inflammation /infection
in the biliary may provide exaccerbate stone formation.
mature bone cells (osteoblasts) tha lie b/t rings of matrix in spaces
Osteocytes
called lacunae.
Osteoblasts new bone forming cells
Osteoclasts reabsorbs & removes old & damaged bone cells
a basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells.
Stem cells
affects kids & young adults through fecal-oral & sexual contact
Hepatits A (infectious) (contamiated water & homosexual partners). Incubation pd of 2-6 wks.

insidious onsetl thr blood & sexual contact that worsens w/age:
Hepatitis B (serum) double-stranded DNA virus; has 3 antigens; incubation pd or 2 months

insidious onset in adults thru blood & parenteral routes; most common
Hepatits C (non-A, non-
from blood transfusions; single stranded RNA virus; incuation pd of 2
B)
wks-6 mths (usually 9 wks)
acute fecal-oral route: may be sever; single stranded RNA virus;
Heptitis E similar to type A; common in Africa & Asia w/high mortality rate in
pregnat women; incubation pd is 2-9 wks.
direct exposure; incubation days to months; can be acute or chronic;
Toxic Hepatits
caused by hepatotoxins
Hepatitis Chronic non-
autoimmune; idiopathic; chronic; unknown incubation pd.
infectious
pressure-sensitive nerve endings tha detect changes in blood pressure
Baroreceptors & alerts cardiac system. Located inwalls or aortic arch, atria of hearts,
and carotid sinuses.
the stretch of ventricular muscle fiber @ the end of diastole; Cardiac
Cardia preload output increases; reflected by ventricular pressure & volume @ the
part of the cardiace cycle.
Glycogenosis the synthesis of glycogen from glucose
abnormal condiditon characterized by inability of a muscle to relax.
Achalasia
particularly the LES
developmental defect of CNS in which hernial sac containing a porton
of spinal cord, its meninges, & cerebrospinal fluid protures thru a
Myelomeningocele
congenital cleft in the vertebral column; caused by failure of neural
tube to close during embryonic development
Steatorrhea fatty, bulky stool resulting from malabsorption
secretes gastrin when food enters the stomach & stimulates parietal &
Gastrin cells
cheif cells
Mucous cells secretes gastrin in pyloric antrum; secretes mucous
secrestes hydrochloric acid (Hcl) and produces intrinsic factor; located
Parietal cells
in fundus
Cheif cells secrete pesinogen; located in fundus
Pancreatic exocrine secrete digestive enzymes, electrolytes & water into tiny ducts &
secretions secrest hormones secretin & cholecystokinin.
Pancreatic endocrine
secrete glucagon & indulin
secretions
Lab values- Uric acid 2-6 mg/dl
Lab values - Bilirubin direst = max 0.3 mg/dl; indirect = 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dl
Lab values - AST 8 - 20 U/L (males); 81 - 40 U/L (females)
Lab values- ALT 98 - 251 U/L (males); 81 - 312 U/L in females
Peptic Ulcer Disese Male; live in western countrym familial incidence of duodenal ulcers,
(Predisposing factors) stress & anxiety, trauma, aging & blood group O.
Chron;s disease prevalent in adults 20-4-; runs in family; immune disorders; infections;
(Predisposing factors) allergies; obstructions
Cholelithiasis - Female. obesity, high calories & high cholesterol diet, increased
Predisposing factors infections; allergies; obstructions
Acute gastritis - signs anorexia, N/V, hematemesis, epigastic pain, cramps, fever, HA,
and symptoms diarrhea
Chronic gastritis - signs milds epigastric discomfort, anorexia or inolerance for certain foods;
and symptioms increase risk for peptic ulcers & gastric carcinoma
Peptic ulcer disease
(PUD) - signs and epigastric vurning or aching pain; heartburn, N/V, weight loss or gain
symptoms
severe waves of pain on RUQ or epigastric area sometimes radiating to
Cholecystitis - signs and
back & right shoulder, N/V, jaundice, belching, & bloating, clay
symptoms
colored stoolds, chills, fever, light-headedness
severe epigastric or abd. pain radiating to the back, signs of shcok-low
Acute pancreatitis - signs
BP, pallor & sweating, rapid, weak pulse-hemorrhage, low-grade
and symptoms
fever; abd distention, & decreased bowel sounds
periumbilical pain, N/V, pain in RLQ of abdomen * tenderness, after
Appendicitis - signs and rupture pain is relieved, then pain recurs as steady & sever, low-grade
symptoms fever, leukocytosis (rigid board-like abd, tachycardia &
hypotnesion=peritonitis)
Digestion - Mouth mastication of food; adds saliva for digestion
Digestion - Esophagus swallowing ood; carries bolus to stomach
mixes food & dilutes chime; gastric secretions; digests protein, adds
Digestion - Stomach
intrinsic factor & acids; holds food
bile emulsifies fat; pancreatic secretions; intestinal secretions, which
Digestion - Small
digest fat, protein & carbs; absorbs nutrients; most digetion t akes
Intestine
place.
Digestion - Colon absorbes water & electrolyes
Digestion - Rectum storage until defecation
carb metabolism; filter/detoxifies blood; removes amonia= urea,
Accessory Glands/organs produces plasms protein, nonessential amino acids & VIt. A; stores
- Liver nutrients; produces bile; convert glucose-glycogen (muscle fuel
storage); stores fat & converts excess sugar to fat
Accessory Glands/organs
store & concentrate bile produced liver
- Gallbladder
secretes 1000 mL of digestive enzymes daily; releases 2 hormones
Accessory
(secretin & cholecystokinin); secretes glucagon & insulin. Contain
Glands/Organs
both endocrine and exocrine glands
involves skin breakage; bone frgments may be angles & protude thru
Open( Compound)
skin; more damage to soft tissue, including blood vessels & nerves;
fracture
higher risk for infection
Closed fracture skin is not broken
Complete fracture bone is broken to form tow or more seperate pieces
Incomplete fracture bone is only partially broken
common in softer bones in kids; shaft of bone is bent, teraing the
Greenstick fracture cortical (outer layer) bone on one side but not extending all the way
through.
Simple fracture single break in bone & bone ends maintain alignment & position
Comminuted fracture bone is crushed or collapsed into tiny pieces; common in certebraie
Impacted fracture one end of bone is forced into another bone
results from weakness in bone structure d/t condition; spontaneous
Pathololgic fracture
fracture w/very little sress to the bone.
Stress (fatigue) fractures results from repeated excessive stress; common n tivia, femur & 2nd
or 3rd metatarslas.
Depressed fracture broken section of skull forced inward of brain
Transverse fracture a fraction across the bone
Linear fracture break along axis of bone
Oblique fracture one at the angle to the diaphysis of the bone
Spiral fracture break that angles around the bone; twisting injury
Colles' fracture a break in distal radius at wrist, sometimes ulnar is damaged.
fracture of lower fibula d/t excessive stress on ankle; tibia may be
Pott's fracture
damaged.

Diseases of Respitory

Question Answer
pneumothorax collection of air in the pleural space
pleurisy inflammation of pleura
pleural effusion abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
mesothelioma rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura
tuberculosis infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
sarcoidosis chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules develop in lung
pulmonary fibrosis formation of scar tissue
pulmonary embolism clot or other material lodges in vessels in lung
pulmonary edema swelling and fluid in air sacs
pulmonary abscess large collection of pus in lungs
pneumonia acute inflammation of alveoli
pneumoconiosis caused by dust in lungs
emphysema hyperinfection of air sacs
atelectasis incomplete expansion of alveoli
cystic fibrosis inherited disorder of exocrine glands
chronic bronchitis inflammation of bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma cancerous tumors arising from bronchus
bronchiectasis chronic dilation of bronchus
asthma chronic inflammatory disorder
pertussis bacterial infection of the pharynx
epistaxis nosebleed
diptheria acute infection of the throat
croup acute viral infection in infants and children
wheezes whistling sound
stridor high pitched noisy sound made on inspiration
sputum material expelled when coughing
rales abnormal crackling sounds
pleural rub scratchy sound
percussion tapping on a surface
asculation listening to sounds