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Buddhist architectuer
mahabodhi temple complex at bohd gaya, india
The Mahabodhi Temple ( ) (Literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, is a Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where Siddhartha Gautama,
the Buddha, is said to have attained enlightenment. Mahabodhi Temple is constructed of brick and is
one of the oldest brick structures to have survived in eastern India. It is considered to be a fine
example of Indian brickwork, and was highly influential in the development of later architectural
traditions. According UNESCO, "the present temple is one of the earliest and most imposing
structures built entirely in brick from Gupta period".
[4]
Mahabodhi Temple's central tower rises 55
metres (180 ft), and were heavily renovated in the 19th century.
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the parinirvana temple with the parinirvanastupa at
kushinagar , india. The remains of the Parinirvana Stupa and Parinirvana Temple, when
rediscovered, were covered in a 40 foot high mound of bricks surrounded by a dense thorny forest.
After E. Buchanan, an officer of the East India Company, arrived in Kasia in the course of his survey-
work, H. H. Wilson, in 1854, made the suggestion that ancient Kushinagar and Kasia were the same.
Work resumed around 18611862 when Alexander Cunningham, the founder of the Archaeological
Survey of India suggested the site to be that of Gautama Buddha's decease.
hinduism swaminarayan, akshardham.new delhi
, india Akshardham (Gujarati: , Devnagari: ) is
a Hindu temple complex in Delhi, India.
[1]
Also referred to asDelhi Akshardham or Swaminarayan
Akshardham, the complex displays millennia of traditional Hindu and Indian culture, spirituality, and
architecture. The building was inspired and developed by Pramukh Swami Maharaj, the spiritual
head of the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, whose 3,000
volunteers helped 7,000 artisansconstruct Akshardham.
[2][3]

The temple, which attracts approximately 70 percent of all tourists who visit Delhi,
[4][5]
was officially
opened on 6 November 2005.
[2]
It sits near the banks of the Yamuna adjacent to the 2010
Commonwealth Games village in eastern New Delhi.
[6]
The temple, at the center of the complex,
was built according to the Vastu Shastra and Pancharatra Shastra.

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the jagannath temple in odisha, india
. The Jagannath Temple in Puri is a famous, sacred Hindu templededicated to Jagannath and
located on the eastern coast of India, at Puri in the state of Odisha. The name Jagannath comes
from the word Jagat-Nathwhich means 'Lord of the Universe' (Jagat = world, Nath =
Master/protector).
In Jagannath, the t becomes an n to mean lord (nath) of the universe.
[1]
and also, the word
"Jagannatha" is evolved from "Jagati" (Oriya: ) (as an elevated platform or "Ratnabedi" on which
the wooden form of Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra are worshiped on or the temple or its
precincts inside the "Narendra Pokhari"
[2]
) and "Natha" (Oriya: ) (means "Lord").
[3]
Even in the
western language, there exists a word 'juggernaut' that means once a person or artifact gets going, it
cannot be stopped, thrashing all that comes in its way.
[4]

The temple is an important pilgrimage destination for many Hindu traditions, particularly worshippers
of Krishna and Vishnu, and part of the Char Dhampilgrimages that a Hindu is expected to make in
one's lifetime.

Jainism shri mahavirji jain temple, rajasthan, india.
Shri Mahavir Ji is a famous pilgrimage site Jainism. This temple is situated in Karauli
district in Rajasthan.
[1]
It has a long historical story of its existence. There are four temples in Shri
Mahavirji.
1. Digambar Jain Atishaya Kshetra Shri Mahavirji: Shree Chandanpur Mahavirjee is one of the
miraculous pilgrimages of Jains. This pilgrimage situated in Karauli district of Rajasthan is
splendoured with natural beauty. Built at the bank of a river, this pilgrimage is a prominent centre of
devotion for Jain devotees.
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2. Shantinath Jinalaya (Temple): Shantinath Jinalaya at Shantiveer Nagar. In this Jinalaya
Bhagwan Shantinaths 28 feet high standing colossus is very beautiful. Idols of 24 Teerthankaras
and their Shasan Deotas are also installed here. An attractive sky high Manstambha is also standing
here.
3. Kirti Ashram Chaityalaya (Jain Temple): Kirti Ashram Chaityalaya is located in front of Shri
Shantinath Jinalaya.
4. Bhagwan Parshvanath Jinalaya: Bhagwan Parshvanath Jinalaya also called Kanch Ka Mandir
due to a beautiful and attractive glass work is situated in front of Sanmati Sanmati Dharmashala.
This temple was constructed by Late Bramhacharini Kamla Bai.

