The Autobiography of Malcolm X

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The Autobiography of Malcolm  X (1965) was the result of a collaboration between

the African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X and the
journalist Alex Haley. Haley based it on a series of interviews between 1963 and
Malcolm X's assassination on February 21, 1965. It is a spiritual conversion
narrative outlining Malcolm X's philosophy of black pride, black nationalism, and
pan-Africanism. While Malcolm X and scholars contemporary to the book's
publication regarded Haley as the book's ghostwriter, modern scholars regard him
as an essential collaborator who subsumed his authorial voice to allow readers to
feel as though Malcolm X were speaking directly to them. Haley also influenced
some of Malcolm X's literary choices and Haley's proactive censorship of antisemitic
material significantly influenced the ideological tone of the Autobiography,
increasing its popularity although distorting Malcolm X's public persona. A New
York Times reviewer described it as a "brilliant, painful, important book" and Time
named it in 1998 as one of ten "required reading" nonfiction books. A screenplay
adaptation provided the source material for Spike Lee's 1992 film Malcolm  X.

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