0367 GTurbineT 6ebysaravanamuttoo PDF

Lecturers Solutions
Manual
Gas Turbine Theory
Sixth edition
HIH Saravanamuttoo
GFC Rogers
H Cohen
PV Straznicky
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ISBN: 978-0-273-70934-3
Pearson Education Limited 2009

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HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturers Solutions Manual
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3
Preface
Since the introduction of the Second Edition in 1972 many requests for solutions have been
received. The advent of modern word processing systems has now made it convenient to
prepare these in an electronic format and I am glad to do so.
All significant gas turbine calculations carried out in industry are universally done by digital
computer and the purpose of these problems is to provide an understanding of the engineering
principles involved. It is perhaps of historical significance that all of these calculations were
originally done on a slide rule and many were previous examination questions.
This manual will be available to instructors adopting the main text, who are then permitted to
photocopy the material, but it is hoped that students will tackle the problems before looking at
the manual. I will be very glad to hear of any corrections needed.
My sincere thanks to Mr.Hariharan Hanumanthan, a doctoral student at Cranfield University,
for his invaluable assistance in the preparation of this manual.
H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo
Ottawa, June 2008
4
Problem 2.2
-1
Ta P02
1
T02 Ta =
c Pa
1
288
3.5 1 = 345.598K
11
=
(
)
0.82
Compressor and turbine work required per unit mass flow is:
Wtc =
C pa (T02 Ta )
T03 T04 =
= C pg (T03 T04 )
1.005 345.598
= 308.992 K
0.98 1.147
T04 = 1150 309 = 841K

1
T03 T04 = t T03 1
P P
03 04
308.992 = 0.87 1150 1
P
P
03 04
P03
= 4.382
P04
P03 = 11.0 0.4 = 10.6 bar
P04 = 2.418 bar
, P05 = Pa

1 4
= 148.254 K
T04 T05 = 0.89 841 1
2.418
5
Specific power output:

WN = 1.147 0.98 148.254 = 166.64 kWs/kg
Hence mass flow required =
20 103
= 120.019 kg/sec
166.64
T02 = 288 + 345.6 = 633.6K

T03 T02 = 1150 633.6 = 516.4K
Theoretical f = 0.01415 (from Fig. 2.15)
Actual f = 0.01415 0.99 = 0.01429
S.F.C =
3600 f 3600 0.01429

=
= 0.308kg/kW hr
WN
166.64
6
Problem 2.3
T02 Ta =
288
[3.8 3.5 1] = 157.3K
0.85
P03 = 3.8 0.12 = 3.68bar

P03
= 3.68
Pa
T03 T04 = 1050 0.88[1 (
1 14
) ] = 256.87K
3.68
Net work output
W = m ( load ) [( m mc )C pg (T03 T04 )
mC pa (T02 Ta )
m ( comp.rotor )
200 = 0.98[( m 1.5) 1.147 256.87
m 1.005 157.3
]
0.99
200 = 288.73m 433.1 156.5m

(a) m = 4.788 kg/sec
With no bleed flow:

Net work output = 0.98 4.788[1.147 256.87
1.005 157.3
]
0.99
= 633.11 kW
(b) The power output with no bleed = 633.11kW
7
Problem 2.4
A
n 1
n c
0.3287
0.3250
0.3213
n 1
n t
0.2225
0.2205
0.2205
T02 T01
2.059
2.242
2.437
T012 (K)
305
357.8
413.9
T02 (K)
593
645.8
701.9
P03/P04
8.55
11.40
15.2
1.612
1.708
1.820
T03
1150
1400
1600
T04
713.4
819.6
879.2
T034
436.6
580.4
720.7
Wc= (1.005 T12 ) / 0.99
309.6
363.2
420.2
Wt= 1.148(1 B) T034
501.2
649.6
786.0
Wnet=WtWc
191.6
286.4
365.8
Power
14,370
22,912
31,093
Base
+59.4%
+116%
557
754
898
0.0162
0.0219
0.0268
mf = ma f (1 B )
4374
6150
7791
SFC (kg/kwhr)
0.304
base
0.268
11.8%
0.251
17.4%
440
547
606
P
T03/T04= 03
P04
n 1
n
Tcc
f/a
EGT ( D C )
8
Problem 2.5
T03=1525 K
P03=29.69 bar
P04=13.00 bar
P03
= 2.284
P04
T03 = ( 2.284 )0.2223 = 1.202

T04
T04=1268.7 K, Thp = 256.3

P05 13.00 0.96
T
0.223
= 1.745
=
= 12.24 05 = (12.24 )
P06
T06
1.02
T03 T04=256.3
T05
T06
T05T06
T03T04
T total
T total 1.148 0.99
Tc 1.004
1525
874
651.0
256.3
907.3
1031.1
573.0
1425
816.6
608.4
256.3
864.7
982.7
573.0
1325
759.3
565.7
256.3
822.0
934.2
573.0
458.1
409.7
361.2
m for 240 MW = 240000 = 523.9 kg/s

458.1
MW
(f/a)1
(f/a)2
th
240.0
0.0197
0.0085
0.0282
458.1
214.6
0.0197
0.0050
0.0247
409.7
189.2
0.0197
0.0030
0.0227
361.2
0.0282 43100
37.7
0.0247 43100
38.5
0.0227 43100
36.9
So th remains high as power reduced. May be difficult to control low fuel: air ratio in 2nd
combustor.
9
Problem 2.6
T12 =
288
(5.5)0.286 1 = 206.8 T2 = 494.8K
0.875
T34 =
300
0.286
( 7.5) 1 = 268.7 T4 = 568.7K
0.870
Tcc = 1550 569 = 981D C

T56 =
268.7 1.005
= 250.1 T6=1550 250 = 1300K
1.148 0.95 0.99
T67 =
206.8 1.005
= 182.9
1.148 0.99
T7=1300 182.9 = 1117.1K
HPT,250.1= 0.88 1550 1 0.25 Rhp=2.248

R
CDP=1.00 5.5 7.5 0.95 = 39.19 bar P6 =
39.19
= 17.43 bar
2.248
LPT, 182.9= 0.89 1300 1 0.25 RLP=1.990 P7=8.76 bar

R
P8=P1=1.00
T78 = 0.89 1117.1 1
1
= 416.3 K
8.760.25
m 1.148 0.99 416.3 = 100,000 m=211.3 kg/s

f/a =
0.028
= 0.0283
0.99
Specific output =1.148 0.99 416.3 = 473.1
th =
473.1
= 38.8%
0.283 43100
EGT =1117.7-416.3 =701.4 K=428.4 D C

10
Problem 2.8
Pa=1.013 bar , Ta=15
T12 =
288
8.50.286 1 = 279.5k
0.87
T02=567.5 K
P04=1.013 8.5 [1 0.015] [1 0.042] = 8.125 bar
T45 =
279.5 1.004
= 247.1 T5 = 1037.8 K
1.147 0.99
P
1
4 = 2.716, P5 = 2.991 bar
247.1=0.87 1285 1
0.25
P5
( P 4 / P5 )
P6=1.013 1.02 = 1.0333
P5
= 2.895
P6
T56 = 0.88 1037.8 1

= 213.1 T6=824.7 K
0.25
2.895
Power =112.0 1.147 0.99 213.1 = 27,106 kW

T3 T2=0.90(824.7-567.5)=231.5
T3=231.5+567.5=799K
Tcc = 1285 799 = 486D C

Tin=799-273=526 D C
(f/a)id=0.0138
f/a=
0.0138
=0.0139
0.99
mf= 0.0139 112.0 =1.56 kg/s

Heat input = 1.56 43,100
kJ kg
= 67,288 kW
kg s
Efficiency =40.3 %
11
Problem 2.9
For compression:
For expansion:
T02 T01 = T01[(
n 1 1 1
0.66
(
)=
=
= 0.4518
n
0.88
c
1.66
n 1
1 0.88 0.66
)=
= t (
= 0.3498
n
1.66
P02 nn1
) 1] = 310[20.4518 1] = 114K
P01
T04 T03 = 300[20.4518 1] = 110.3K

T04 = 410.3K
T06 T05 =
T05 = 700K
and
( given)
Q
500 103
=
= 535.2 K
mC p 180 5.19
T06 = 1235.2K
P03 = 2 14.0 0.34 = 27.66 bar

P04 = 2 27.66 = 55.32 bar
P06 = 55.32 (0.27 + 1.03) = 54.02 bar

P07 = 14.0 + 0.34 + 0.27 = 14.61bar
P06
= 3.697
P07
T06 T07 = 1235.2[1 (
1 0.3498
)
] = 453.3K
3.697
T07 = 781.82K
12
Power output = mC p [T067 T034 T012 ] = 180 5,19 229.0