digambar jain temple, odisha, india. Digambara Jaina
Temple (Lat 20 15 74 N., Long- 85 47 08 E., Elev-287 ft) is a Jain temple in Bhubaneswar, in
the state of Odisha, India. The temple is situated on the top of the hill Khandagiri that is
honeycombed with a series of rock-cut Jaina caves, commissioned by King Kharavela in 1st century
BCE. The rock-cut caves are protected by Archaeological Survey of India. The enshrining deities are
a series of Jaina tirthankara images. Architectural features (Plan and Elevation): The temple
stands on a platform that measures 16.00 metres in length x 9.50 metres in width with a height of
1.62 metres. On plan, the temple has a vimana and a jagamohana. The vimana measures 8.25
square metres and jagamohana measures 6.40 metres in length and 9.40 metres in breadth. This
temple istriratha on plan. It is distinguished by central raha and kanika pagas on either sides. On
elevation, the vimana is pidha deula that measures 5.80 metres in height from pabhaga to mastaka.
The temple has panchanga bada. From bottom to top the temple has a pabhaga, talajangha,
bandhana, upara jangha, baranda, gandi and masta

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Islamic architecture charminar at old city in hyberadad, india.
The Charminar, built in 1591 CE, is a monument and mosque located inHyderabad,
Telangana, India.
[1]
The landmark has become a global icon of Hyderabad, listed among the most
recognized structures of India.
[2]
The Charminar is situated on the east bank of Musi river.
[3]
To the
west lies the Laad Bazaar, and to the southwest lies the richly ornamented granite Makkah Masjid.
The Charminar is a square structure with each side 20 meters (approximately 66 feet) long, with four
grand arches each facing a fundamental point that open into four streets. At each corner stands an
exquisitely shaped minaret, 56 meters (approximately 184 feet) high, with a double balcony. Each
minaret is crowned by a bulbous dome with dainty petal-like designs at the base. Unlike the Taj
Mahal's, Charminar's four fluted minarets are built into the main structure. There are 149 winding
steps to reach the upper floor. The structure is also known for its profusion of stucco decorations and
the arrangement of its balustrades and balconies.
taj mhal in agra, india

The Taj Mahal (/td mhl/ often /t/;,
[2]
from Persian andArabic,
[3][4]
"crown of
palaces", pronounced d ; also "the Taj"
[5]
) is a white marble mausoleum located
in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built byMughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third
wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one
of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".
[6]

Taj Mahal is regarded by many as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines
elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish andIndian architectural styles.
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In 1631, Shah Jahan, emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was grief-
stricken when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, a Persian princess, died during the birth of their 14th
child, Gauhara Begum.
[15]
Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632.
[16]
The court chronicles of
Shah Jahan's grief illustrate the love story traditionally held as an inspiration for Taj Mahal.
[17][18]
The
principal mausoleum was completed in 1648 and the surrounding buildings and garden were
finished five years later.

Sikhism- gurudwara bangla sahib ,delhi
Gurdwara Bangla Sahib is the most prominent Sikh gurdwara, or Sikh house of worship, in Delhi,
known for its association with the eighth Sikh Guru, Guru Har Krishan, and the pool inside its
complex, known as the "Sarovar", whose water is considered holy by Sikhs and is known as "Amrit".
It was first built as a small temple by Sikh General, Sardar Bhagel Singh in 1783, who supervised
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the construction of nine Sikh shrines in Delhi in the same year, during the reign of Mughal
Emperor,Shah Alam II.
[1]

It is situated near Connaught Place, New Delhi and is instantly recognisable by its stunning
golden dome and tall flagpole, Nishan Sahib. The grounds include the temple, a kitchen, a large
(holy) pond, a school and an art gallery. As with all Sikh Gurdwaras, the concept of langar is
practiced, and all people, regardless of race or religion may eat in the Gurdwara kitchen (langar
hall). The Langar (food) is prepared by gursikhs who work there and also by volunteers who like to
help out. At the Gurdwara, visitors are requested to cover their hair and not to wear shoes.
Assistance to foreigners and visitors with Guides, head scarves, and shoe-minding service can be
found inside the compound and are available free of charge. Anyone can volunteer to help keep the
shoes in the shoe-minding room, and cleaning the precincts of the Gurudwara.


gurdwara nanaksar, jargon, Ludhiana, india.

