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    Subsonic Aerodynamics of Aerospace Vehicles: Birla Institute of Technology: Mesra

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    Sêlvâkûmâr Jayabala
    This document discusses subsonic aerodynamics of aerospace vehicles. It covers topics such as types of airflow, aerodynamic forces, wing components and design, pressure distribution on airfoils, sources of drag, and relationships between lift, drag and angle of attack. Wind tunnels are described as ground-based facilities that simulate actual flight conditions. Key graphs show how lift, drag and lift-to-drag ratio vary with increasing angle of attack.

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    Subsonic Aerodynamics of Aerospace Vehicles: Birla Institute of Technology: Mesra

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    Sêlvâkûmâr Jayabala
    86 views14 pages
    This document discusses subsonic aerodynamics of aerospace vehicles. It covers topics such as types of airflow, aerodynamic forces, wing components and design, pressure distribution on airfoils, sources of drag, and relationships between lift, drag and angle of attack. Wind tunnels are described as ground-based facilities that simulate actual flight conditions. Key graphs show how lift, drag and lift-to-drag ratio vary with increasing angle of attack.

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    This document discusses subsonic aerodynamics of aerospace vehicles. It covers topics such as types of airflow, aerodynamic forces, wing components and design, pressure distribution on airfoils, sources of drag, and relationships between lift, drag and angle of attack. Wind tunnels are described as ground-based facilities that simulate actual flight conditions. Key graphs show how lift, drag and lift-to-drag ratio vary with increasing angle of attack.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    86 views14 pages

    Subsonic Aerodynamics of Aerospace Vehicles: Birla Institute of Technology: Mesra

    Uploaded by

    Sêlvâkûmâr Jayabala
    This document discusses subsonic aerodynamics of aerospace vehicles. It covers topics such as types of airflow, aerodynamic forces, wing components and design, pressure distribution on airfoils, sources of drag, and relationships between lift, drag and angle of attack. Wind tunnels are described as ground-based facilities that simulate actual flight conditions. Key graphs show how lift, drag and lift-to-drag ratio vary with increasing angle of attack.

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    of 14

    SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES

    SUDIP DAS

    LECTURER

    DEPARTMENT OF SPACE ENGINEERING & ROCKETRY

    BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: MESRA

    AEROPLANE IN STEADY FLIGHT


    AIR IS FLOWING PAST THE AIRCRAFT
    PILOT

    AIRCRAFT IS MOVING INTO STILL AIR


    OBSERVER

    MUTUAL EFFECTS OF THE AIR AND THE AEROPLANE

    AERODYNAMIC PROBLEMS

    FLOW OF A STREAM OF FLUID PAST A BODY AT REST

    TYPES OF FLOW

    LOW DENSITY AND FREE MOLECULAR FLOW

    AERODYNAMICS
    CONTINUUM FLOW

    CONTINUUM FLOW

    VISCOUS FLOW

    INVISCID FLOW

    COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

    INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

    SUBSONIC FLOW SUPERSONIC FLOW TRANSONIC FLOW HYPERSONIC FLOW

    SMOOTH & STREAMLINED FLOW COMMERCIAL, TRAINING, SMALL AIRCRAFTS PARTIALLY SUPERSONIC/SUBSONIC FLOW FIGHTERS, MODERN AIRCRAFTS

    VISCOUS INTERACTION CHEMICALLY REACTING EFFECTS DOMINATE THE FLOW REENTRY VEHICLES, TRANSATMOSPHERIC VEHICLES, FUTURE AEROSPACE VEHICLES

    PRESENCE OF SHOCK WAVES PROPERTIES AND STREAMLINES CHANGE DISCONTINUOUSLY FIGHTERS, MISSILES

    LOW SPEED WIND TUNNELS

    1 2 P1 V1 P2 < P1 V2 > V1 P1 V1 1

    P1
    P2 > P1 V2 < V1

    P2 V2 A2 A1

    V1

    Convergent Duct

    Divergent Duct

    p Minimum pressure

    V1

    2( P 1P 2)

    [( A1 / A2 )2 1]

    A LOW SPEED WIND TUNNEL IS A LARGE VENTURI

    AIRFLOW IS DRIVEN BY A FAN

    WIND TUNNELS ARE GROUND BASED EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES DESIGNED TO PRODUCE FLOWS OF AIR IN THE LABORATORY WHICH SIMULATE THE ACTUAL FLIGHT IN THE ATMOSPHERE
    OPEN CIRCUIT WIND TUNNELS CLOSED CIRCUIT

    OPEN CIRCUIT WIND TUNNEL


    P1 P2 V 2 A2 P3 V3 A3

    Fan

    DRAWS AIR FROM ATMOSPHERE AND EXHAUSTS OUT TO THE ATMOSPHERE

    V1 A1

    Motor

    Settling Chamber (reservoir)