= 213996 kW or 213.996MW
Thermal efficiency =
H.E.effectiveness =
213.996
= 0.4279
500
or
42.8%
T05 T04
700 410.3
=
= 0.7798
T07 T04 781.8 410.3
or 78%
13
Problem 3.1
n 1
1
=
= 0.3284
n
0.87 3.5
For compression:
For expansion:
n 1 0.87
=
= 0.2175
n
4
and
n
= 4.5977
n 1
At 7000 m Pa = 0.411bar; Ta = 242.7K

2
Ca
2602
=
= 33.63K
2c p 2 1.005 1000
T01 = 242.7 + 33.63 = 276.33K
2
P01 = Pa [1 + i
Ca 1
]
2c pTa
0.95 33.63 3.5

] = 0.633bar
242.7
P02 = 8 0.633 = 5.068bar
P01 = 0.441[1 +
T02 T01 = 276.33[8.00.3284 1] = 270.7K

T02 = 547.02K
T03 T04 =
c pa (T02 T01 )
c pgm
T04 = 1200 239.6

n
T04 = 960.4K
P03 T03 n 1 1200

=
=
P04 T04
960.4
4.763
P04 =
= 1.710 bar
2.784
Nozzle pressure ratio
1.005 270.7
= 239.6K
1.147 0.99
P03 = 5.068(1 0.06) = 4.763bar
4.5977
= 2.784
P04 1.710
=
= 4.16
Pa 0.411
14
(Since the critical pressure ratio is of the order of 1.9 the nozzle is clearly choked)
P04
1
=
=1.918
4
Pc
1 0.333
1 0.95 2.333
P5=Pc=
1.710
= 0.891 bar
1.918
T5 = Tc =
5 =
2
2 960.4
T04 =
= 823.3K
+1
2.333
Pc
100 0.891
=
= 0.377
RTc 0.287 823.3
kg/m3
C5 = ( RTc ) 2 = (1.333 0.287 823.3 1000 ) 2 = 561.22 m/sec

A5=
m
15
=
= 0.0708m 2
5C 5 0.377 561.22
F = m(C j Ca ) + Aj ( Pj Pa )
F = 15(561.22 260) + 0.0708(0.891 0.411)105
F = 4518.3 + 3398.4 = 7916.7N
T02 = 547.02K
T03 T02 = 1200 547.02 = 652.8K
Therefore theoretical f = 0.01785 (Fig. 2.15)
Actual f =
S .F .C =
0.01785
= 0.0184
0.97
0.0184 3600 15
= 0.01255 kg/kN
7916.7
15
Problem 3.2
From problem 3.1 P04=1.710 bar
P05 = 1.17(1 0.03) = 1.658bar

P05
= 1.918
Pc
as before
P05 1.658
=
= 0.8644 bar
Pc 1.918
Since
T05 = 2000K,
5 =
T6 = Tc =
2
2000 = 1714.5K
2.333
100 0.8644
= 0.1756
0.287 1714.5
kg/m3
1
C5 = (1.333 0.287 1714.5 1000) 2 = 809.88

A5 =
15
= 0.1054
0.1756 809.88
m/s
m2
Percentage increase in area = 0.1054-0.0708=48.97%

F=15(809.88260)+0.1054(0.86440.411) 105
F=8248.2+4778.83=13027.03 N
Percentage increase in thrust =
13027.03 7916.7
= 64.56%
7916.7
16
Problem 3.3
Since P01 = Pa = 1 bar

T01 = Ta = 288 K
T02 T01 =
1
288 3.5
1 = 306.77K
9
0.82
0.85mc pg (T03 T04 ) =

T03 T04 =
mC pa
(T02 T01 )
1.005 306.77
= 322.678K
0.85 1.147 0.98
T03 T04 = jT03 1

P03 / P04
1 4
322.678 = 0.87 1275 1

P03 / P04
P03
= 3.955
P04
P03 = 9.0 0.45 = 8.55bar

P04 = 2.161bar
P04
. = 2.161
Pa
and
P04
1
=
4
Pa
1 0.333
1
0.95 2.333
So nozzle is choking even while landing

17
2.161
= 1.126bar
1.918
T04 = 1275 322.678 = 952.3K
P5 = Pc =
2
2 952.322
T5 = Tc =
= 816.4K
T04 =
2.333
+1
P
100 1.126
5 = c =
= 0.480 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 816.4
1
C5 = ( RTc ) 2 = (1.333 0.287 816.4 1000 ) 2 = 555.86 m/s

(m mb ) = 5 A5C5 = 0.480 0.13 558.86 = 34.87 kg/sec
mintake = 34.87 = 41.02
0.85
(N.B. mb, bleed at 90 produces no thrust. Also, ram drag based on intake flow)
F = (34.87 558.86 41.02 55) + 0.13(1.126 1) 105
F = (19487.44-2256.1)+1638
F =18869.34 N
or
F=18.87 kN
18
Problem 3.4
Isentropic expansion in nozzle:

P04 2.4
=
= 2.376
Pa 1.01
P04 + 1 1 2.333
=
=
= 1.851
Pc 2
2
2.4
Choking ; So P5 = Pc =
= 1.296 bar
1.851
T04 + 1 2.333
1000 2
and
T5 = Tc =
=
=
= 857.26 K
Tc
2
2
2.333
5 =
Pc
100 1.296
=
= 0.526
RTc 0.287 857.26
kg/m3
C5= ( RTc ) 2 = (1.333 0.287 857.26 1000 ) 2 = 572.68m/sec

A5 =
m
23
=
= 0.0763m 2
5C5 0.526 572.68
F = 23 572.68 + 0.0763(1.296 1.01)105

F = 13171.64 + 2182.18 = 15353.82N
or F = 15.35kN
19
P07
= 1.75
Pa
and
P07 = 1.01 1.75 = 1.768bar
1
Ta P07 3.5 288
3.5 1 = 56.74 K
1 =
T07 Ta =
1.75
(
)
c Pa
0.88
mh C pg (T04 T05 ) = mc C pa (T07 Ta )
But
mc
= 2.0
mh
2 1.005 56.74
= 99.43K
1.147
T05 = 1000 99.43 = 900.57 K
T04 T05 =
P04 = 1.597
99.43 = 0.90 1000 1
P04 P05
P05
2.4
= 1.503bar
P05 =
1.597
P05 1.503
=
= 1.488
Pa
1.01
Hot nozzle is now unchoked, so P6=Pa=1.01 bar

1
1
T05 P05
4
=
= 1.488 = 1.1045
T6 P6
900.57
T6 =
= 815.36 K
1.1045
T05 T6 = 85.2K
1
C6 = 2C p (T05 T06 ) 2 = (2 1.147 85.21 1000) 2

C6 = 442.12m/s
Hot nozzle thrust:
Fh = 23 442.12 = 10,168.8 N
The cold nozzle pressure ratio:=1.75, while the critical pressure ratio is :
P07 1.4 + 1
=
Pc 2
3.5
= 1.893
20
So this nozzle is also unchoked. Since the expansion is isentropic:

1
T07
= 1.75 3.5 = 1.1733
T8
288 + 56.74
= 293.8 K
1.1733
T07 T8 = 50.94 K
T8 =
and
T07 = 344.74
C8 = 2C p (T07 T8 ) 2 = ( 2 1.005 50.94 1000 ) 2 = 320 m/s

Cold thrust
Fc = 46 320 = 14720 N
Total thrust: =14720 + 10168.8 = 24888 N
or F=24.89 kN
21
Problem 3.5
From solution of turbofan example in Chapter 3:
T03=800 K
T04-T03=1550 800=750 K
Actual f =
0.0221
= 0.0223
0.99
m = 35.83 kg/s and Fs=71,463 N

S.F.C =
0.0223 35.83 3600

= 0.0403 kg/Nh
71463
P09=P02 0.05=1.65-0.05=1.60 bar

P
P
So nozzle is unchoked and 09 = 1.60 < 05
Pa
Pc
3.5

T09 T8 = njT09 1 1
P09 Pa
1 3.5
= 0.95 1000 1
=119.4 K
1.6
1
C8= ( 2 1.005 119.4 1000 ) 2 = 490 m/s

mc=179.2 kg/s
New thrust: Fc=179.2 490 = 87,808 N
Total thrust = Unchanged Fh+new Fc
= 18931+87808=106,739 N
T02=337.7 and T09 T02=1000-337.7=662.3 K
22
From Fig. 2.15, theoretical f = 0.01715

Actual f =
S.F.C=
0.01715
= 0.01768 for by-pass chamber
0.97
TotalFuel ( (0.01768 179.2 + 0.0223 35.83) 3600

=
106,739
Totalthrust
S.F.C=0.1338 kg/kN
23
Problem 3.6
Pa=0.899bar
Ta=281.7K
Ca=336.4 m/s
M=0.70
1 0.4
n 1
n 1
0.333
= 0.3210
= 0.90
= 0.2248
n c 0.89 1.4
n t
1.333
1 2
T01= Ta 1 +
M = 281.7(1 + 0.2 0.7 2 ) = 309.3K Tr = 27.61D C
2
1.4
P01 0.95 27.61 0.4