ON THE NORTH A BARRIER IS FORMED BY HIGH MOUNTAIN RANGES
STRETCHING FROM THE HINDU KUSH IN WEST.
THE HIMALAYAS TO THE MOUNTAIN S OF SZECHWAN IN CHINA IN THE
NORTH-EAST.
ON THE EAST, SOUTHAND WEST, THE AREA IS BOUNDED BY THE SEA.
INFUENCES ENTERED THE AREA MAINLY FROM CENTRAL ASIA THROUGH THE
PASSES OF TH NORTH-WEST AND NORTH-EAST.
THERE WAS ALSO A STRONG TIDE OF INFLUENCE FROM PERSIA AND
WESTERN ASIA (GRAECO-ROMAN), VIA BALUHISTAN (AFGANISTAN).
THE GREAT RIVERS IN THE NORTH, THE INDUS AND GANGES AND THEIR
TRIBUTARIES, PROVIDED TRADEWAYS AND MANY OF THE AREAS MOST
IMPORTANT CITIES WERE FOUNDED ALONG THEM.

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MAP OF INDIA
Area Ranked 7TH
Total 3,287,263 km
2
(1,269,219 sq mi)
Land 90.08%
Water 9.92%
GEOLOGICAL
THE LACK OF BUILDING STONE ALONG THE INDUS AND GANGES VALLEYS,
AND THE EASILY AVAILABLE TIMBER WHICH WAS FLOATED DOWN BY THE
MOUNTAINS.
THERE IS A GOOD WHITE MARBLE IN RAJASTHAN, FINE RED AND CREAM
SANDSTONE IN AGRA FOR FACING MATERIALS.
IN THE CENTRE AND SOUTH, THE TRAP AND GRANITE OF THE DECCANAND
THE VOLCANIC PORTSTONE OF THE HALEBID.
IN THE WESTERN GHATS, THE HORIZONTAL ROCK STRATA WHICH RISE IN
PERPENDICULAR CLIFFS, MADE POSSIBLE THE ROCK-CUT SANCTUARIES OF
KARLI, AJANTA AND ELEPHANTHA.
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CLIMATIC
IN THE EAST, THERE IS A SMALL VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE BETWEEN
SUMMER AND WINTER, A VERY HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE MONSOON SEASON
(MAY TO AUGUST) AND A MODERATE RAINFALL THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
THIS PRODUCES A CLIMATE GENERALLY WARM AND HUMID BUT NOT
EXCESSIVELY HOT.
IN THE PLAINS OF THE NORTH, TEMPERATURES RISE HIGH IN THE SUMMER
MONTHS (MAY TO JULY) AND DROP MARKEDLY ABOUT THE WINTER
SOLSTICE.
THE FLAT ROOF, FOR SLEEPING, IS ALMOST UNIVERSAL EXCEPT IN THE EAST,
WHERE THE NEED TO DEAL WITH HEAVY AND CONTINUOUS RAIN
PRODUCED STEEPLY-PITCHED ROOFS.
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TEMPERATURE IN INDIA



HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
THE EARLIEST DEFINED CIVILIZATION IN THE SUB-CONTINENT IS THAT OF THE
SO-CALLED INDUS VALLEY HARAPPAN CULTURE (2500-1500 B.C.) WHICH
WAS RELATED TO THE SUMMERIAN CULTURES OF WESTERN ASIA.
SUCCESSIVE INCURSIONS, MILITARY AND ECONOMIC, INTO THE AREA
FROM 2000 B.C. UNTIL THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A.D. BROUGHT ABOUT ART
AND ARCHITECTURE INTO CONTACT WITH MANY INFLUENCES; ARYAN,
PERSIAN, GRAECO-ROMAN, SASSANIAN, MOSLEM, PORTUGUESE, FRENCH
AND ENGLISH.

