Nature of Philippines bureaucracy

A Political System defines its bureaucracy:

a system of administration based upon organization into bureaus, division of labor, hierarchy of authority; designed to dispose of a large body of work in a routine manner.

Important Characteristics of Philippines bureaucracy

1.

Vulnerability to nepotism.

Under Philippine bureaucracy substructure of small kinship groups, members of the family groups by consanguinity, by affinity, and by ritual kinship (or compadre) give top priority to family loyalty. Within such groupings, all of them feel that they are under obligation to help each other in a variety of ways.

Perpetuation of the spoils system

Classify service, unclassified and temporary positions which have become convenient instruments for the practice of nepotism, of patronage, and of influence peddling.

Apathetic public reaction of bureaucratic misconduct

The people looked upon the phenomenon as a concomitant result of the increasing complexity of the government, a method of political promises to the unemployed and underemployed segments of the population

Availability of external peaceful means of correcting bureaucratic weakness

Devices, such as constitutional right and privileges-freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, civic actionhave been used for rectifying the defects and misdeeds of bureaucracy.

Survival of historical experience

The Philippine political bureaucracy was administered according to a civil law system which the Spanish bureaucracy as the scapegoat for all the weaknesses of the Philippines political bureaucracy. There are indications, however that the weaknesses are not to be totally and directly attributed to the Spanish government bureaucracy.

Lack of independence from politics

Because of the absences of class consciousness and of a feeling of unity on the part of the Filipino bureaucrats and the stigma of postWorld War II ill-repute, the Philippine bureaucracys merit system was easily subject to attack and tampering by politicians. They worked through the legislative and executive branches of the national government.

Essential instrument of social change

In spite of its weaknesses, the Philippine bureaucracys function in nation-building will be as big, as complicated, and as demanding as the function of the whole society itself. Primarily, it will have to be a tool for innovations.

The Transformation of the Philippine bureaucracy

Bureaucratic resistance to change Socio-economic, political, cultural and ecological constraints to administrative change Problems in the transfer of technology and adaptation

Types of behavior of the Philippine bureaucracy

Conformity to policies Preference toward continuity

Loss of self-assertion
Politically supportive

GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERNMENT

In 1988, graft and corruption in the Philippines was considered as the biggest problem of all by Jaime Cardinal Sin, the Archbishop of Manila. In 1989, public perception was that corrupt government officials are greater threat to the country than the communist guerrillas. In 1992, President V. Ramos considered graft and corruption as the third major hindrance towards attaining his development strategy for the country. In 1998, the country got good marks from Transparency International and the Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC), LTD.

The Philippines then placed 6th out of the 11 Asian countries under the PERC corruption perception index (CPI), a measure of lost development opportunities in terms of investment. However, while the anti-corruption landscape in the Philippines has improved, its low score of 6.5 still placed the Philippines as highly prone to corruption. In general, national and international opinion depict the Philippines as still corrupt and being unable to effectively fight this problem. About 30 % of the national budget is reportedly lost to graft & corruption every year.

Thus;
a budget of 80 billion pesos will stand to lose about 24 billion pesos.
Judiciary (10 billion)

Executive (5 billion)

80 Billion pesos budget

Legislative (4 billion)

Other departments/a gencies (5 billion)

For the people of the Philippines (56 billion)

SPECIFIC TYPES OF CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Tax evasion Ghost projects & payrolls Evasion of public bidding in awarding of contracts Passing of contracts Nepotism & favouritism Extortion Protection Money Bribery Spoils System

TAX EVASION
This is very rampant, particularly in the private sector due to the refusal of those engaged in private businesses to honestly declare their annual income and to pay the corresponding taxes to the government.

GHOST PROJECTS & PAYROLLS

This is done by high officials of the government whereby non-existing projects are financed by the government while non-existing personnel or pensioners are being paid salaries & allowances. This practice is rampant in government agencies involved in formulation and implementation of programs & projects particularly in infrastructure and in the granting of salaries, allowances and pension benefits.

EVASION OF PUBLIC BIDDING IN THE AWARDING OF CONTRACTS

Government offices, particularly Bids & Awards Committees ( BAC) forego the awarding of contracts through public bidding or award these contracts to favored business enterprises or contractors. Sometimes, members of bids and awards committees are very subjective of awarding the contract to those who can provide them with personal benefits.

PASSING OF CONTRACTS
In the construction of infrastructure projects, contractors have the practice of passing the work from one contractor to another and in the process certain percentage of the project value is retained by each contractor and sub-contractors resulting to the use of substandard materials or even unfinished projects.