= 1 +
= 1.366
281.7
Pa
P01=1.228 bar
T02
0.3210
= ( 5.0 )
= 1.676 T02=472.2
T01
T12 = 162.9D C
T34 =
162.9 1.005
= 144.1 T04 = 1250 144.1 = 1105.9 K
1.148 0.99
T03 P03
=
T04 P04
0.2248
P
1250 0.2248
03 =
= 1.724
P04 1105.9
P03=1.366 5.0 0.945 = 6.454 bar P04 =
+ 1 1 1.333
Critical P.R =
=
2
2
6.454
= 3.744 bar
1.724
4.003
=1.852
P04 3.744
=
= 4.164 choked
Pa 0.899
P4=
3.744
2
= 2.022 bar T4=1105.9
=948.0 K
1.852
2.333
24
100 2.022
= 0.7432 kg/m3
0.287 948.0
C = RT 4 = 1.333 0.287 1000 948.0 = 602.2 m/s
A=
( 0.15)
= 0.01767
m= AC = 0.7432 0.01767 602.2 = 7.91 kg/s

Ca= 0.70 336.4 = 235.5 m/s
F= m ( C j Ca ) + ( Pn Pa ) A 105
=7.91 ( 602.2 235.5 ) + ( 2.022 0.899 ) 0.01767 105
=2900 N+1984 N=4884 N
Tcc = 1250 472 = 778, Tin=472 K ( f / a )id = 0.0212 f/a =
mf= 7.91 0.02141 3600 = 609.8 kg/hr
SFC=
609.8
= 0.1249 kg/Nh
4884
25
0.0212
= 0.02141
0.99
Problem 3.7
M=0.75; BPR=3.8; FPR=1.7
Ca=0.75 295.1 = 221.3 m/s
1 2
T01= Ta 1 +
M = 216.7(1 + 0.2 0.752 ) = 241.08K
2
Tr = 24.38C
P01 0.95 24.38
= 1 +
Pa
216.7
Fan
n 1
T02
= (1.7 ) n = 1.1837
T01
3.5
= 1.427 P01=0.2558 bar
n 1 0.286
=
= 0.3178
n
0.90
T02=285.36 T f = 44.28K P02=0.4400

HPC
T03
0.3178
= 1.9287 T03=550.38 P03=3.4757
= ( 7.9 )
T
02
T023 = 265.02
Combustor P04=3.4757(1 0.005)=3.3019
1.004 265.02
HP turbine T45 =
= 234.32 T05=985.7 K
1.147 0.99
LP turbine T56 =
1.004 44.28(3.8 + 1)
= 187.92 T06=797.8 K
1.147 0.99
P04 T04 n 1
=
P05 T05
n 1
= 0.286 0.9 = 0.2232
n
n
= 4.4803
n 1
P04 1220
=
P05 985.7
4.4803
= 2.60
26
P05 985.7
=
P06 797.8
P06 =
4.4803
= 2.579
3.3019
= 0.4924 bar
2.60 2.579
Cold Stream
(both choked)
Hot Stream
P02 = 0.4400 T02=285.4
P06 = 0.4924bar T06=797.8K
P2 =
0.4400
= 0.2324
1.893
P6 =
T2 =
285.4
= 237.8
1.2
2
T6 = 797.8
= 683.9
2.333
100 0.2324
= 0.3405
0.287 237.8
mc =
9.6 3.8
= 7.60
4.8
mh =
Cc = 1.4 287 237.8 = 309.1 m/s

A=
7.6
= 0.0722 m2
0.3405 309.1
0.4924
= 0.2659
1.852
100 0.2659
= 0.1355
0.287 683.9
9.6 1
= 2.00
4.8
Ch = 1.4 287 683.9 = 511.5 m/s

A=
2.0
= 0.02886 m2
0.1355 511.5
Fc = 7.6 ( 309.1 221.3) + 0.0722 ( 0.2324 0.1793) 105

= 667.3 + 383.4=1050.7
Fh = 2.0 ( 511.5 221.3) + 0.02886 ( 0.2659 0.1793) 105
= 580 + 250.0=830
F = 1880.7N
T04 = 1220, T03=550 f=0.0186
mf = 2.00 0.0186 3600 = 133.63 kg/hr
SFC=
133.63
= 0.0711 kg/Nh
1880.7
27
Problem 3.8
M=0.85; BPR=5.7; FPR=1.77
n 1 0.286
= 0.3178
=
n c 0.90
n 1 0.333 0.9
= 0.2248
=
1.333
n t
1 2
T01= Ta 1 +
M = 216.8(1 + 0.2 0.852 ) = 248.13K
2
Tr = 31.331C
P01 0.95 31.33
= 1 +
Pa
216.8
3.5
T02
0.31718
= (1.77 )
= 1.1989
T01
= 1.569 P01=0.227 1.569 =0.3561 bar P02=0.6303

T12 = 49.33K
T02=297.5
P03 34
= 19.21
=
P02 1.77
T03
0.3178
= 2.558 , T23 = 463.4
= (19.21)
T
02
T03=761K
T023 = 265.02
P04 = 0.3561 1.77 19.21 0.97 =11.74 bar
T45 =
1.004 463.4
= 409.4 T05=940.6 K
1.148 0.99
1
P04 1350 0.2248

=
= 4.99
P05 940.6
T56 =
1.004 49.33(5.7 + 1)
= 292.0 T06=648.6 K
1.148 0.99
T6=556.0 K
28
1
P05 940.6 0.2248

=
= 5.22
P06 648.6
P06 =
P
11.74
= 0.4505 bar 06 = 1.984 choked
4.99 5.22
Pa
Ca = 0.85 295.2
Cold Stream
(both choked)
Hot Stream
mc =
220 5.7
= 187.2
6.7
mh =
220
= 32.8
6.7
P2 =
P02 0.6303
=
= 0.3330
Pcr 1.893
P6 =
0.4505
= 0.2433
1.852
T2 =
297.5
= 247.9
1.2
100 0.3330
= 0.468
0.287 247.9
100 0.2433
= 0.1525
0.287 556
Cc = 1.4 287 247.9 = 315.6 m/s

A=
187.2
= 1.267 m2
0.468 315.6
Ch = 1.333 287 556 = 461.2 m/s

A=
32.8
= 0.466 m2
0.1525 461.2
Fc = 187.2 ( 315.6 250.9 ) + 1.267 ( 0.333 0.227 ) 105

=12.108+13430=25,538
Fh = 32.8 ( 461.2 250.9 ) + 0.466 ( 0.2433 0.227 ) 105
= 6898+760=7658
F = 33,196N (Fs=150.9)
f=
0.017
=0.0172
0.99
mf = 0.0172 32.8 3600 = 2028 kg/hr

SFC =
2028
= 0.0611 kg/Nh
33196
29
Problem 3.9
M 1.4 Turbofan (BPR=2.0, FPR=2.2)
Assume full expansion, i.e. no pressure thrust

0.4
n 1
= 0.3175
=
n c 0.90 1.4
n 1 0.333 0.9
= 0.2248
=
1.333
n t
1 2
T01= Ta 1 +
M = 216.7(1 + 0.2 1.42 ) = 301.65K
2
Tr = 84.95K
P01 0.93 84.95
= 1 +
Pa
216.7
3.5
= 2.968 P01=0.3594 bar
T02
0.3175
= ( 2.2 )
= 1.2845
T01
T02=387.46K T12 = 85.8K
T03
0.3175
= ( 9.0 )
= 2.009
T02
T03=778.39K T23 = 390.9 K
Assuming no cooling, 1.004 390.9 = 1.147 0.99 T45 T45 = 345.6 T5=1154.3K
1
P04 1500 0.2248

=
= 3.206
P05 1154.3
LP system (B+1) 1.004 85.8 = 1.147 0.99 T 56 T56 = 227.6 T6=926.7 K
1
P05 1154.3 0.2248

=
= 2.656
P06 926.7
P04= 0.3594 2.2 9.0 0.93 = 6.618 bar
P02=0.3594 2.2 = 0.7907 bar
P06 =
P
P
6.618
= 0.7772 bar 06 = 6.418 02 = 6.529
3.206 2.656
Pa
Pa
30
With full expansion to Pa

T 02
0.286
= ( 6.529 )
= 1.710 T2=226.6K ; Cc2 = 2 1.004 103 [387.4 226.6] = 568 m/s
T2
T 06
0.25
= ( 6.418 ) = 1.582 T6=582.2K ;
T6
Ch2 = 2 1.147 103 [926.7 582.2] = 888.9 m/s
mc = 70
2
= 46.67 ; mcCc=46.67 568 = 26508 N
2 +1
mh = 70
1
= 23.33 ; mhCh=23.33 888.9 = 20738 N
2 +1
47246N (gross)
Ca=1.4 295.1 = 413.1 ram drag = 70 413.1 = 28920N
[ SpecificThrust
= 261.8 N / kg / hr ]
T04-T03=1500-778-722 fideal = 0.023 f =
18326 N (nett)
0.023
= 0.0232
0.99
mf =23.33 0.0232 3600 = 1951 kg/hr

