Module2/Lesson3

Module 2: Analysis of Stress

2.3.1 GENERAL STATE OF STRESS IN THREE-DIMENSION IN CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

Figure 2. 17 Stresses acting on the element

In the absence of body forces, the equilibrium equations for three-dimensional state are given by

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s r 1 t rq t zr s r - s q + + + =0 r r q z r
t rq 1 s q t q z 2t rq + + + =0 r r q z r
t zr 1 t qz s z t zr + + + =0 r r q z r

(2.47)

(2.48)

(2.49)

2.25 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

Example 2.1 When the stress tensor at a point with reference to axes (x, y, z) is given by the array,

4 1 2 1 6 0 MPa 2 0 8
show that the stress invariants remain unchanged by transformation of the axes by 450 about the z-axis, Solution: The stress invariants are

I1 = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 MPa I2 = 4 6+6 8+4 8-1 1-2 2-0 = 99 MPa I3 = 4 48-1 8+2 (-12) = 160 MPa
The direction cosines for the transformation are given by x y z 0 0 1

1 2 1 2
0

1 2 1 2
0

y
z

Using Equations (2.21a), (2.21b), (2.21c), (2.21d), (2.21e), (2.21f), we get

1 1 1 s x = 4 + 6 + 0 + 2 1 + 0 + 0 2 2 2 = 6 MPa

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1 1 1 s y = 4 + 6 + 0 - 2 1 + 0 + 0 2 2 2 = 4 MPa s z = 0 + 0 + 8 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 8 MPa 1 1 1 1 t xy = -4 + 6 + 0 + 1 - + 0 + 0 2 2 2 2 = 1 MPa 1 t yz = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 2

= - 2 MPa 1 t xz = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 2 = 2 MPa
Hence the new stress tensor becomes

6 1 2

1 4 - 2

2 - 2 8

MPa

Now, the new invariants are

= 6 + 4 + 8 = 18 MPa I1 = 6 4 + 4 8 + 6 8 - 1 - 2 - 2 = 99 MPa I2
5 = 6 30 - 1 10 + 2 I3 = 160 MPa 2
which remains unchanged. Hence proved. Example 2.2 The state-of-stress at a point is given by the following array of terms 9 6 3 6 5 2 MPa 3 2 4 Determine the principal stresses and principal directions. Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation

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s3 I1 s2 + I2 s - I3 = 0
Here I 1 = 9 + 5 + 4 = 18 MPa

I 2 = 9 5 + 5 4 + 9 4 - (6 ) - (2 ) - (3) = 52 MPa I 3 = 9 5 4 - 9 4 - 5 9 - 4 36 + 2 6 2 3 = 27 MPa

2 2 2

\ The cubic equation becomes

s 3 - 18s 2 + 52s - 27 = 0
The roots of the cubic equation are the principal stresses. Hence the three principal stresses are

s1 = 14.554 MPa; s2 = 2.776 MPa and s3 = 0.669 MPa

Now to find principal directions for major principal stress s1
( 9 - 14 .554 ) 6 3 6 (5 - 14 .554 ) 2 3 2 ( 4 - 14 .554 )

- 5.554
=

6 3

- 9.554 2 2 - 10.554
=100.83 - 4 = 96.83 - 10.554 2

- 9.554 A = 2

2 6 B= - = -(-63.324 - 6) = 69.324 3 - 10.554 6 - 9.554 C = = 12 + 28.662 = 40.662 2 3

A2 + B 2 + C 2
=

(96.83)2 + (69.324)2 + (40.662)2

A A2 + B 2 + C 2
96.53 = 0.769 125.83

= 125.83 l1 = =

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m1 = n1 =

B A2 + B 2 + C 2 C A + B +C
2 2 2

69.324 = 0.550 125.83 40.662 = 0.325 125.84

Similarly, the principal stress directions for s2 stress and s3 stress are calculated. Therefore, l2 =

0.596 m2 = - 0.800 n2 = 0.057

l3 = - 0.226 m3 = - 0.177 n3 = 0.944

Example 2.3 At a point in the structural member, the stresses (in MPa) are represented as in Figure 2.18. Employ Mohrs circle to determine: (a) the magnitude and orientation of the principal stresses (b) the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shearing stresses and associated normal stresses. In each case show the results on a properly oriented Y sy = 27.6 element. Solution: Centre of the Mohrs circle = OC