NEPOTISM AND FAVORITISM

Government officials particularly those occupying high positions tend to cause the appointment or employment of relatives and close friends to government positions even if they are not qualified or eligible to discharge the functions of that office. This is one of the root causes of inefficiency and the overflowing of government employees in the bureaucracy.

EXTORTION
This is done by government officials against their clients by demanding money, valuable items, or services from ordinary citizens who transact business with them or their office. This is rampant in agencies issuing clearances, and other documents, those involved in the recruitment of personnel, or those performing services that directly favor ordinary citizens.

TONG OR PROTECTION MONEY

This is form of bribery which is done by citizens performing illegal activities and operations. They deliver huge amount of money to government officials particularly those in-charge of enforcing the law in exchange for unhampered illegal operation. The law enforcement officer who receives the money will be duty bound to protect the citizen concerned together with his illegal activities from other law enforcement authorities. This is practiced mostly by gambling lords and those engaged in business without the necessary permits.

LAGAY SYSTEM OR BRIBERY

The lagay system or the act of citizens to bribe government officials occupying sensitive positions in government is perpetuated due to bureaucratic red tape.

The most frequently employed method is offering a considerable amount of money to a government official who can facilitate the issuance of the desired documents in agencies issuing licenses, permits, clearances, and those agencies deputized to make decisions on particular issues.

Spoils System or Patronage System"

Is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the partyas opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity. The term was derived from the phrase "'to the victor belong the spoils" by New York Senator William L. Marcy, referring to the victory of the Jackson Democrats in the election of 1828.

COSTS OF CORRUPTION
On politics, administration, & institutions Economic effects Environmental & Social effects Effects on Humanitarian Aid Other areas, health, public safety, education, trade

MEASURES EMPLOYED TO CONTROL GRAFT & CORRUPTION

The government employs legal measures and anti-corruption bodies to combat the problem of graft & corruption.
1.

LEGAL MEASURES The 1987 Philippine Constitution

Article XI of the 1987 Philippine constitution, titled Accountability of Public Officers, states in Section 1 that public office is a public trust. Public Officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.

Section II of the same article states that the President, Vice President, members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman may be removed from office from impeachment for bribery and graft and corruption.

Republic Act No.. 3019 also known as the AntiGraft and Corrupt Practices Act of 1960
This law enumerates all corrupt practice of any public officer, declares them unlawful and provides the corresponding penalties of imprisonment (between 6-15 years) perpetual disqualification from public office, and confiscation of forfeiture of unexplained wealth in favor of the government

Executive Order No. 292 of the Administrative Code of 1987

This order reiterates the provisions embodies in Section 1, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution. It also gives the President the power to institute proceedings to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials and employees.
Republic

Act No. 6713 also known as the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees of 1989

This act promotes a high standard of ethics and requires all government personnel to make an accurate statement of assets and liabilities, disclosure of net worth and financial connections. It also requires new public officials to divest ownership in any private enterprise within 30 days from assumptions of office to avoid conflict of interest.

Republic Act No. 6770 also known s the Ombudsman Act of 1989
This provides the functional and structural organization of the Office of the Ombudsman.

Republic Act No. 7055 also known as An Act Strengthening Civilian Supremacy over the Military
This law creates two avenues for trying erring members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines & other members subject to military laws. Crimes penalized by the Revised Penal Code and other special penal laws and local government ordinances shall be tried in civil courts. Military courts shall take cognizance of service-oriented crimes only.

Republic Act No. 7080 also known as the Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder
This act penalizes any public officer who by himself or in connivance with members of his family, relatives, by affinity or consanguinity, business associates, accumulates or acquires ill-gotten wealth, through a combination of series of event criminal acts, an aggregate amount to total value of at least fifty million pesos (P50,000,000.00)

Republic Act No. 8249 also known as the Act Further Defining the Jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan
This classifies the Sandiganbayan as a special court and places it at par with the Court of Appeals.

Presidential Decree No. 46 declares it unlawful for

government officials to receive gifts and for private persons to give gifts on any occasion including Christmas, regardless of whether the gift is for past or future favors. It also prohibits entertaining public officials and their relatives. (Enrile distributed saved budget of last year to the senator and was objected by Santiago)

Presidential Decree No. 677 requires the Statement of

Assets and Liabilities to be submitted every year.

Presidential Decree No. 749 grants immunity from

prosecution to givers of bribes and other gifts and to their accomplices in bribery charges if they testify against the public officials or private persons guilty of those offences.

CONSTITUTIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BODIES

The 1987 Constitution has created constitutional bodies to deal on graft & corruption and to effectively implement provisions of public accountability. These bodies are granted fiscal authority to ensure their independence and their actions are appealable only to the Supreme Court. These constitutional bodies are:
a.