SFC=
1951
= 0.1065 kg/Nh
18326
Ca=413 m/s = (413/1000) 3600 km/h=1486 km/h

Flight time =
5600
= 3.766 hrs
1486.8
Fuel flow =3.766 2 1951 =14,697kg
31
Problem 3.10
Pa=1.013 bar ; Ta=303K
T12 =
303
150.286 1 = 437.5
0.81
T2 = 740.5 K Tcc = 1600 740.5 = 859.5D C

T34 =
437.5 1.005
1
= 398.8 398.8 = 0.87 1600 1 0.25

1.148 0.99 0.97
R
Rhp = 3.86
P3=1.013 15.0 0.95 = 14.43 bar P4=
14.43
= 3.74 bar
3.86
P4 3.74
=
= 3.692
P5 1.013
T4=1600 398.8 =1201.2 K
1
T45 = 1201.2 0.89 1

= 297.8 K
0.25
3.692
Specific output =1.148 297.8 0.99 0.985 = 33.4

Tcc = 860, Tin=467 D C
f/a=
kJ
kg
( f / a )ideal = 0.0254
0.0254
= 0.0257
0.99
Airflow =11.0 kg/s Power =333.4 11.0 = 3667 kW

mf= 0.0257 11.0 3600 = 1018.9 kg/hr
SFC=0.278 kg/kWh
32
Problem 3.11
Load compressor T =
308
3.650.286 1 = 156.9 K
0.88
Power = 3.5 1.004 156.9 = 551.2 kW

For gas turbine T12 =
308
120.286 1 = 379.6
0.84
T02 = 688 K
P03
= (12 1.01 0.95 ) /1.04 = 11.07
P04
1
T34 = 1390 0.87 1

= 546
0.25
11.07
m 1.148 546.0 0.99 = m 1.004 379.6 + 200 + 551.2
m[620.5 381.1]=755.8 m=
f/a (690, T = 700) =
755.8
= 3.16 kg/s
239.4
0.02
0.99
mf =
0.02
3.16 3600 = 229.6 kg/hr
0.99
SFC =
229.6
= 0.304 kg/kwhr
755.8
33
Problem 4.1
Flow area = (152 6.52 ) = 574 cm2= 0.0574 m2
C=
8.0
139.37
=
m/s
0.0574
3.5
P T
C2
, 0 = 0 ,
Ts= 288
2010 Ps Ts
c =
C2
2c p
Ps
100 Ps
P
=
= 348.4 s
RTs 0.287 Ts
Ts
We must find the axial velocity by iteration to satisfy continuity:

Let Cmax=150 m/s
C
Ts
T 0 /T s
P 0 /P s
Ps
Ccalc
150
11.12
276.8
1.0405
1.149
0.870
1.095
127.3
127.3
8.05
279.94
1.0288
1.104
0.905
1.127
123.7
123.7
7.61
280.39
1.0271
1.098
0.910
1.131
123.1
123.1
7.54
280.46
1.0269
1.097
0.911
1.132
123.1
Ca = 123.1 m/s,
Ts=280.46 K
At root, U= ( 0.065 2 ) 270 = 110.3 m/s
123.1
= 1.116
110.3
r = 48D10'
tan r =
34
At tip, U= ( 0.15 2 ) 270 = 254.4 m/s
123.1
= 0.4839
254.4
t = 25D 48'
tan t =
At tip V2=254.42+123.12=79720.42 V=282.3 m/s
a= 1.4 0.287 280.46 103 = 335.7 m/s
M=
282.3
= 0.841
335.7
35
Problem 4.2
T1=T01
C12
2302
=243.3 K
; T01 = 217 +
2Cp
2 1.005 103
243.3
P01=0.23
217
A=
( 0.33
4
3.5
= 0.343 bar
0.182 ) = 0.060 m2
m= ACa = AC cos 25 C =
3.6
0.060 0.906
C = 66.22
But based on stagnation conditions, for a first estimate
100 P0
100 0.343
=
= 0.491 kg/m3
0.287 T0 0.287 243.3
C=
66.22
= 134.87 m/s
0.491
First trial: Cmax=140 m/s

C
Ts
T0/Ts
P0/Ps
Ps
140
9.7
233.7
1.042
1.155
0.297
0.443
62
150
11.2
232.2
1.049
1.182
0.290
0.435
65.2
160
12.7
230.7
1.056
1.21
0.287
0.434
69.2
152.4
11.5
231.9
1.051
1.19
0.288
0.433
66.0
Take C=152.4
66.22
= 152.90 m/s
66.0
C1w=152.9 sin 25 = 152.9 0.4226 = 64.61 m/s

3.5
P02 c
U 2 Cw ( r ) mean
= 1 +
P01 C pT01
18 + 33 1
Ue = (r )mean=
270 2 = 216.3 m/s
2 100 2
36
U = 270 0.54 = 458 m/s

3.5
P02
1.04 0.8
0.9 4582 64.61 216.3

= 1 +
P01 1.005 243.3 103
P02
3.5
= (1.595 ) = 5.12
P01
P02=5.12 0.343=1.756 bar
37
Problem 4.3
P01 = Pa = 0.99 bar and T01=Ta=288K
1
T01 P02
T02-T01 = 429-288=
1
P01
288 2.97 3.5

1
= 0.753
c =
141 0.99
0.63
= 0.8835
17
16.5
U2 =
765 = 397.1m / s
100
=1
Hence: C2w = U 2 = 0.8835 397.1 = 351 m/s

2
Cr22
C2
3512
=429
3
2C p
2 1.005 10 2C p
T2=T02-
Therefore T2=367.7 r
2 =
A2 =
100 1.92 669

=
T2
0.287 T2
16.5 1.0
Cr 2 =
104
= 51.83 104 m 2
m
0.60
1 115.76
=
=
4
2 A2 51.83 10
2
2
r is small For the first trial let T2=366K

2 =
669
= 1.83
366
Hence Cr 2 = 63.26
m/ s
Final trial:
Cr 2
64.0
2.03
T2
366
Cr 2
1.827
63.5
T2=366 K
P2t T2t
=
P2 T2
3.5
429
=
366
3.5
= 1.743
38
P2t=1.92 1.743 = 3.347 bar

P02
141
= 1 + i m p
P01
288
3.5
3.347
141
= 1 + i m p
0.99
288
imp = 0.850
3.5
Fraction of loss in impeller =
1 0.87
= 0.607
1 0.753
39
Problem 4.4
(a) U2= 0.50 270 =424.12 m/s
1.04 0.9 424.122
= 167.5K
1.005 103
T02 = 455.5K
T =
3.5
P02 0.90 167.5

3.5
= 1 +
= (1.523) = 4.36
P01
288
P02 = 4.36 1.01 = 4.40bar
(b) Flow area at tip: =
50 5
104
= 0.0785 m2
C2w=0.9 424.12 = 381.7 m/s

2
381.7 96
If C2r=96 and c =
+
= 76.84
44.9 44.9
(noting
2 1.005 103 = 44.9 )
T2=455.5-76.84=378.66 K
P02 455.5
=
P2 378.66
2 =
3.5
= 1.909
100 2.30
= 2.12
0.287 378.66
P2=
4.40
= 2.30 bar
1.909
2 A2 Cr 2 = 2.12 0.0785 96 = 15.97
The agreement is close since the required flow is 16.0 kg/sec.

Cr 2 = 96 m/s
a = 0.287 1.4 378.66 103 = 390 m/s
C 22 = 381.7 2 + 962 C2 = 393.6 m / s
C2 393.6
=
= 1.01
390
a
96
= 0.251
tan =
381.7
M=
= 14D5
40
(c) P3t=P2t=4.40 bar

A=
58 5
10
3C3r =
= 0.0911m 2
16.0
= 175.6
0.0911
C3 w =
381.7 25
= 329 m/s
29
We must find Cr3 by trial and error; as a first guess assume:

Cr3=96
25
= 82.75m/s
29
T03=T02=455.5 K
C3w
C3r
T3
T0/Ts
P0/Ps
Ps
Cr
329
53.6
82.75
3.4
57.0
398.4
1.143
1.596
2.755
2.41
199.5
73
2.64
56.2
399.2
1.140
1.581
2.78
2.43
177.5
72.4
2.60
56.2
399.1
1.140
1.581
2.78
2.43
176
C3r = 72.4 m/s, T3 = 399.1 K
C32 = 3292 + 72.42
C3 = 336.87 m/s
a= 1.4 0.287 399.1 103 = 400.44 m/s

336.87
= 0.841
M=
400.44
tan =
72.4
= 0.22 = 12D 24'
329
41
Problem 4.5
T013 =
288 0.286
4
1 = 175.1 K
0.80
T013 =
p U 22
= 175.1
c p 103
U 22 =
1.005 175.1 103