27.6 + 55.2 = = 41.4 MPa 2

(a) Principal stresses are represented by points A1 and B1. Hence the maximum and minimum principal stresses, referring to the circle are

txy = 20.7 sx = 55.2 X

Figure 2.18

1 (55.2 - 27.6)2 + (20.7 )2 4 s1 =66.3 MPa and s2 =16.5 MPa

s1,2=41.4

The planes on which the principal stresses act are given by

20.7 = 56.30 0 13.8 and 2q p = 56.30 + 180 = 236.30 0

-1 2q p =tan
0 0 Hence, q p = 28.15 and q p = 118.15

Mohrs circle clearly indicates that q p locates the s1 plane. (b) The maximum shearing stresses are given by points D and E. Thus

tmax =

1 (55.2 - 27.6)2 + (20.7)2 4 = 24.9 MPa

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The planes on which these stresses act are represented by

q s = 28.15 0 + 45 0 = 73.15 0
= 163.15 0 and q s

y x 0 28.15 s1 = 66.3 y

x 73.15
0

tmax = 24.9 s2 = 16.5 t

s = 41.4

s = 41.4 s

Y
B(27.6, 20.7)

. .
C

D 2q s

O B1

.E
Y
Solution: The Mohrs circle drawn below describes the state of stress for the given element. Points A1 and

.. .
F

s 2q p

A1

A(55.2,-20.7)

Figure 2.19 Mohrs stress circle

Example 2.4 The stress (in N/m2) acting on an element of a loaded body is shown in Figure 2.20. Apply Mohrs circle to determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane 0 defined by q = 30 .

sy = 1410

sx = 28 10
30
0

Figure 2.20

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B1
stress components faces, respectively. The radius of the circle is (14 + 28) on

represent the

the

and

10 6 = 21 10 6 . Corresponding to the 300 plane within 2 0 the element, it is necessary to rotate through 60 counterclockwise on the circle to locate 0 point A . A 240 counterclockwise rotation locates point B .

s = 710

Y 6 B1(-14 10 ,0)
y

. .. . .
60
0

x A

s X 6 A1(28 10 ,0)

(a)

x 30
0 6

txy = 18.18610 X A (28 10 ,0) sx = 17.510

6

sy = 3.510
(b)

Figure 2.21 Mohrs stress circle

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From the above Mohrs circle,

s x = (7 + 21 cos 60 0 )10 6 = 17.5 10 6 N / m 2

s y = -3.5 10 6 N / m 2 t xy = 21 10 6 sin 60 0 = 18.86 10 6 N / m 2

Example 2.5 A rectangular bar of metal of cross-section 30mm 25mm is subjected to an axial tensile force of 180KN. Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose normal has the following direction cosines:

1 and n = 0 2 1 (ii) l = m = n = 3
(i) l = m = Solution: Let normal stress acting on the cross-section is given by s y .

\ sy =

Axial load cross sectional area

180 10 3 30 25 = 240 N / mm 2

Now, By Cauchys formula, the stress components along x, y and z co-ordinates are

T x = s x l + t xy m + t xz n T z = t xz l + t yz m + s z n

T y = t xy l + s y m + t yz n

(a)

And the normal stress acting on the plane whose normal has the direction cosines l, m and n is, s = Tx l + T y m + Tz n (b) Case (i) For l = m = 1 Here s x = 0 , t xy

and n = 0 2 = 0, s y = 240 N / mm 2

t xz = 0, t yz = 0, s z = 0
Substituting the above in (a), we get

Tx = 0, T y = s y m =

240 2

, Tz = 0

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Substituting in (b), we get

s = 0+

240 1 + 0 = 120 N / mm 2 2 2

Resultant Stress on the plane is

T = T x + T y + Tz
2 2

240 0+ +0 2

T = 169.706 N / mm 2
But shear stress t can be determined from the relation

T 2 = s 2 +t 2
or t = T 2 - s 2

(169.706)2 - (120)2
1 3

t = 120 N / mm 2
Case (ii) For l = m = n = Again from (a),

, Tz = 0 3 240 1 2 Normal Stress = s = 0 + + 0 = 80.00 N / mm 3 3

Resultant Stress on the plane is

Tx = 0, T y = s y m =

240

T = T x + T y + Tz
2 2

240 T = 0+ +0 3 t = 113.13 N / mm 2
Shear Stress = t =

(138.56)2 - (80)2

t = 113.13 N / mm 2

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Example 2.6 A body is subjected to three-dimensional forces and the state of stress at a point in it is represented as