    Nozzle

    Test Section

    Diffuser

    Motor

    CLOSED CIRCUIT WIND TUNNEL

    Fan

    Nozzle

    Test Section

    Diffuser

    AIR FROM EXHAUST IS RETURNED TO THE FRONT OF THE TUNNEL VIA A CLOSED DUCT FORMING A LOOP

    P1 V1 A1

    P2 V2

    P3 V3 A3

    PLANFORM OF A WING
    Direction of Flight

    Le
    Wing Tip

    ng adi

    e edg
    Root Cr

    L.E

    Fuselage Side

    T.E

    e Trailing edg
    S b

    CT

    WING SPAN WING SEMI SPAN TIP CHORD

    b s CT

    ASPECT RATIO

    WING SPAN / MEAN CHORD SPAN 2 / WING AREA

    SWEEP BACK

    LE

    TE

    ROOT CHORD
    TAPER RATIO MEAN CHORD

    Cr
    CT/ Cr WING AREA / WING SPAN SG / b

    WING SECTION [ AEROFOIL ]

    Y X

    Y Ys Ys Chord X

    Upper surface Yu Yl Lower surface

    Symmetrical fairing
    Leading edge Thickness Mean Camber Line Chord Line Camber Trailing edge Chord C

    Cambered aerofoil
    Yu = Ys + Yc Yl = Ys - Yc

    Yc

    Camber Line
    ANGLE BETWEEN CHORD AND FLIGHT DIRECTION

    INCIDENCE (ANGLE OF ATTACK) TWIST WASH IN WASH OUT

    WINGDIFFERENT SECTION GEOMETRY AEROFOIL SECTIONS HAVING ANGLES OF INCIDENCE FOR A WING
    INCREASING INCIDENCE TOWARDS THE TIP DECREASING INCIDENCE TOWARDS THE TIP

    AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS


    Cross Wind Force
    L

    Y Camber Line M Pitching moment Lift L Drag D


    W W V

    High speed level flight

    Climbing flight
    L

    Lr Rolling Moment X

    N Yawing Moment
    V

    Low speed level flight

    Banked circling flight

    DEPENDENT VARIABLE AERODYNAMIC FORCE VARY WITH INDEPENDENT VARIABLES F = f [ STREAM SPEED V, BODY SIZE D, FLUID DENSITY , KINEMATIC VISCOSITY , BULK ELASTICITY K ] FROM DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FLOW GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR

    F/V2D2 = f [ VD/ ; M ]

    RAYLEIGHS EQUATION

    ESSENTIAL FOR WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTS

    LOW SUBSONIC FLOWS

    REYNOLDS NUMBER - ONLY CRITERION FOR DYNAMIC SIMILARITY

    THE QUANTITY

    F/V2D2 IS A NONDIMENSIONAL QUANTITY AND

    IT IS CONVENTIONAL TO USE (1/2) V2 IN PLACE OF V2 AND IS CALLED DYNAMIC PRESSURE..

    NON DIMENSIONAL AERODYNAMIC FORCE COEFFICIENT :

    CF = F / [0.5 V2 S]

    NON DIMENSIONAL LIFT COEFFICIENT :

    CL = LIFT / [0.5 V2 S]
    CD = DRAG / [0.5 V2 S] CM = M / [0.5 V2 S.C]

    NON DIMENSIONAL DRAG COEFFICIENT :

    NON DIMENSIONAL MOMENT COEFFICIENT :

    NON DIMENSIONAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT :

    CP = (LOCAL STREAM PRESSURE ) / [0.5 V2 ]

    PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON AN AEROFOIL

    ZERO DEGREE INCIDENCE

    FIFTEEN DEGREE INCIDENCE

    Zero degree incidence


    CP IS POSITIVE +ve CP CP IS NEGATIVE

    AT HIGHER INCIDENCE THE LIFT IS DUE TO PRESSURE REDUCTION ON THE UPPER SURFACE AND PRESSURE INCREASE ON THE LOWER SURFACE CP +ve

    Fifteen degree incidence

    X/C

    X/C

    -ve

    -ve

    TYPES OF DRAG [ RESIST THE MOTION OF THE BODY THROUGH BULK OF FLUID] TOTAL DRAG = RATE OF DECREASE OF MOMENTUM IN A DIRECTION PARALLEL TO FREESTREAM SURFACE FRICTION DRAG = > FROM RESOLVED COMPONENTS OF THE TANGENTIAL STRESSES ON THE SURFACE OF THE BODY. > GRIP DUE TO VISCOSITY > ALSO CALLED SKIN FRICTION DRAG

    INDUCED DRAG = DRAG DUE TO LIFT


    WAVE DRAG = DRAG ASSOCIATED WITH SHOCK WAVES IN HIGH SPEED FLIGHT FORM DRAG = [BOUNDARY LAYER NORMAL PRESSURE DRAG ] DRAG DUE TO VORTICES PROFILE DRAG = > DRAG ASSOCIATED WITH LOSSES OF TOTAL PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER > SUM OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG & FORM DRAG

    COEFFICIENT OF LIFT Vs INCIDENCE

    1.4

    ORDINARY ANGLES OF FLIGHT

    CL

    STALLING ANGLE

    stalling angle is where the lift coefficient is maximum and beyond this angle airflow becomes separated instead of streamlined

    15O

    INCIDENCE

    THE DRAG CURVE

    0.3

    ORDINARY ANGLES OF FLIGHT

    CD
    DUE TO TURBULENCE

    STALLING ANGLE

    INCIDENCE

    15O

    THE LIFT / DRAG RATIO

    24

    L/D

    MOST EFFICIENT ANGLE

    STALLING ANGLE

    INCIDENCE

    15O

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