= 1.876 105
1.04 0.90
U 2 = 433 m/s
d=
433
= 0.689 m
200
T03 = T02 = 175.1+288=463.1 K

At tip M=1.0 T2=T02 2 = 463.1 = 385.9 K
+ 1 1.2
a = 1.4 0.287 385.9 103

C2 = a = 393.7 m/s
C2w = 0.90 U 2 = 0.90 433 = 389.7 m/s

C 22 = C 22r + C 22w
C 22r = 393.72 389.72=3133.6
C 2r = 55.97 m/s
With a 50% loss in impeller, I = 0.90
T '012
= 0.90 175.1 = 157.59 K
P02 157.59
= 1+
P01
288
3.5
= 4.607bar
42
P02 = 1 4.607 = 4.607 bar
P02 + 1 1
3.5
=
= 1.2 = 1.893
P2 2
4.607
= 2.434 bar
P2 =
1.893
2 =
100 2.434
= 2.198 kg/m3
0.287 385.9
m= AC2 r
h =
A=
14.0
= 0.1138
2.198 55.97
m2
0.1138
100 = 5.257 cm
0.689
43
Problem 5.1
At mean radius, m Cw = mC p T
1.005 20 103
= 108.1m/s
0.93 200
Cw =
C0w=
200 108.1
= 45.95m/s
22
tan 0
tan 1
45.95
= 0.307
0 = 17D 4' ( = 2 )
150
200 45.95
=
= 1.027 1 = 45D 44' ( = 3 )
150
=
With free vortex, Cwr=constant i.e. CwU= constant
Tip
C0w 250 = 46.0 200
C0 w
= 36.8 m/s
44
Cwu = constant
Cw =
108.1 200
= 86.4 m/s
250
tan 0 =
36.8
= 0.245, 0 = 13D 46'
150
tan 1 =
250 36.8
= 1.421, 1 = 54D53'
150
tan 2 =
36.8 + 86.4
= 0.845, 2 = 40D14'
150
tan 3 =
36.8 + 86.4
= 0.821, 3 = 39D 26'
150
Root
C0w 150 = 46 200
Cw =
108 200
= 144
150
C0 w = 61.3 m / s
m/ s
tan 0 =
61.3
= 0.409, 0 = 22D15'
150
tan 1 =
150 61.3
= 0.591, 1 = 30D36'
150
tan 2 =
150 (144 + 61.3)

= 0.369, 2 = 20D15'
150
tan 3 =
144 + 61.3
= 1.369, 3 = 53D51'
150
static enthalpy rise in rotor

Stagnation enthalpy rise in stage
Now (T0+
T1 T0
20
C2
C02
C2
C2
+ 20) =T1+ 1 T1 T0 = 20 + 0 1
2C
2C p
2C p
p 2C p
45
1
3
10
Tip
C0=
150
cos13D 46'
150
= 154.5 T1-T0=20+11.19-18.8=13.1
0.9712
C1=
150
cos39D 26'
150
= 194.1
0.7724
150
= 162.1
0.9255
13.1
= 65.5%
20
Root
C0=
150
cos 22D15'
T1-T0=20+
C1=
1 162.12
254.22
103 2 1.005 2 1.005
150
cos53D51'
T1 T0 = 0.92,
150
= 254.2
0.5899
=
T1-T0=20+13.07-32.15
0.92
= 4.6%
20
(N.B.: is very sensitive to small errors in C0 and C1)
46
Problem 5.2
Velocity diagram at mid span is as in previous question.
Cw : mean = 108, tip =86.3, root =144 m/s
Equal work at all radius
Tip
C0w=
250 86.3
= 81.85 m/s
2
tan 0 =
81.85
= 0.546, 0 = 28D36' ( = 2 )
150
tan 1 =
250 81.85
= 1.121, 1 = 48D16' ( = 3 )
150
47
Root
C0w =
150 144
= 3 m/s
2
tan 0 =
3
= 0.0020, 0 = 2 = 07 '
150
tan 1 =
150 3
= 0.980, 1 = 3 = 4425'
150
48
Problem 5.3
(a) With no inlet guide vanes the inlet velocity is axial.
T = 288
a=
140 140 1
= 278.25 K
2 1.005 103
RT = 1.4 0.287 278.25 103 = 334.4 m/s
V= 0.95 334.4 = 317.7 m/s

V2=U2+C2 U2 = 317.7 2 1402 = 81333.3
U=285.2 m/s
D N = 285.2 D=
285.2
= 0.908 m
100
Tip radius =0.454 m or 45.40 cm

(b)
P0 T0
=
P T
3.5
288
=
278.25
3.5
= 1.128
P=
1.01
= 0.895 bar
1.128
0.895 100
= 1.121 kg/m3
0.287 278.25
Dhub = 0.60 0.908 = 0.545 m

A=
(0.9082 0.5452 ) = 0.4143m2
m = 1.121 0.4143 140 =65.02 or m=65 kg/s

3.5
P
0.89 20
= 1.2335
(c) 02 = 1 +
288
P01
49
(d) At the root we have axial inlet velocity. Free vortex gives constant work at all radii and
constant axial velocity.
Uh=0.60 285.2 = 171.1 m/s
1
= mC p T
103
C p T 103 1.005 20 103
Cw =
=
= 126.3m/s
171.1 0.93
u
mU Cw
tan 1 =
171.1
= 1.2221, 1 = 50D 44'
140
tan 2 =
171.1 126.3
= 0.320, 2 = 17D 46'
140
At tip
Cw = 126.3 0.60 = 75.78m/s
tan 1 =
285.2
= 2.0371, 1 = 63D50'
140
tan 2 =
285.2 75.78
= 1.4958, 2 = 56D14'
140
Power input =65 1.005 20 = 1306.5 kW
50
Problem 5.4
n 1 0.286
=
= 0.325
n
0.88
T02
0.325
= ( 4.0 )
= 1.569
T01
T012 = 288[1.569 1] = 163.9K
Number of stages =
#
163.9
= 6.556 i.e. 7 stages
25
T
163.9
=
= 23.4 K/stage
7
of stages
For first stage:
Tout 288 + 23.4

=
= 1.0812
288
Tin
1.0812 = (R) 0.325 Rfirst=1.271

For last stage:
Tout=288+163.9=451.9 K
Tin = 451.9-23.4=428.5 K;
Tout
= 1.0546
Tin
1.0546= (R)0.325 Rlast=1.178
mU Cw
1
= mC p T ; (note that Ca=165 cos20)
103
Cw = U 2C sin 20 = U 330sin 20
U (U 112.9)
1
= C p T
103
51
U2 112.9U=
1.005 23.4 103

0.83
U2 112.9U-28.3 103 = 0
U =
112.9 112.92 + 4 28.3 103 112.9 354.9

=
2
2
U = 233.9 m/s
DN
60
= 233.9 N=
60 233.9
= 24817.5 rpm
0.18
At the entry to last rotor:

T0=428.5; P0=
4 1.01
= 3.43 bar
1.178
C=165 m/s T=428.5 P0 T0

=
P T
P=
3.5
428.5
=
414.96
1652
= 414.96 K
2.01 103
3.5
= 1.1189
3.43
= 3.07 bar
1.1189
100 3.07
= 2.58 kg/m3
0.287 414.96
( Dh ) Ca = m
0.18 h 2.58 165cos 20 = 3.0
h =
3.0
0.18 2.58 165 0.9397
= 0.01326 m
h = 1.326 cm
52
Problem 5.5
Axial:
n 1 0.286
n 1 0.286
=
= 0.311 Centrifugal:
=
= 0.3446
n
0.92
n
0.83
T2=288+120=408 K
For axial T = 4 30 = 120 K
P
T02 408
=
= 1.417 = 02
T01 288
P01
0.311
P02
= 3.07
P01
P03 10.0
=
= 3.257
P02 3.07
Axial :
mU Cw
1
= mC p T
103
Cw = U 2Ca tan 20 = U-300 0.364 = U 109.2

103 1.005 30
=35.05 103
0.86
U(U-109.2)=
U2-109.2U-35.05 103 =0
109.22 + 4 35.05 103 109.2 390
=
2
2
U= 109.2
U=249.6 m/s
249.6=
DN
60
N=
60 249.6
= 19068 rpm
0.25
Centrifugal:
T03 P03
=
T02 P02
0.3446
= ( 3.257 )
0.3446
= 1.502
T023 = 0.502 408 = 204.82 K

T =
U 22
Cp
0.90 1.04 U 22
1.005 103
U 22 =
1.005 103 204.82

0.90 1.04
U2=468.95 m/s
N(Centrifugal) =
60 468.95
= 27140 rpm
0.33
53
Problem 6.1
(a) From Fig. 2.15, for T1=298 K and T = 583 K, theoretical f=0.0147
b =
0.0147
= 0.980
0.0150
(b) From Fig. 2.15, for f=0.0150 and T1=298 K, theoretical T = 593 K
b =
583
= 0.983
593
(c) mass of CO per kg of fuel:

m=
28
0.04 0.8608 = 0.0803 kg
12
Actual released energy = 43100(0.0803 10110)