RELIGIOUS

HINDU
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A COMBINATION OF FAITHS OF THE INDIGENOUS DRAVIDIANS AND
THE ARYAN INVADERS.
HINDU WORSHIP IS ESSENTIALLY AN INDIVIDUAL ACT, AND EXCEPT ON
CERTAIN SPECIFIED OCCASIONS COMMUNAL WORSHIP IS FOREIGN
TO IT.
AN ORTHODOX HINDUS LIFE HAS BEEN GOVERNED BY RELIGIOUS
PRACTICE IN ITS MINUTEST DETAILS.
ANY MAJOR OCCASION DEMANDS THE SERVICES OF ONE OF THE
BRAHMAN PRIESTHOOD WHO ALONE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO
OFFICIATE.

THE GODS OF HINDUISM

BUDDHISM
THE BUDDHIST RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS BECAME CONCENTRATED IN
MONASTERIES AND IN SHRINES WHERE RELICS OF THOSE WHO
HAD ACHIEVED SALVATION (NIRVANA).
THESE SHRINES TOOK THE FORM OF STUPAS, OR DOMINICAL
MOUNDS.
THE MONASTERIES BECAME PLACES OF INTERNATIONAL PILGRIMS
AND DISSEMINATION OF LEARNING.

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BUDDHA
JAIN
THE GOAL IS SALVATION THROUGH SUCCESSIVE REBIRTH. THE IDEA BEING
RIGID ASCETICISM AND AVOIDANCE OF INJURY TO EVERY LIVING
CREATURE.
JAIN TEMPMLES DIFFER A LITTLE IN ESSENTIALS FROM THE HINDU TEMPLE, BUT
ARE DISTINGUISHED BY THR EXTRAORDINARY RICHNESS AND COMPLEXITY
OF THEIR SCULPTURAL ORNAMENT.
MAHAVIRA AND THE TWENTY-FOUR SAINTS ARE BEING WORSHIPPED.

A PAINTING SHOWING THEIR GOD MAHAVIRA
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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
4
TH
CENTURY B.C. 9
TH
CENTURY A.D.

BUDDHIST SHRINES ARE ALL DESIGNED FOR CONGRETIONAL USE.
MONASTERIES, MEETING HALLS (CHAITYAS) AND STUPA SHRINES ARE ALL
PLANNED TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE GROUPS OF WORSHOPPERS.
ROOF STRUCTIRES WERE OF WOOD.
IN ALL THERE STYLES MOULDINGS HAVE A BULBOUS CHARACTER, OFTEN
HEAVILY UNDERCUT.
THE HEIGHT AND BRIGHTNESS OF THE SUN PRODUCES STRONG SHADOW
LINES, AND ANY SUBTLETY OF THE MOULDING WOULD BE LOST.
IN BUDDHIST GRAECO-BECTRIAN MOULDINGS, IN PARTICULAR, THE LACK
OF REFINEMENT IS NOTICEABLE, WHEN COMPARED TO GREEK AND ROMAN
ORIGINALS.
A MOULDING MADE BY OVERLAPPINF RECTANGULAR SLABS IS OFTEN USED.
IN OTHER CASES, A SEMI CIRCULAR OPEN WORK MOULDING, LIKE
BASKETWORK, AND ALSO THE TORUS, ARE FOUND.
THE DOUBLE CONVEX SHAPE, INTO WHICH THE CROSS PIECES OF BUDDHIST
RAILINGS ARE CUT, FORMS BANDS OF LIGHT AND SHADE, TAKING THE
PLACE OF MOULDINGS.
BUDDDHIST ORNAMENT IS RESTRAINED BOTH IN CHARACTER AND EXTENT,
PAINTED WALL DECORATIONS WAS WIDELY USED.
THEY ARE RANGED FROM PURELYARCHITECTURAL FORMS TO THE VERY
ELABORATE AND BEAUTIFUL GENRE PAINTINGSON THE WALLS OF AJANTA.
WHICH PROVIDEINVALUABLE SOCIAL AND ARCHITECTURAL RECORDS OF
THE PERIOD, TOGETHER WITH VARIOUS SCULPTURED BAS-RELIEFS DEPICTING
SCENES FROM THE DAILY LIFE OF THE TIMES THROUGH THE STORY OF
BUDDHA.
THE FEMALE FORM IN ITS MOSTVOLUPTOUS FORM IS OFTEN USED.



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JAIN ARCHITECTURE
EARLY JAIN 3
RD
CENTURY B.C.

THE EARLIEST ROCKCUT CAVES WERE ORDERED BY EMPEROR ASOKA FOR
THE USE OF AJIVIKA (JAIN) ASCETICS AND EXACT COPIES IN ROCK OR
WOOD OF THATCH STRUCTURES.
A TECHNIQUE INSPIRED BY THE PERSEPOLITAN TYPES WITH HIGHLY POLISHED
MIRRORS WALLS.
SLOPING JAMBS AND A SEMI CIRCULAR ARCH WITH CARVINGS AND A
STONE LATTICED ARCHITECTURE.
BARREL VAULTED HALL WITH A CIRCULAR AT THE END WITH A CENTRAL
DOORWAY AND A HEMISPHERICAL DOMED ROOF WITH AN
OVERHANGING CAVE LIKE A THATCH.



LATE JAIN A.D.1000-1700

JAIN TEMPLES ARE FOUND MAINLY IN THE NORTHERN CENTRAL PART OF THE
PENINSULA.
THE CENTRAL SHRINE, COVERED BY A DOME OR SPIRE, IS INTRODUCED BY A
PILLARED PORTICO, USUALLY IN THE FORM OF AN OCTAGON SET WITHIN A
SQUARE.
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JAIN AND HINDU TEMPLE IS THE LIGTHER
AND MORE ELEGANT CHARACTER OF THE FORMER.
THE JAINS, ALSO, PAID PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE SITTING AND
ENVIRONMENT OF THEIR MONUMENTS, CREATING TEMPLE CITIES ON
SACRED MOUNTAINS.
JAIN CEILINGS IN THE FORM OF FLAT DOMES, AND STONEWORK SO
ELABORATEDLY CARVED THAT IT OFTEN LOSES ALL ITS OWN CHARACTER
AND CAN BE COMPARED TO PETRIFIED FOLIAGE.
THE CONSTRUCTION WAS OF SUCCESSIVELY DINISHING COURSES OF
STONE.
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IN THE CASE OF THE FLAT DOME, THESE COURSES WERE EITHER LAID
DIAGONALLY EACH TO THE NEXT, OR, IN LARGER, IN CIRCULAR COURSES
LAID HORIZONTALLY AND GRADUALLY DINISHING IN DIAMETER.
THE CONCENTRIC RINGS ARE ELABORATELY CARVED, AND THE SINGLE
CAPSTONE AT THE APEX OF THE DOME IS OFTEN DEVELOPED ASA PENDANT.



