The document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD), an analytical technique used to identify minerals. XRD works by generating X-rays using a cathode ray tube, then detecting how those X-rays diffract off the regular atomic planes in crystalline materials. The Bragg law describes how the diffraction pattern is determined by the wavelength of the X-rays and the spacing of atomic planes. By comparing a sample's diffraction pattern to databases of known patterns, XRD can be used to identify unknown minerals, especially in powdered form where crystals are randomly oriented. The document provides examples of how XRD has been used to analyze the mineral composition of rock samples from locations like Silver Bay and the Duluth Complex.
The document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD), an analytical technique used to identify minerals. XRD works by generating X-rays using a cathode ray tube, then detecting how those X-rays diffract off the regular atomic planes in crystalline materials. The Bragg law describes how the diffraction pattern is determined by the wavelength of the X-rays and the spacing of atomic planes. By comparing a sample's diffraction pattern to databases of known patterns, XRD can be used to identify unknown minerals, especially in powdered form where crystals are randomly oriented. The document provides examples of how XRD has been used to analyze the mineral composition of rock samples from locations like Silver Bay and the Duluth Complex.
The document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD), an analytical technique used to identify minerals. XRD works by generating X-rays using a cathode ray tube, then detecting how those X-rays diffract off the regular atomic planes in crystalline materials. The Bragg law describes how the diffraction pattern is determined by the wavelength of the X-rays and the spacing of atomic planes. By comparing a sample's diffraction pattern to databases of known patterns, XRD can be used to identify unknown minerals, especially in powdered form where crystals are randomly oriented. The document provides examples of how XRD has been used to analyze the mineral composition of rock samples from locations like Silver Bay and the Duluth Complex.
The document discusses X-ray diffraction (XRD), an analytical technique used to identify minerals. XRD works by generating X-rays using a cathode ray tube, then detecting how those X-rays diffract off the regular atomic planes in crystalline materials. The Bragg law describes how the diffraction pattern is determined by the wavelength of the X-rays and the spacing of atomic planes. By comparing a sample's diffraction pattern to databases of known patterns, XRD can be used to identify unknown minerals, especially in powdered form where crystals are randomly oriented. The document provides examples of how XRD has been used to analyze the mineral composition of rock samples from locations like Silver Bay and the Duluth Complex.
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Lecture 21 (12/11/2006)
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Theory and Analytical Technique X-Ray Analysis X-rays discovered in 1895 Fundamental to understanding of crystal structure and symmetry Powder diffraction analyses are a simple and inexpensive method for identifying minerals, especially fine-grained minerals
X-ray Generation X-rays High energy*, highly penetrative electromagnetic radiation
*E = hc/ (X-rays) = 0.02-100 (~1)
(visible light) = 4000-7200
X-ray Vacuum Tube
Cathode (W) electron generator
Anode (Mo, Cu, Fe, Co, Cr) electron target, X-ray generator X-ray Spectra Continuous spectra (white radiation) range of X-ray wavelengths generated by the absorption (stopping) of electrons by the target Characteristic X-rays particular wavelengths created by dislodgement of inner shell electrons of the target metal; x-rays generated when outer shell electrons collapse into vacant inner shells K peaks created by collapse from L to K shell; K peaks created by collapse from M to K shell K K X X-ray Diffraction (Bragg Law) n = 2d sin Defines the spacing (d) of atomic planes and incident angle () at which X-rays of a particular wavelength will reflect in phase (i.e., diffract) GE+EH = n
n Powder Diffraction Method Requires random orientation of very fine crystals Incident beam of a certain X-ray wavelength will diffract from atomic planes oriented at the appropriate angles for the characteristic d spacing Random orientation of crystals will produce more intense diffraction peaks for particular angles that correspond to characteristic atomic planes Powder Diffraction Plots = arcsin (n / 2d) (Cu) = 1.54 d - Qtz [101] = 3.342 = 13.32 ; 2 = 26.64 Quartz X-Ray Powder Diffraction Records 70,000 experimental patterns Utility of XRD in Chemical ID (diagram after Smilth, 1975) Silver Bay anorthosites and Duluth Complex Anorthositic Series analyzed by Miller (1986) Leveaux Porphyritic Diorite (LPD) analysed by Albers (2006) XRD Structural State Analyses Silver Bay anorthosites Duluth Complex Anorthositic Series LPD Last Lecture 12/13/06