Efficiency based on released energy:
43100 (0.0803 10110)
= 1 0.0188
43100
= 0.9812
54
Problem 6.2
The combustion equation:
C10H12 +65O2+244.5N2 10CO2+6H2O+52O2+244.5N2
132kg 2080
6846
440
108
1664
Fuel/ air ratio =
132
= 0.0148
( 2080 + 6846 )
6846
Since the H2O will be in vapour phase, we require H vap , given by:
H vap = 42500 +
108
2442 = 40500 KJ/kg of C10H12
132
Energy equation is:
(Hp2-Hp0)+ H 0 + H R0 H R1 =0
Where the first stage is 325 K for C10H12 and 450 K for air
Mean temperature of reactants O2 and N2 is
450 + 298
= 374 K
2
From fig. 2.15 for f=0.0148 and for an initial temperature of 450 K
For air, temperature rise T = 565 K.
Hence approximate final temperature T2=565+450 =1015 K
First guess at mean temperature of products = (1015+298)/2=656.5 K. Mean values of Cp from
tables are
: R- reactants, P- products.
O2
N2
Rs
0.934
1.042
Ps
CO2
H2O
O2
N2
1st Guess
1.105
2.051
1.019
1.088
2nd Guess
1.047
2.041
1.014
1.084
55
mCp
460.7
220.4
1687.2
7421.1
9789.4
(T2 298) {( 440 1.105 ) + (108 2.051) + (1664 1.019 ) + (6846 1.088)}
(132 40500 ) ( 450 298 ) ( 2080 0.934 ) + ( 6846 1.042 )
( 325 198 ) [132 1.945]
= (T2 298 ) 985.5 5,35,000 152 9073 27 257 = 0
T2=298+
6736000
= 982 K
9855
Second guess at mean temperature of products=1280/2=640 K
T2=298+
6736000
= 986.1 K
9789.4
56
Problem 6.3
Under design conditions:
T01=T1+
475=
475=
C12
P
m2
= 1 + 2 2
2C p R 1 2 1 A1 C p
4.47 100
9.02
+ 2
0.287 1
2 1 0.03892 1.005 103
1557
26.70
12
475 12 1557 1 26.70 = 0

From which : 1 =
1557 1557 2 4 475 (26.76)

2 475
1 = 3.294 kg/m3
Hence:
0.27 105
1023
=19.0+ K2
1
2
2
9.0 / 2 3.294 0.0975
475
20.88=19.0+1.153 K2
K2=1.630
Part-load conditions:
439=
3.52 100
7.42
1226.5 18.004
+ 2
=
+
2
3
1
12
0.287 1
2 1 0.0389 1.005 10
439 12 1226.51 18 = 0
1 = 2.808 kg/m3
105 P0 =
7.42
2 2.808 0.09752
900
19.0 + 1.630 439 1
P0 = 0.213 bar
At design : C1=
m
9.0
=
=70.24 m/s
1 A1 3.294 0.0389
7.4
=67.75 m/s
2.808 0.0389
P
4.47 100
At design: T1= 1 =
= 472.8 K
R 1 0.287 3.294
At part load: C1=
57
T
P01=P1 01
T1
/ 1
475
= 4.47
472.8
3.5
= 4.543 bar
P0 0.27
=
=0.0594
P01 4.543
At part load: T1=
3.52 100
= 436.78 K
0.287 2.808
439
P01=3.52
436.78
3.5
= 3.583bar
P0 0.213
=
= 0.0595
P01 3.583
58
Problem 7.1
C2=
Ca
260
=
= 615.2 m/s
cos 65 0.4226
Cw2= 615.22 2602 = 557.5 m/s

Tan 2 =
557.5 360
= 0.7596 2 = 37D13'
260
Cw3=260 tan 10=260 0.1763 = 45.84 m/s

Tan 3 =
360 + 45.84
=1.5609 3 = 57D 22'
260
Since C1=C3 and Ca is constant:

=
Ca
260
( tan 3 tan 2 ) =
(1.5609 0.7596 )
2U
2 360
= 0.289
Temperature drop coefficient:
2C p T0 s
U
2U Cw 2 ( 557.5 + 45.84 )
=
=3.35
U2
360
Power output =mU Cw = 20 360 (557.5 + 45.84 )

P=4343760W or 4344 KW
T2=T01-
C22
615.22
= 835 K
=1000
2294
2C p
59
T2 T2' = N
C22
615.22
= 0.05
= 8.25 K
2C p
2294
T '2 = 835 8.25 = 826.75 K
P01 T01
=
P2 T2'
P2 =
/ 1
1000
=
= 2.14
826.75
4
= 1.869 bar
2.140
For isentropic flow, critical pressure ratio Pc/Pa=1.853.
P01
> 1.853. The nozzle is choking
P2
The throat conditions are:

Pc=
2
2
4.0
= 2.158 bar, Tc=
1000 = 857 K
T01 =
1.853
2.333
+1
c =
Pc
2.158 100
=
= 0.877 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 857
Cc= 1.333 0.287 857 103 = 572.6 m/s

Athroat=
c Cc
20
= 0.0398 m2
0.877 572.6
60
Problem 7.2
T013
= t T01 1
P01 P03
4
1
=0.88 1050 1 = 147 K

2
T03 = 1050 147=903 K

With zero outlet swirl:
Ws=UCw2=Cp T013
And with free vortex,
Cwr = constant
Hence at root
(Cw2)r =
C p T013
U
1.147 147 103

= 562 m/s
300
Now at root, = 0
T2 T3
= 0 hence T2=T3
T1 T3
T02-
C2
C22r
=T03 3 ; T02=T01 and C3=Ca3=275 m/s
2C p
2C p
Hence
C22r
2752
+ 147 = 180 K
=
2C p 2294
C2r=642.6 m/s
61
2 r = sin 1
562
= sin 1 0.8746 = 61D
642.6
(Ca2)r = 642.62 5622 = 311.6 m/s

tan 2 r =
( Cw 2 ) r U r
( Ca 2 ) r
562 300
= 0.8406
311.6
2 r = 40D 4'
(Ca2)t=(Ca2)r=311.6 m/s and
(Cw2)t=
rt
= 1.4
rr
562
=401.4 m/s
1.4
401.4
1
= tan (1.2882 )
311.6
2t = tan 1
2t = 5210'
C2t= 401.42 + 311.62 = 508.15 m/s
With no exit swirl T3t=T3r=903
T2t=1050
2752
= 870 K
2294
508.152
= 937.5 K
2294
(T1-T3)= T013 because C1=C3 with no inlet or exit swirl

tip =
T2t T3t 937.5 870

=
=0.46
147
T1 T3
At the root T2r-T2r= n
C22r
642.62
=0.05
2294
2Cp
T2r T2r = 9 K
T2r=(1050 180) 9.0 =861 K
P01 T01
=
P2 T'2
/ 1
P03 T03
=
P3 T'3
/ 1
3.8
1050
= 1.719 bar
=
= 2.21 P2 =
2.21
861
3.8 / 2
903
= 1.638 bar
=
= 1.16 P3 =
1.16
870
62
Problem 7.3
T3=T03
C22
4002
= (1200 150)
= 980.2K
2C p
2294
Um =2 rm N or rm=
T013
320
= 0.2037 m
2 250
= t T01 1
P01 / P03
1 4
T013
150
=1
= 0.8611
=1
0.90 1200
t T01
P01 / P03
P01
8
= 4.4bar
= 1.818 P03=
1.818
P03
P03 T03
=
P3 T3
3 =
A3=
h=
/ 1
4.4
1050
= 3.343 bar
=
= 1.316 P3=
1.316
980.25
P3
3.343 100
=1.19 kg/m3
=
RT3 0.287 980.25
m
36
=
=0.0756 m2 (N.B. C3=Ca3)
3C3 1.19 400
A
0.0756
=
=0.0591 m
2 rm 2 0.2037
rt 0.2037 + (0.0591/ 2) 0.233

=
=
= 1.34
rr 0.2037 (0.0591/ 2) 0.1741
A2 = A3
Ca2 must satisfy Ca2=
m
and Ca2= C 2 Cw2 2
2 A2
Ws=Cw2U=Cp T013 (because 3 = 0 )

Cw2=
1.147 150 103

= 537.6 m/s
320
If Ca2=346 m/s C22 = 3462 + 537.62 C2=639 m/s

C22
C2
6392
= 1022 K
=T01- 2 =12002294
2C p
2C p
T2=T02-
T2=T2 N
P2=
C22
=1022-0.07 178 = 1009.5 K
2C p
P01
(T01
T2 ' )
8.0
(1200 /1009.5 )
8.0
= 4.008 bar
1.995
63
2 =
4.008 100
= 1.366 kg/m3
0.287 1022
Ca2=
m
36
=
= 348 m/s (agrees with given 346 m/s)
C2 A3 1.366 0.0756
At the root, for free vortex design, we have:

rm 0.2037
=
= 1.17
rt 0.1741
(C w2 )r =(C w2 )m
rm
= 537.6 1.17 =629 m/s
rr
Ca2 is constant at 346 m/s. Hence:

C2r= 6292 + 3462 = 717.9 m/s
T2r=1200
UR=
7182
=975.3 K
2294
320
= 273.5 m/s
1.17
V2r= 3462 + (629 273.5) 2 = 496.1 m/s

a2r= RT2 r = 1.333 0.287 975.3 103 =610.86 m/s
(Mv2)r=
496.1
=0.812
610.86
64
Problem 7.4
Cr2=constant
(1)
Cw2r=constant
(2)
From (2), since Ca2=Cw2 cot 2
rm
r 2
Ca2r=constant and Ca2=(Ca2)m

r
Also U=Um
rm 2
Now,
U
= tan 2 tan 2
Ca 2
Um r
tan 2 =tan 2 ( Ca 2 )m rm
tan 2 =(tan 2 ) m = tan 58D 23' =1.624

Um
= tan 58 D 23-tan 20 D 29' =1.624-0.374=1.25
( Ca 2 ) m
(N.B. Flow coefficient (Ca/U)m=0.8 for this mean diameter design)
2
r
Hence, tan 2 = 1.624 1.25
rm 2
65
rm
r
2
rm
r
2
tan 2
Root
1.164
1.357
0.709
Tip
0.877
0.769
We therefore have untwisted nozzles.

Cw2 rx=constant where x= sin 2 2 = sin 2 58D 23' =0.726 With
2 = constant, we also have Ca2 rx = constant.

x
r
Hence, Ca2= (Ca2)m m
r 2
This with

U=Um r yields
rm 2
x +1
r M
tan 2 = tan 2 -
rm 2 Ca 2 m
1.726
rm

r
tan 2
Root
1.164
0.662
35 D 20
Tip
0.797
0.056
3 D 12'
66
35 D 20
0
Problem 7.5
m= 3 AC3 =
P3
A
RT3
P3
A 2C p T03 T3
RT3
2C p T01 Tw T3
Assuming isentropic expansion,

T
P3=P01 3
T01
m=
m=
A 2C p
R
A 2C p
R
( / 1)
P01
T3
T01( / 1)
(T01 Tw T3 )
+1
1
P01
T3
T01( / 1)
(T01 Tw ) T3
For the given inlet conditions m is a maximum when
dm
= 0 i.e when:
dT3
2
+ 1 1
T3 = 0
(T01 Tw ) T3(3 ) /( 1)
1
1
T3= 2 (T01 Tw )
+1
Hence, writing K=
A 2C p
mmax= K (T01 Tw )
mmax= K (T01 Tw )
mmax= K (T01 Tw )
R
+1
1
+1
1
+1
1
01
( / 1)
T01
2
+1
1
1
2 2
+ 1
+ 1
2
2
1
1
2 2 2
+ 1
+1 +1
2 1 1
+1 +1
67
But
Cp
R
mmax =
mmax
mmax
AP01
T01( / 1)
T01
AP01
T01
AP01
(T01 Tw )
+1
1
+1
+1
+1
2 1 2 1 ( 1)
+1
R 1
( + 1) 1
+1
2 1 Tw 1 T01 1
1
+1
R +1
T01
1
T01
+1
2 1 T
1
R + 1
T
01
+1
Hence maximum mass flow will vary with N/ T01 because Tw varies with P01/P03.
68
Problem 8.1
N=250 rev/s Angular velocity = 2 N = 1570.5 rad/s
Rr=0.1131m
Rt=0.2262 m
= 4500 kg/m3 (Ti-6Al-4V) ref table page 407

Centrifugal stress at the root
r =
=
2
2
( Rt Rr ) K
4500 (1570.5 )
2
( 0.2262
0.11312 ) ( 0.6 )
127.8 MPa
Material UTS=880 MPa
Endurance limit =350 MPa
Assess the vibratory stress at failure Goodman diagram
-vibratory stress at failure 300MPa -high
-Allowable approximately 1 100 MPa
3
69
Problem 8.2
N=250 rev/s
R0=0.113m; Ri=0.105m
Width=0.025m
Blade m 0.020 kg
rcg 0.163m
= 4500 kg/m3,
Material
UTS = 880 MPa
For a thin ring rotor (eq 8.29)

2
t = 2 Rring
+
Rring =
Frim
2 Aring
0.113 + 0.105
= 0.109m
2
Aring =0.025(0.113-0.105)
=2 104 m2
Frim =43 ( mr 2 )
= 43 ( 0.02 0.163 1570.52 ) 345,750N
t = 4500 (1570.5 ) ( 0.109 ) +

2
345,750
2 ( 2 104 )
=131.87 106 + 275 106 407.06 106 Pa
t = 407 MPa
Considering burst, for UTS = 880MPa and burst margin of 1.2, the maximum
allowable t
( t )allowable =
880
(1.2 )
= 611 MPa >> 407MPa
The design is conservative; but acceptable for a conceptual design.
70
Problem 8.3
t[hrs]
[MPa]
PLM
T[K]
t1%[hrs]
TO+Climb
0.33
300
26.8
1150
2,015
1.489 10-4
Cruise
220
28
1000
100,000
5 10-5
Descent+L
0.5
150
29.5
1050
124,520
4 10-6
t1%
2.029 10-4
4,929 flights
PLM is obtained from figure 8.7, for CMSX-10
71
Problem 8.4
Haynes 188 at 1033K
= 0.01N f 0.06 + 0.7 N f 0.72
Source: Manson, S. S. and Halford, G. R., Fatigue and durability of structural materials (ASM International, 2006),
where it is Figure 6.15(c). Reprinted with permission of ASM International . All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org
1 = 0.009 Nf1 = 2 103 cycles

2 = 0.007 Nf2 = 1 104 cycles
Using Miners rule (linear damage accumulation)
n
n
n
n
+
=1=
+
3
2 10 1 104
N f1 N f 2
1=
12 103
1 104 n + 2 103 n
n
=
7
2 107 n
2 10
n 1,670 cycles of each loading.
72
Problem 8.5
Rigid bearings : Kr= rotor stiffness
1
K r N 2 kgm 2 1
=
= 2
=s
m mkg
s mkg
m=20 kg ; =
N
30
= 5, 235 rad/s
K 2
5,235= r Kr=548 106 N/m
20
Soft bearings: total stiffness

1 Kr + Ks
548 106 + 1 107
=
=
Kt
K r Ks
548 106 1 107
= 1.018 107
Kt = 9.821 106 N/m
First critical speed
9.821106
= 700.7 rad/s = 6,693 6,700 rpm
20
Plot the critical speed as a function of support stiffness!
73
Problem 9.1
Note: In the problems for chapter 9, we are dealing with stagnation conditions at all times and
the suffix 0 has dropped throughout.
Flow compatibility is expressed by:

m T1
P1
m T3
P3
P3
T
1
P1
T3
And
P3 P2 P2 P3 P2
P
P
=
= 0.05 2 = 0.95 2
P1 P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
m T1
P
288
P
=14.2 0.95 2
= 6.903 2
P1
P1
P1
1100
m T1
P1
P2
P1
6.903
P2
P1
5.0
34.515
32.9
4.7
32.444
33.8
4.5
31.064
34.3
From curves, equilibrium point is at:

P2
=4.835,
P1
m T1
=33.4,
P1
c = 0.795
74
P3
=0.95 4.835 =4.59
P1
And from turbine characteristic graph: t = 0.8497

m=
33.4 1.01
= 1.988 kg/s
288
Net power output = mCpg T34 1 mC pa T12
1 4
Poutput = 1.988 1.147 0.8497 1100 1

4.59
1.988 1.005
1
288
3.5 1
4.835
(
)
0.795
Poutput = 675.189 411.620 = 263.989KW
Net power output = 264 KW
75
Problem 9.2
m T4
P4
m T3
P3
P3
T
4
P4
T3
T
T4
= 1 34
T3
T3
T34
1
= t 1 1 ;
T3
r4
P3
P4
P3
P4
2.00
r=
P3
; and t = 0.85
P4
T34
T3
T4
T3
1.189
0.135
0.865
2.25
1.2247
0.156
2.50
1.257
0.174
m T4
=188
P4
m T3
P3
when
m T3
P3
m T4
P4
0.930
88.2
164.05
0.844
0.918
90.2
186.31
0.826
0.909
90.2
205.0
T4
T3
P3
=2.270 (graphical solution)
P4
=90.2
T34
1 4
= 0.85 1
= 0.1575
2.27
T3
76
From compatibility of flow:

m T1
P1
m T3
P3
P3
T
1 and P3=P2
P1
T3
m T3 / P3 ( P2 / P1 )
T3
=
T1
m T1 / P1
T3 90.2 ( P2 / P1 )
=
T1
m T1 / P1
-----------------------------(A)
From compatibility of work:

T
T T T3 C pg m 0.1575 1.147 0.98 T3
=
=
= 0.1762 3 -------(B)
T1
T3 T1 C pa
T1
T1
1.005
0.286
T12 1 P2
=
1
T1
c P1
P2
P1
m T1
P1
T3
T1
T3
T1
P2
P1
0.286
T12
T1
(A)
T3
T1
1 T
=
0.1762 T1
(B)
5.2
220
2.13
4.54
0.82
1.602
0.734
4.17
5.0
236
1.91
3.65
0.83
1.584
0.704
3.99
4.8
244
1.77
3.15
0.82
1.566
0.690
3.92
T
P2
= 5.105 and 3 = 4.06, from graphical solution
P1
T1
Hence T3=1170 K
77
Problem 9.3
At outlet of gas generator turbine
m T4
P4
m T3
P3
P3
T
4
P4
T3
T4
1
;
= 1 t 1
and
P3 / P4
T3
m T4
P4
m T3
P3
P3
1
;
1 t 1
P3 / P4
P4
t = 0.85
1
1
4
1
P
P
3 4
1
4

1 t 1
P /P
3 4
P3
P4
P3

P4
1.3
1.0678
0.064
0.972
20.0
25.27 1.92
1.5
1.1067
0.097
0.958
44.0
63.22 1.664
1.8
1.1583
0.137
0.940
62.0
104.90 1.387
The value of P4/Pa in the table is found from

P4 P4 P3 P2 P4
P
=
= 0.96 2.60 = 2.496 4
Pa P3 P2 Pa P3
P3
Hence curves from which power turbine pressure ratio is r = 1.55
78
m T3
P3
m T4
P4
P4
Pa
And gas generator turbine pressure ratio r=1.61

Use work compatibility equation to find T3
T12 T34 T3 C pg m
=

T1
T3
T1 C pa
1
1
1 4
P2 3.5
T
1
Cpa
1 = m C pg T3 1
c P1
P3 / P4
T1 must be given. Compressor efficiency from compressor characteristic once operating point
m T1 m T3 P3
T
=
1 where T3 unknown, so trial and error method required.
found from
P1
P3
P1
T3
79
Problem 9.4
For gas generator turbine
m T4
P4
m T3
P3
P3
T
4
P4
T3
T34
T4
1
;
where
=1
= 1 t 1
P3 / P4
T3
T3
and t is constant.
Thus:
m T4
P3
P3
= f
from gas generator turbine characteristics.
P4
Since power turbine is choking at all conditions considered, the gas generator turbine is
T34
operating at a fixed pressure ratio and hence fixed value of
.
T3
(a) At 95% of speed, work compatibility yields
1
T1 P2
m C pg T34 = C pa
1
c P1
T34 = C pa
1
T1
3.5 1
4.0
(
)
m C pg 0.863
C paT1 0.486
m C pg 0.863
At 100% speed we have similarly:

T34 = C pa
1
T1
C paT1 0.5465
3.5 1 =
4.6
(
)
C 0.859
m C pg 0.859
m pg
T
T
= 34
But: 34
1075 95% speed T3 100% speed
Therefore;
T3= 1075
0.5465 0.863
= 1214.5 K
0.859 0.486
(b) 95% mechanical speed at 273 K.
80
N
T1
(%design) = 95
288
=97.57 %
273
From the operating line
T =
m=
m T1
p
= 439, 2 = 4.29 and c = 0.862
P1
P1
273
(4.29)0.286 1 = 163.6K
0.862
439 0.76
273
= 20.19 kg/s
Power=20.19 1.005 163.5 = 3318 kw.
81
Problem 9.5
Work compatibility yields:
1
= m T1
mt T3 1
c
P3 / P4
c
Let:
3.5
P
2
1
P1
P3 P2
= =r
P4 P1
At design point:
1
1
3.5
3.5
T1 r 1
4 1
mc mb
1
1
1

1
1
mc
tc
0.8
0.85
3.3
3.5
1 3.5
1 1
T3 1
r
4
m mc mb
=
= 0.6622
mc
mc
mb
m
= 1 0.6622 = 0.3378 = b
mc
mc
T1 / P1
T1 / P1
Therefore at design point:

mb T1
= 0.3378 22.8 = 7.70
P1
(m m ) T
(m mb ) T3
b
3
c
= c
1
1
P3 1 2
P3 1 r 2
r
d
And
T3 is constant.
mc mb
P
= 3
( mc mb )d ( P3 )d
1
1
r 1 2
2
r =
r Thus : P =P
3
2
1
1
1 2 rd 1 2
rd
rd
1
mc T1 / P1 mb T1 / P1 r 1 1 r 2
r2 1
=
=
22.8 7.7
4 1 1/16
15
mc T1 / P1 mb T1 / P1 = 3.899 r 2 1 --------------------(1)
82
Also from work compatibility:

mc T1 / P1 mb T1 / P1
mc T1 / P1
0.4457( r1 3.5 1)
------------------(2)
1
3.5
1 1
r
3
Now: mb T1 / P1 = 7.7 = 5.775
4
From (1): mc T1 / P1 = 5.775 + 3.889 r 2 1
(2) becomes:
1
5.775
5.775 + 3.899 r 2 1
r2
r2 1
3.5
12.25
3.35
3.0
9.0
2.5
2.25
0.4457(r1 3.5 1)
, solve by trial and error
1
3.5
1 1
r
5.775 + 3.899 r 2 1
left-hand-side
13.08
18.85
0.694
2.83
11.05
16.82
0.657
6.25
2.29
8.94
14.71
0.607
5.06
2.015
7.865
13.63
0.576
1
3.5
3.899 r 2 1
0.4457 r1 3.5 1
1 1 3.5
r
3.5
1.430
0.192
0.301
0.638
3.0
1.369
0.164
0.270
0.607
2.5
1.299
0.133
0.230
0.578
2.25
1.261
0.116
0.207
0.560
From curves, r = 2.08

Hence;
mc T1 / P1 = 5.775+ 3.899 2.082 1 = 12.886
83
right-hand-side

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T04 = 1150 309 = 841K

T03 T04 = t T03 1

308.992 = 0.87 1150 1

Specific power output:

T02 = 288 + 345.6 = 633.6K

3600 f 3600 0.01429

P03 = 3.8 0.12 = 3.68bar

Net work output

W = m ( load ) [( m mc )C pg (T03 T04 )

200 = 0.98[( m 1.5) 1.147 256.87

200 = 288.73m 433.1 156.5m

With no bleed flow:

Wc= (1.005 T12 ) / 0.99

Wt= 1.148(1 B) T034

T03 = ( 2.284 )0.2223 = 1.202

T04=1268.7 K, Thp = 256.3

m for 240 MW = 240000 = 523.9 kg/s

Tcc = 1550 569 = 981D C

T7=1300 182.9 = 1117.1K

HPT,250.1= 0.88 1550 1 0.25 Rhp=2.248

LPT, 182.9= 0.89 1300 1 0.25 RLP=1.990 P7=8.76 bar

T78 = 0.89 1117.1 1

m 1.148 0.99 416.3 = 100,000 m=211.3 kg/s

Specific output =1.148 0.99 416.3 = 473.1

EGT =1117.7-416.3 =701.4 K=428.4 D C

P6=1.013 1.02 = 1.0333

T56 = 0.88 1037.8 1

Power =112.0 1.147 0.99 213.1 = 27,106 kW

Tcc = 1285 799 = 486D C

mf= 0.0139 112.0 =1.56 kg/s

T02 T01 = T01[(

T04 T03 = 300[20.4518 1] = 110.3K

P03 = 2 14.0 0.34 = 27.66 bar

P06 = 55.32 (0.27 + 1.03) = 54.02 bar

T06 T07 = 1235.2[1 (

Power output = mC p [T067 T034 T012 ] = 180 5,19 229.0

At 7000 m Pa = 0.411bar; Ta = 242.7K

0.95 33.63 3.5

T02 T01 = 276.33[8.00.3284 1] = 270.7K

T04 = 1200 239.6

P03 T03 n 1 1200

C5 = ( RTc ) 2 = (1.333 0.287 823.3 1000 ) 2 = 561.22 m/sec

From problem 3.1 P04=1.710 bar

P05 = 1.17(1 0.03) = 1.658bar

C5 = (1.333 0.287 1714.5 1000) 2 = 809.88

Percentage increase in area = 0.1054-0.0708=48.97%

Since P01 = Pa = 1 bar

0.85mc pg (T03 T04 ) =

T03 T04 = jT03 1

322.678 = 0.87 1275 1

P03 = 9.0 0.45 = 8.55bar

So nozzle is choking even while landing

C5 = ( RTc ) 2 = (1.333 0.287 816.4 1000 ) 2 = 555.86 m/s

Isentropic expansion in nozzle: