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ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Design and Construction of
Concrete Tanks for Refrigerated
Liquefied Gas Containment, Part 1
ACI Spring 2012 Convention
March 18 21, Dallas, TX
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Charles S. Hanskat, P.E, FASCE, FACI is Managing
Principal at ConcreteEngineering Group, LLC, aconsulting
firmhefounded in 2008 located in Northbrook, Illinois. He
is alicensed professional engineer in twenty-two states.
Hanskathas been involved thedesign, construction and
evaluation of environmental concreteand shotcrete
structures for nearly 35 years. Heis an activevoting member of many ACI
technical and Board committees. Heis also aBoard member on theAmerican
ShotcreteAssociation (ASA) and chair of theASA Sustainability Committee.
Hehas served on AWWA technical committees developing standards for
prestressedconcretefor over 25 years. Hanskathas been activein professional
and technical engineering societies sinceengineering school. Heserved as state
president of FloridaEngineering Society and anational director of NSPE. He
served as aDistrict Director for Tau BetaPi for 25 years. Heis afellow
member of ACI, ASCE and FES, and an activemember of ACI, ASA, ASTM,
AWWA, and NFPA. Heholds aBachelors and Masters degreein Civil
Engineering fromtheUniversity of Florida.
Slide 3
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Overview
History of concrete structures in RLG
Why Code is required
Committee membership
Document outline
Current status
Slide 4
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376 Code
Code Requirements for Design and
Construction of Concrete Structures for
Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases
(ACI 376-10) and Commentary
Complete standalone Code and Commentary
Liquefied Natural Gas is the predominate
refrigerated liquefied gas (RLG)
Slide 5
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
cold colorless liquid
lighter than water
boils at approx. -260
o
F (at atmospheric
pressure)
when liquefied shrinks approx. 620 times
essentially all methane - CH4 (liquefaction
process strips most higher freezing-point
products)
Slide 6
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
LNG Tanks
Offshore Platform
Liquefaction Plant Power Station
Jetties
Pipeline LNG Storage
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WEB SESSIONS
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Slide 7
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
LNG Tanks
First Prestressed
Concrete RLG Tank
950 m
3
Liquid Oxygen
Tank (250,000-gallons)
East Chicago, IN
1953 Preload Inc.
Jack Closner
Nicholas Legatos
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Slide 8
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
LNG Tanks
Slide 9
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WEB SESSIONS
Full-Containment LNG Tank
9% Ni Steel
Prestressed
Concrete
or
Photo courtesy Arup
Slide 10
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
LNG Tank Types
Single containment Double-containment
Full-containment
Slide 11
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Market for LNG Tanks
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Slide 12
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Current Practice
LNG tanks containments are predominantly
9% nickel steel
5083 aluminum (not currently used)
Both these metals are extremely tough at
service temperatures of -260
o
F.
Outer vessels are usually carbon steels.
Diking or product spillage containment has
been mounded earth to form dikes
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Slide 13
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Concrete LNG Tanks
Precast (lined) concrete tanks:
Barcelona 1969
(Two at 40,000 m
3
)
Philadelphia 1974
(Two at 94,000 m
3
)
Staten Island 1974
(Two at 143,000 m
3
)
Cumberland, RI (#1) 1975
(One at 4,000 m
3
)
Barcelona (#2) 1981
(One at 80,000 m
3
)
Photo courtesy Enagas
Unlined concrete tanks liquid oxygen 1952
1 m3 = 6.25 Bbl = 264 US gallons
80,000 m3 = 21,000,000 Gallons
Slide 14
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Concrete Advantages
Concrete construction produces inherently
robust structures
Concrete provides corrosion and fire
protection to the embedded reinforcement
Concrete structures are the most resistant to
fires, explosions and terrorist actions.
Slide 15
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Metal Shell Considerations
Thin metal shells are efficient liquid
containment structures.
Cost requirements mandate that these
structures be made as thin as possible.
Corrosion protection is a concern with
environmental exposures
With thinness, additional protection needed
for fire protection and resistance to terrorism
or explosion.