HINDU ARCHITECTURE

THE FUNDAMENTAL PLAN CONSISTS OF A SMALL UNLIT SHRINE CALLED THE
GARBHA-GRIHA CROWNED WITH THE SPIRE-SHAPED SIKHARAROOF,
FORMED OF HORIZONTAL COURSES OF STONE, AND INTRODUCED BY ONE
OR MORE PORCH LIKE HALLS (MANDAPAS) USED FOR RELIGIOUS DANCING
AND MUSIC.
WITH THE ROOFS OF FLATTER COVERINGS OT THE MANDAPAT, THE SPAN THE
SPAN IS OFTEN REDUCED EITHER BY THE INTRODUCTION OF WIDE
SPREADINDG BRACKETS ABOVE THE COLUMN CAPITAL.
THE VAULT NEVER SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN USED AT ANY POINT.
THE SANCURY AS A WHOLE IS THE VIMANA EXCEPT IN THE SOUTH, THE
VIMANA IS SELDOM DESIGNED TO TAKE A CONGRETION OF WORSHIPPERS.
THIS EXPLAINS THE IMPORTANCE ATTACHED TO THE SCULPTURAL
DECORATION OF THE EXTERIOR.
VARIATIONS OF THE SIMPLE, PLAN ARE SUCH AS THOSE AT BRINDAHAN
WHERE ACCOMMODATION WAS NECESSARY FOR THE CROWD OF
PILGRIMS, AND BELLUR WHERE THE MANDAPAT HAS BAECOME A THEATRE
FOR RITUAL RITES.
THE COLUMN AT BAROLI SHOWS MANY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HINDU
COLUMN.
THE DEEPLY CUT-BELL FORM CAPITAL AT ELEPHANTA THE GARLAND
DECORATION BELOW THE CAPITAL, THE CHAIN AND BELL ORNAMENT
MODULATING THE TRANSITION CAPITAL AT ELEPHANTA THE GARLAND
DECORATION BELOW THE CAPITAL, THE CHAIN AND BELL ORNAMENT
MODULATING THE TRANSITION FROM THE CIRCULAR TO THE POLYGONAL
SHAFT SECTION, THE FOUR ASPURAS BELOW AND FINALLY THE HEAVY WITH
ITS DEEPLY- CUT MOULDINGS.
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EXAMPLES:BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
STAMBHAS OR LATHS- MONUMENTAL PILLARS STANDING FREE WITHOUT
ANY STRUCTURAL FUNCTION, WITH CIRCULAR OR OCTAGONAL SHAFTS.
INSCRIPTIONS WERE CARVED ON THE SHAFTS.



STUPAS- A BUDDHIST SEPULCHRAL MONUMENT, USUALLY DOMED OR
BEEHIVED SHAPED.



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CHAITYAS- ASSEMBLY HALL


VIHARAS MONASTERIES CONSIST OF A QUADRANGLE SURROUNDED BY
A VERANDAH ON TO WHICH OPEN SIMPLE SQUARE CELLS.







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REPUBLIC OF INDIA (1947 ADPRESENT)
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE HAS LONG BEEN A FEATURE OF
INDIA'S ARCHITECTURE BUT HAS BEEN LOSING ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS OF
LATE.
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE REFLECTS ITS VARIOUS SOCIO-CULTURAL
SENSIBILITIES WHICH VARY FROM REGION TO REGION.