The office of the Ombudsman (OMB) The Office of the Ombudsman investigates and act on complaints filed against public officials and employees, and serve as the peoples watchdog of the government.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

The Ombudsman and his deputies (Overall Deputy Ombudsman, Deputy Ombudsman for Military, One Deputy Ombudsman each for Luzon, Visayas, and Minadao) are the protectors of the people. This Office: Oversees the general and specific performance of official functions so that laws are properly administered; Ensures the steady and efficient delivery of public services; Initiates the refinement of public procedures and practices; and Imposes administrative sanctions on erring government officials and employees, and prosecute them for penal violations.

b.

The Civil Service Commission (CSC) The CSC is the central personnel agency of the government which is mandated to establish a career service and promote moral, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service. It shall also strengthen the merit and rewards systems, human resource development, and public accountability. It has jurisdiction over administrative cases including graft & corruption brought before it on appeal.

c.

The Commission on Audit (COA) The COA is the watchdog of the financial operations of the government. It is empowered to examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property under the custody of the government agencies and instrumentalities. It shall promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures, or use of government funds and properties.

d.

The Sandiganbayan

The Sandiganbayan is the Anti-graft court of the Philippines. It has jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases involving graft & corruption and such other offenses committed by public officers and employees. It is in charge of maintaining morality, integrity, and efficiency in the public service.

OTHER GOVERNMENT ANTI-CORRUPTION BODIES

The Department of Justice (DOJ) The DOJ conducts preliminary investigations on complaints of a criminal nature against public officials that are filed with the Department, subject to the approval of the OMB if the offense investigated was committed by the public official in relation to his office. The DOJ also prosecutes in these cases if the public officials involved belong the ranks lower than salary grade 27.

The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and the Philippine National Police (PNP)
These law enforcement agencies conduct factfinding investigations on graft cases. They conduct entrapment operations which, if successful, result in the arrest and filing of criminal complaint against the perpetrators in the courts. It may issue subpoena and serve warrants of arrest issued by the courts. The NBI agents or policeman who conducted the investigation also acts as witness for the prosecution during journal preliminary investigation and the prosecution of the case by the ombudsman.

The Presidential Commission Government (PCGG)

on

Good

This was created primarily to go after ill-gotten wealth. It is also tasked to adopt safeguards to ensure that corruption shall not be repeated and institute measures to prevent the occurrence of corruption. The Presidential Commission against Graft & Corruption This was created under Executive Order No. 151 by then President Ramos to investigate graft and corruption cases in the executive department. It has jurisdiction over corruption cases if the crime involves:

1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

Appointees with rank of or higher than Assistant Regional Director, At least one million pesos; An Offense that may threaten grievous harm to national interest; and Cases specifically assigned by the president. The Inter-Agency Anti-Graft Coordinating Council
The council coordinates the government anticorruption efforts. It is composed of the COA, CSC, the Ombudsman, DOJ, NBI, and the Presidential Commission against Graft & Corruption.

IMPEDIMENTS TO THE ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS

Specific culture of Filipinos is enhancing the proliferation of graft and corruption. The strong family ties justify giving benefits to unqualified recipients which are very evident in employment and awarding of contracts. This societal phenomenon is adversely affecting professionalism, efficiency, and effectiveness in the government service as well as in the construction of public infrastructure and procurement of government supplies and materials that are sometimes substandard & overpriced.

The Filipino culture of gift giving justifies bribery and extortion thereby making it hard for law enforcement and anti-corruption agencies to arrest the problem. This social practice renders inutile the law prohibiting gift giving thereby further enhancing this corrupt practice. Agencies deputized to fight graft & corruption are not well funded by the government. There is also lack of recognition, merits, awards, and rewards given by the government for the efforts of anticorruption bodies. Personnel of these agencies mandated to go against corrupt public officials are vulnerable to bribery because of lack of financial support, integrity, and professionalism.

Transparency is not religiously observed particularly in government transactions. The public is denied access to activities of government officials. The people are not informed, in detail, of the share of each executive department, the legislature and the judiciary, in the national budget and how these departments spend their financial requirements. Effective monitoring of government programs and projects as well as expenditures are not being seriously undertaken by those tasked to monitor them. They are also vulnerable to bribery and do not actually conduct thorough inspection but merely rely on information gathered.

The statement of assets and liabilities, which is an effective mechanism to curb graft and corruption is religiously submitted yearly by all public officials. However, no agency of government is deputized to examine the veracity of the data entered in those statements. Most public officials with unexplained wealth can successfully hide the same by paying accountants to make accurate and official statements for them.
Other anti-corruption provisions may work against getting good people in the government.