Slide 16
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Governing Documents
DOT 49CFR193 - Rules for LNG facilities
connected to pipelines (pipelines are
governed by 49CFR192)
NFPA 59A (2009) current standard which
governs the LNG industry
Slide 17
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Regulatory Structure
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
49CFR193
DOT incorporates through reference
NFPA 59A
Standard for the Production, Storage & Handling of LNG
Alsoreferencedby FERC&other agencies
Usedworldwideas thefinal word onsiting, design, construction&fireprotection
Slide 18
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
NFPA 59A: Structure
NFPA 59A
Covers:
Plant Siting and Layout
Process Equipment
StationaryLNG St or age Containers
Vaporization Facilities
Piping Systems and Components
Instrumentation and Electrical Services
Transfer of LNG and Refrigerants
Fire Protection, Safety, and Security
Operating, Maintenance, and Personnel Training
Seismic Design of LNG Plants
Security
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Slide 19
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
NFPA 59A: Current
For Steel Tanks:
API Standard 620
Design and Construction of Large,
Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
NFPA 59A
ACI 318
ACI 372
ACI 373
R.C. & PSC Tanks
Slide 20
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
NFPA 59A: Future
For Steel Tanks:
API Standard 620
API Standard 625
Tank Systems for RLG
Storage
NFPA 59A
For R.C. & PSC Tanks:
ACI 376
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Slide 21
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Primary Reasons for ACI 376
Give the LNG industry a comprehensive,
mandatory document for use of concrete in
LNG tanks
Allows NFPA 59A to make direct reference to
the Code for Concrete LNG tanks
Concrete in LNG tanks produces a system
that is inherently fire and terrorist resistant.
Slide 22
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376: History
February 2003 NFPA 59A requests ACI to develop a code
specifically addressing cryogenic concrete tanks
August 2003 TAC (ACI) requests interested parties to propose &
justify formation of a committee on LNG tanks
June 2004 formation of an LNG tank CODE committee approved
October 2004 First ACI 376 committee meeting in SF
Jan 2009 target for ACI 376 Code release to TAC (ACI)
Feb 2010 release of Provisional Code
Spring 2012 release of Final Version of Code
Slide 23
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376: Objectives & Scope
OBJECTIVE: Use of reinforced and
prestressed concrete tanks for primary and
secondary containment.
SCOPE: Encompasses all members that are
a physical part of these two types of
containers
Slide 24
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376 Membership
Major International Companies Represented on ACI 376
Arup ConocoPhillips PhiladelphiaGasWorks
BakerConcreteConstruction Dywidag International Preload
BechtelCorp Exponent Shell
BenCGerwick Inc ExxonMobil TankIndustryConsultants
BERGER/ABAMEngineers
FactoryMutualGlobal
Research
USFedEnergyRegulatory
Commission
BPAmerica Hoffmann&Feige VStructural
ChevronEnergyTechnology KBR ZachryIndustrial
ChicagoBridge&Iron LandmarkStructures Independentconsultants
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Slide 25
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376: Content
A. Materials and Tests
B. Design Loads
C. Minimum Performance Criteria
Primary Concrete Container
Secondary Concrete Container
Roof Performance Criteria
Fatigue Performance Criteria
Other Performance Criteria
Slide 26
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376: Content
D. Load Factors and Strength Reduction Factors
E. Analysis and Design
Design Basis
Foundation Design
Roof Design
F. Detailing
Reinforcement
Prestressing systems
Concrete containment wall
Anchorage to concrete
Liners and coatings
Slide 27
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376: Content
G. Foundations
Geotechnical Investigation
Design Requirements for Shallow & Deep Foundations
Ground Improvement
Foundation Monitoring
Inspection and Testing
H. Construction Requirements
Mockups
Tolerances
Shotcrete
Prestressing
Forming
J oints, Embeds and Coatings
Slide 28
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
ACI 376: Content
I. Commissioning/Decommissioning
Hydrostatic Testing
Pressure and Vacuum Testing
Purging into Service
Cooldown
Settlement and movement monitoring
LNG tank fill methods
Decommissioning: Purging out of service and warm up
J. Tank Details (Appendix A)
K. Offshore Concrete Terminals (Appendix B)
L. Fatigue Performance (Appendix C)
Slide 29
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WEB SESSIONS
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Slide 30
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WEB SESSIONS
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WEB SESSIONS
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Slide 31
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Resources
World's LNG Plants & Terminals
www.globallnginfo.com
LNG Terminals-status of proposed and
existing facilities
www.intelligencepress.com/features/lng
Introduction to LNG" (Good "primer)
www.beg.utexas.edu/energycon/lng
Slide 32
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Thank You