TAJ MAHAL IN AGRA

THE NORTH BLOCK IN NEW, DELHI
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GLOSSARY
ARCHITECTURE- (LATIN ARCHITECTURA, AFTER THE GREEK
ARKHITEKTON FROM - "CHIEF" AND "BUILDER, CARPENTER, MASON")
IS BOTH THE PROCESS AND THE PRODUCT OF PLANNING, DESIGNING, AND
CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS AND OTHER PHYSICAL STRUCTURES.
BAS RELIEF- CARVING IN LOW OR SHALLOW RELIEF, ON A BACKGROUND.
BUDDHISM- IS A NONTHEISTIC RELIGION THAT ENCOMPASSES A VARIETY OF
TRADITIONS, BELIEFS AND PRACTICES LARGELY BASED ON TEACHINGS ATTRIBUTED
TO SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA, WHO IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE BUDDHA,
MEANING "THE AWAKENED ONE".
CENTRAL ASIA- IS THE CORE REGION OF THE ASIAN CONTINENT AND STRETCHES
FROM THE CASPIAN SEA IN THE WEST TO CHINA IN THE EAST AND FROM
AFGHANISTAN IN THE SOUTH TO RUSSIA IN THE NORTH. IT IS ALSO SOMETIMES
REFERRED TO AS MIDDLE ASIA.
CHAITYAS- ASSEMBLY HALL
CLIMATE- IS A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE PATTERN OF VARIATION
IN TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,WIND, PRECIPITATION,
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE COUNT AND OTHER METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN A
GIVEN REGION OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME.
DOORJAMB, DOOR JAMB OR SIMPLY JAMB- (ALSO SOMETIMES DOORPOST) IS THE
VERTICAL PORTION OF THE FRAME ONTO WHICH A DOOR IS SECURED. THE JAMB
BEARS THE WEIGHT OF THE DOOR THROUGH ITS HINGES, AND MOST TYPES OF
DOOR LATCHES AND DEADBOLTS EXTEND INTO A RECESS IN THE DOORJAMB
WHEN ENGAGED, MAKING THE ACCURACY OF THE PLUMB (I.E. TRUE VERTICAL)
AND STRENGTH OF THE DOORJAMBS VITALLY IMPORTANT TO THE OVERALL
OPERATIONAL DURABILITY AND SECURITY OF THE DOOR.
ELEPHANTA- THE ROCK CUT ARCHITECTURE OF THE CAVES HAS BEEN DATED TO
BETWEEN THE 5TH AND 8TH CENTURIES, ALTHOUGH THE IDENTITY OF THE ORIGINAL
BUILDERS IS STILL A SUBJECT OF DEBATE.
FAADE- IN ARCHITECTURE, THE FACADE OF A BUILDING IS OFTEN THE MOST
IMPORTANT ASPECT FROM A DESIGN STANDPOINT, AS IT SETS THE TONE FOR THE
REST OF THE BUILDING.
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GANGES RIVER- IS A TRANS-BOUNDARY RIVER OF ASIA WHICH FLOWS THROUGH
INDIA AND BANGLADESH. THE 2,525 KM (1,569 MI) RIVER RISES IN THE
WESTERN HIMALAYAS IN THE INDIAN STATE OF UTTARAKHAND, AND FLOWS SOUTH
AND EAST THROUGH THE GANGETIC PLAIN OF NORTH INDIA INTO BANGLADESH,
WHERE IT EMPTIES INTO THE BAY OF BENGAL.
GARBHA GRIHA IS THE SMALL UNIT SHRINE OF A HINDU
TEMPLE. GARBHAGRIHA OR GARBHA GHA (DEVANAGARI:) IS A SANSKRIT WORD
MEANING THE INTERIOR OF THE SANCTUM SANCTORUM, THE INNERMOST
SANCTUM OF A HINDU TEMPLE WHERE RESIDES THE MURTI (IDOL OR ICON) OF THE
PRIMARY DEITY OF THE TEMPLE.
GEOGRAPHY- (FROM GREEK , GEOGRAPHIA, LIT. "EARTH
DESCRIPTION"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography - cite_note-1) IS A FIELD OF SCIENCE
DEDICATED TO THE STUDY OF THE LANDS, THE FEATURES, THE INHABITANTS, AND
THE PHENOMENA OF THE EARTH.
GEOLOGY- (FROM THE GREEK , G, I.E. "EARTH" AND -O, -LOGIA, I.E. "STUDY
OF, DISCOURSE") IS THE SCIENCE COMPRISING THE STUDY OF SOLID EARTH,
THE ROCKS OF WHICH IT IS COMPOSED, AND THE PROCESSES BY WHICH THEY
CHANGE.
GRANITE- IS A COMMON TYPE OF FELSIC INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK WHICH IS
GRANULAR AND PHANERITIC IN TEXTURE.
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION- IS SOMETIMES CALLED THE MATURE HARAPPAN
CULTURE TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM THESE CULTURES. BY 1999, OVER 1,056 CITIES
AND SETTLEMENTS HAD BEEN FOUND, OF WHICH 96 HAVE BEEN
EXCAVATED, MAINLY IN THE GENERAL REGION OF THE INDUS AND GHAGGAR-