200 200 200 200 - 100 200 MPa 200 200 - 100
Determine the normal stress, shearing stress and resultant stress on the octahedral plane. Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are

l=m=n=

1 3

Here s x = 200 MPa

s y = -100 MPa s y = -100 MPa t xy = t yz = t zx = 200 MPa

Substituting the above in Cauchys formula, we get

Tx = 200 T y = 200

1 1 + 200 + 200 3 3 1 1 - 100 + 200 3 3

1 = 346.41 MPa 3 1 = 173.20 MPa 3

1 1 1 Tz = 200 + 200 - 100 = 173.20 MPa 3 3 3

Normal stress on the plane is given by

s = Tx .l + T y .m + Tz n
1 1 1 = 346.41 + 173.20 + 173.20 3 3 3 s = 400 MPa
Resultant Stress = T = Tx + T y + Tz
2 2 2

(346.41)2 + (173.20)2 + (173.20)2 (424.26)2 - (400)2

T = 424.26 MPa
Also, Tangential Stress = t =

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= 141.41 MPa
Example 2.7 The state of stress at a point is given as follows:

s x = -800 kPa,

s y = 1200kPa,

s z = -400kPa
1 1 , m= 4 2

t xy = 400kPa,

t yz = -600kPa,

t zx = 500kPa

Determine (a) the stresses on a plane whose normal has direction cosines l = and (b) the normal and shearing stresses on that plane. Solution: We have the relation,

l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 1 1 \ + + n2 = 1 4 2 \ n= 11 4
2 2

(a) Using Cauchys formula,

11 1 1 Tx = -800 + 400 + 500 4 = 414.60 kPa 4 2 11 1 1 T y = 400 + 1200 - 600 4 = 202.51 kPa 4 2 11 1 1 Tz = 500 - 600 - 400 4 = -506.66 kPa 4 2
(b) Normal stress,

s = Tx l + T y m + Tz n
= 414.60 + 202.51 - 506.66

1 4

1 2

11 4

s = -215.20 kPa
Resultant Stress on the Plane = T =

(414.60)2 + (202.51)2 + (506.66)2

= 685.28 MPa

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Shear Stress on the plane = t = (685.28) - (- 215.20 ) = 650.61 kPa

2

Example 2.8 Given the state of stress at a point as below

Considering another set of coordinate axes, x y z in which z coincides with z and x is rotated by 300 anticlockwise from x-axis, determine the stress components in the new co-ordinates system. Solution: The direction cosines for the transformation are given by X 0.866 -0.5 0 y 0.5 0.866 0 z 0 0 1

100 80 0 90 - 60 0 kPa 0 40 0

x y z

Z z

y 30
0

30

x
Figure 2.22 Co-ordinate system

Now using equations 2.21(a), 2.21(b), 2.21(c), 2.21(d), 2.21(e) and 2.21(f), we get

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s x1 = 100 (0.866) - 60 (0.5) + 0 + 2 [80 0.866 0.5 + 0 + 0] s x = 129.3 kPa

2 2 2 2

s z = 0 + 0 + 40 (1)2 + 2 [0 + 0 + 0] s z = 40 kPa t xy = 100(0.866)(- 0.5) - 60(0.5)(0.866) + 0 + 80 [(0.866 0.866) + (- 0.5)(0.5)] + 0 + 0 t xy = -29.3 kPa t yz = 0 and t zx = 0
Therefore the state of stress in new co-ordinate system is

s y = 100 (- 0.5) - 60 (0.866) + 0 + 2 [80(- 0.5)(0.866) + 0 + 0] s y = -89.3 kPa

129.3 - 29.3 0 - 29.3 - 89.3 0 (kPa) 0 0 40

Example 2.9 The stress tensor at a point is given by the following array

50 - 20 40 - 20 20 10 ( kPa ) 40 10 30
Determine the stress-vectors on the plane whose unit normal has direction cosines

1 2

1 1 , 2 2
(a) (b) (c)

Solution: The stress vectors are given by

Tx = s x l + t xy m + t xz n Tz = t xz l + t yz m + s z n

T y = t xy l + s y m + t yz n
Substituting the stress components in (a), (b) and (c) we get

1 1 1 Tx = 50 - 20 + 40 = 45.35 kPa 2 2 2 1 1 1 T y = -20 + 20 + 10 = 0.858 kPa 2 2 2

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1 1 1 T z = 40 + 10 + 30 = 48.28 kPa 2 2 2
Now, Resultant Stress is given by

kPa T = 45.35 i + 0.858 j + 48.28k

Example 2.10 The Stress tensor at a point is given by the following array

40 20 30 20 30 40 ( kPa ) 30 40 20
Calculate the deviator and spherical stress tensors. Solution: Mean Stress = s m =

1 (s x + s y + s z ) 3
1 (40 + 30 + 20) 3

= 30 kPa

(s x - s m ) t xy Deviator stress tensor = t xy s y -s m t xz t yz

t xz t yz (s z - s m )
40 (20 - 30) 30

(40 - 30 ) 20 = 30

(30 - 30)
40

20

10 20 30 = 20 0 40 kPa 30 40 - 10 s m Spherical Stress tensor = 0 0 0

sm 0

0 0 sm

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30 0 0 = 0 30 0 kPa 0 0 30

Example 2.11 The Stress components at a point in a body are given by

s x = 3xy 2 z + 2 x, s y = 5 xyz + 3 y s z = x2 y + y 2 z

t xy = 0 t yz = t xz = 3 xy 2 z + 2 xy

Determine whether these components of stress satisfy the equilibrium equations or not as the point (1, -1, 2). If not then determine the suitable body force required at this point so that these stress components are under equilibrium. Solution: The equations of equilibrium are given by

s x t xy t xz + + =0 x y z t xy x + s y y + t yz z =0

(a)

(b)

t xz t yz s z + + =0 x y z
Differentiating the stress components with respective axes, we get

(c)

s x = 3 y 2 z + 2, x

t xy y

= 0,

t xz = 3xy 2 z

Substituting in (a), 3 y 2 z + 2 + 0 + 3 xy 2 At point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 1 2 + 2 + 3 1 1 = 11 which is not equal to zero Similarly,

s y

y z \ (ii) becomes 0 + 5 xz + 3 + 3xy 2

= 5 xz + 3,

t yz

= 3xy 2 + 0

At point (1, -1, 2), we get 5 1 2 + 3 + 3 1 1 = 16 which is not equal to zero

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t xz = 3y 2 z + 2 y y x 2 Therefore (iii) becomes 3 y z + 2 y + 6 xyz + 2 x + y 2

And

s z = y2, z

t yz

= 6 xyz + 2 x,

At the point (1, -1, 2), we get 3 1 2 + 2 (- 1) + 6 1 (- 1) 2 + 2 1 + (- 1) = -5 which is not equal to zero.
2

Hence the given stress components does not satisfy the equilibrium equations. Recalling (a), (b) and (c) with body forces, the equations can be modified as below.

s x t xy t xz + + + Fx = 0 x y z t xy s y t yz + + + Fy = 0 x y z t xz t yz s z + + + Fz = 0 x y z
Where Fx, Fy and Fz are the body forces.

(d) (e) (f)

Substituting the values in (d), (e) and (f), we get body forces so that the stress components become under equilibrium. Therefore,

3 1 2 + 2 + 3 1 1 + Fx = 0 \ Fx = -11 Also, 5 1 2 + 3 + 3 1 1 + Fy = 0
\ Fy = -16
and 3 1 2 + 2 (-1) + 6 1 (-1) 2 + 2 1 + (-1) 2 + Fz = 0

\ Fz = 5
The body force vector is given by

F = -11i - 16 j + 5k

Example 2.12 The rectangular stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system are as follows.

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s x = 20 N / mm 2 t xy = 40 N / mm 2

s y = -40 N / mm 2 t yz = -60 N / mm 2

s z = 80 N / mm 2 t zx = 20 N / mm 2

Determine the principal stresses at the given point. Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation

s 3 - I 1s 2 + I 2s - I 3 = 0
The three dimensional stresses can be expressed in the matrix form as below.

t xy t xz 20 40 20 2 s y t yz = 40 - 40 - 60 N / mm t yz s z 20 - 60 80 Here I 1 = (s x + s y + s z ) = (20 - 40 + 80)

= 60

s x t xy t xz

I 2 = s xs y + s y s z + s z s x - t 2 xy - t 2 yz - t 2 zx
= 20( -40) + ( -40)(80) + 80( 20) - (40) 2 - ( -60) 2 - (20) 2 = -8000

I 3 = s xs y s z - s xt 2 yz - s yt 2 zx - s zt 2 xy + 2t xyt yzt xz
= 20(-40)(80)-(20)(-60)2-(-40)(20)2-80(40)2+2(40)(-60)(20) = -344000 Therefore Cubic equation becomes

s 3 - 60s 2 - 8000s + 344000 = 0

Now cos 3q = 4 cos 3 q - 3 cos q

(a)