HAKRA RIVERS AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES.
HIMALAYAS, OR HIMALAYA,
(/HMLE./ OR /HMLJ/; SANSKRIT: , HIMA (SNOW)
+ LAYA (DWELLING), SANSKRIT WORD LITERALLY MEANING, "ABODE OF THE
SNOW"
[
) IS A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN SOUTH ASIA SEPARATING THE PLAINS OF
THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT FROM THE TIBETAN PLATEAU.
HINDU- REFERS TO AN IDENTITY ASSOCIATED WITH
THE PHILOSOPHICAL, RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL SYSTEMS THAT ARE INDIGENOUS
AR. 316 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
JCTE
TO THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT. AS USED IN THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, THE
WORD "HINDU" IS ATTRIBUTED TO ALL PERSONS PROFESSING ANY INDIAN RELIGION
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE- IS ROOTED IN ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND RELIGION.
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE PROGRESSED WITH TIME AND ASSIMILATED THE MANY
INFLUENCES THAT CAME AS A RESULT OF INDIA'S GLOBAL DISCOURSE WITH OTHER
REGIONS OF THE WORLD THROUGHOUT ITS MILLENNIA-OLD PAST.
INDUS RIVER- IS A MAJOR RIVER IN ASIA WHICH FLOWS THROUGH PAKISTAN. IT
ALSO HAS COURSES THROUGH WESTERN TIBET AND NORTHERN INDIA.
ORIGINATING IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN THE VICINITY OF LAKE MANSAROVAR,
THE RIVER RUNS A COURSE THROUGH THE LADAKH REGION OF JAMMU AND
KASHMIR, TOWARDS GILGIT AND BALTISTAN AND THEN FLOWS IN A SOUTHERLY
DIRECTION ALONG THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF PAKISTAN TO MERGE INTO THE
ARABIAN SEA NEAR THE PORT CITY OF KARACHI IN SINDH.
JAINISM- TRADITIONALLY KNOWN AS '" JAINA SHASANA'" OR JAINA
DHARMA (SANSKRIT: ), IS A NONTHEISTIC INDIAN RELIGION THAT PRESCRIBES
A PATH OF AHIMSA - NONVIOLENCE - TOWARDS ALL LIVING BEINGS, AND
EMPHASIZES SPIRITUAL INDEPENDENCE AND EQUALITY BETWEEN ALL FORMS OF
LIFE.
MANDAPA- IN INDIAN ARCHITECTURE IS A PILLARED OUTDOOR HALL
OR PAVILION FOR PUBLIC RITUALS.
MOLDING, OR MOULDING- (COMMONWEALTH), ALSO KNOWN AS COVING (UK,
AUSTRALIA) IS A STRIP OF MATERIAL WITH VARIOUS PROFILES USED TO COVER
TRANSITIONS BETWEEN SURFACES OR FOR DECORATION. IT IS TRADITIONALLY
MADE FROM SOLID MILLED WOOD OR PLASTER BUT MAY BE MADE FROM PLASTIC
OR REFORMED WOOD. IN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE, THE
MOLDING IS OFTEN CARVED IN MARBLE OR OTHER STONES.
SANDSTONE- (SOMETIMES KNOWN AS ARENITE) IS A CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCK COMPOSED MAINLY OF SAND-SIZED MINERALS OR ROCK GRAINS.
IKHARA- A SANSKRIT WORD TRANSLATING LITERALLY TO "MOUNTAIN PEAK",
REFERS TO THE RISING TOWER IN THE HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF NORTH
INDIA SIKHARA OVER THE SANCTUM SANCTORUM WHERE THE PRESIDING DEITY IS
ENSHRINED IS THE MOST PROMINENT AND VISIBLE PART OF A HINDU TEMPLE OF
NORTH INDIA.
AR. 316 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
JCTE
STAMBHAS OR LATHS- MONUMENTAL PILLARS STANDING FREE WITHOUT
ANY STRUCTURAL FUNCTION, WITH CIRCULAR OR OCTAGONAL SHAFTS.
INSCRIPTIONS WERE CARVED ON THE SHAFTS.
STUPA- IS A MOUND-LIKE OR HEMISPHERICAL STRUCTURE
CONTAINING BUDDHIST RELICS, TYPICALLY THE ASHES OF BUDDHIST MONKS, USED
BY BUDDHISTS AS A PLACE OF MEDITATION.
STUPAS- A BUDDHIST SEPULCHRAL MONUMENT, USUALLY DOMED OR BEEHIVED
SHAPED.
VIHARAS MONASTERIES CONSIST OF A QUADRANGLE SURROUNDED BY A
VERANDAH ON TO WHICH OPEN SIMPLE SQUARE CELLS.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHITECTURE CHARACTER AND HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE BY GEORGE SALINDA SALVAN
A DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE
BY JOHN FLEMING, HUGH HONOUR AND NIKOLAUS PEVSNER
WIKIPEDIA.COM
GOOGLEIMAGES.COM