3 1 cos q - cos 3q = 0 4 4 I Put s = r cos q + 1 3 60 i.e., s = r cos q + 3

Or cos 3 q -

(b)

s = r cos q + 20
Substituting in (a), we get

(r cos q + 20)3 - 60(r cos q + 20)2 - 8000(r cos q + 20) + 344000 = 0

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(r cos q + 20)2 (r cos q + 20) - 60(r cos q + 20)2 - 8000(r cos q + 20) + 344000 = 0

(r

cos 2 q + 400 + 40r cos q )(r cos q + 20 ) - 60(r 2 cos 2 q + 400 + 40r cos q )

- 8000 r cos q - 160000 + 344000 = 0

r 3 cos 3 q - 9200r cos q + 168000 = 0

i.e., cos 3 q -

1 168000 9200 cos q + =0 2 r r3

(c)

Hence equations (b) and (c) are identical if

9200 3 = 4 r2 9200 4 \r = 3 = 110.755

- cos 3q 168000 = 4 r3 168000 4 = 0.495 \ - cos 3q = (110.755)3

and or

cos 3q = -0.495

\ 3q = 119.65 or q1 = 39.9 0

q 2 = 80.10 and q 3 = 159.9 0 I \ s = r1 cos q1 + 1 3 60 = 110.755 cos(39.9) + 3 2 = 104.96 N / mm

s 2 = r2 cos q 2 +
I1 3

= 110.755 cos(80.1) +

60 3

s 2 = 39.04 N / mm 2 I s 3 = r3 cos q 3 + 1 3

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= 110.755 cos(159.9) +

60 3

s 3 = -84 N / mm 2
Example 2.13 At a point in a given material, the three dimensional state of stress is given by s x = s y = s z = 10 N / mm 2 ,t xy = 20 N / mm 2 and t yz = t zx = 10 N / mm 2 Compute the principal planes if the corresponding principal stresses are

s 1 = 37.3 N / mm 2 ,

s 2 = -10 N / mm 2 ,

s 3 = 2.7 N / mm 2

Solution: The principal planes can be obtained by their direction Cosines l, m and n associated with each of the three principal stresses, s 1 , s 2 and s 3 . (a) To find Principal plane for Stress s 1

(10 - 37.3)
20 10
Now,

20

10

- 27.3 20 10

20

10

(10 - 37.3) 10 = 10 (10 - 37.3)

A= - 27.3 10 10 - 27.3

- 27.3 10 10 - 27.3

= 745.29-100

A = 645.29

B=-

20

10

10 - 27.3

= -(-546 - 100) B = 646

C= 20 - 27.3 10 10

= 200 + 270.3

C = 470.3
A2 + B 2 + C 2 =

(645.29 )2 + (646) 2 + (470.3) 2

= 1027.08

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\l1 =

A A2 + B 2 + C 2 B A2 + B 2 + C 2 C A +B +C
2 2 2

645.29 = 0.628 1027.08

m1 =

646 = 0.628 1027.08 470.3 = 0.458 1027.08

n1 =

(b) To find principal plane for Stress s 2

(10 + 10)
20 10
A=

20

10

20 20 10

(10 + 10) 10 = 20 20 10 10 (10 + 10) 10 10 20

= 400 - 100 = 300

20 10 10 20 20 10

B=-

= -(400 - 100) = -300 10 20 20 20 C= = ( 200 - 200) = 0 10 10

A 2 + B 2 + C 2 = (300) + (-300) 2 + (0) 2 = 424.26 A 300 \l 2 = = = 0.707 A 2 + B 2 + C 2 424.26 B - 300 m2 = = = -0.707 2 2 2 424.26 A +B +C
2

n2 =

C A2 + B 2 + C 2

=0

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(c) To find principal plane for Stress s 3

(10 - 2.7 )
20 10
A=

20

10

7.3

20

10

(10 - 2.7) 10 = 20 10 (10 - 2.7) 10

= 53.29 - 100 = -46.71 = -(146 - 100) = -46

7.3 10 10 7.3

7.3 10 10 7 .3 20 10 10 7.3 10

B=C=

20 7.3 10

= (200 - 73) = 127

A2 + B 2 + C 2 =
\l 3 = m3 = n3 = A

(- 46.71)2 + (46) 2 + (127) 2

2 2

= 142.92

A + B +C
2

= = =

- 46.71 = -0.326 142.92

B A2 + B 2 + C 2 C A2 + B 2 + C 2

- 46 = -0.322 142.92 127 = 0.888 142.92

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