CWCT test standards are primarily intended for the testing of Building Envelopes in the United Kingdom whilst

ASTM
and AAMA Standards are produced for use in the USA and are also used in many other countries worldwide.

CWCT Standard for Systemised Building Envelopes Dec 2005 were updated to include the requirements of
European EN Curtain Walling Standards and now all test requirements are at least equal to the European
Standards and several surpass those requirements. For example, for water penetration tests, EN Standards require
that water is sprayed at a flow rate of 2ltrs/m
2
/ hr, whilst the CWCT Standards mirror the higher rate of 3.4ltrs/ m
2
/ hr
of the ASTM, AAMA standards

CWCT tests are generally more onerous, although the American Standards include requirements for Seismic tests
which are not required in the UK

CWCT ASTM - AAMA
Air Permeability
Test pressure requirements are based on Design Wind loads
with a minimum requirement of 300 Pa and testing is
conducted in stages up to the peak test pressure 50 Pa and
then 50 Pa stages up to 300 Pa, followed by 150 Pa steps up to
peak test pressure it states that 300 Pa is the minimum test
pressure and that a higher test pressure may be specified
when a more airtight building is required.
The maximum allowable air leakage rate is 1.5 m
3
/hr/m
2
at
peak test pressure and there are also requirements for
intermediate pressures using a formula in the standard. At the
lowest maximum test pressure of 300 Pa, using the formula
there is a maximum allowable leakage rate of 0.45 m
3
/hr/m
2
at
50 Pa which is well below the allowable rate of ASTM/AAMA
testing

CWCT uses classifications as per EN standards, however it does
not feel that the lower classifications are suitable for use in the
UK and in the case of Air Permeability testing, the lowest
specified classification is A3 at 300 Pa with A4 450 Pa and A5
600 Pa being the higher classes

There is no requirement for test results to be adjusted to
standard conditions in either CWCT end EN Standards

There is a mandatory requirement for Exfiltration testing which
should be conducted at 50 Pa and 100 Pa however there is
no performance requirements but the standard makes
reference to the current Building Regulations requirement of 10
m
3
/hr/m
2
at 50 Pa and states that the specifier may wish to
require lower leakage rates for the main building elements in
order to allow for greater leakage in other parts of the
envelope

There is also a requirement that Air leakage should not
increase during the repeat test, which follows Wind Resistance
testing, by more than 0.3 m
3
/ hr/m
2
at the peak test pressure


Test pressure requirements are left for the Architect Project
Consultant to determine and the test is only conducted at that
pressure ASTM states that the minimum test pressure should
be 75 Pa AAMA recommends a minimum air pressure
difference for walls should be 75 Pa and a maximum allowable
rate of air leakage of 1.08 m
3
/hr/m
2
at that pressure. It then
goes on to say that a maximum pressure difference of 300 Pa
and a maximum allowable rate of air leakage of 1.08 m
3
/hr/ m
2

at that pressure is recommended for buildings in which greater
control of air quality and/ or humidity is required. In all cases,
the pressure is only held until it stabilises and then the airflow
reading is recorded

ASTM test methods also require that test results have to be
adjusted to Standard Conditions, that is Pressure 101.3 kPa,
Temperature 20.8C and Air Density 1.202 kg/ m
2
. This
ensures that whatever the conditions during testing, all test
sample results are based on a single set of Standard
conditions, and are therefore comparable.

There are no mandatory requirement for Exfiltration testing
Leakage from inside to the outside of the building envelope

There is no mandatory requirement for a repeat air leakage
test following Wind Resistance testing

Static Water Penetration
Test pressure requirements are based on Design Wind loads
with a minimum requirement of 300 Pa Testing begins at 0 Pa
for 15 minutes and then in stages of 50 Pa up to 200 Pa, then
300 Pa, followed by 150 Pa steps up to peak test pressure
each pressure stage being held for 5 minutes, therefore a test
to 600 Pa would continue for a total of 50 minutes

CWCT uses classifications as per EN standards, however it does
not feel that the lower classifications are suitable for use in the
UK and in the case of Air Permeability testing, the lowest
specified classification is R5 at 300 Pa with R6 450 Pa and R7
600 Pa being the higher classes

Test pressure requirements are left for the Architect Project
Consultant to determine and testing is only conducted at that
pressure

The ASTM standard states that a default pressure of 137 Pa
should be used, however AAMA 501-05 recommends an air
pressure difference equal to 20% of the positive design wind
pressure with a minimum of 300 Pa, and a maximum of 720 Pa
whichever pressure is used, the test continues for 15 minutes
at that pressure

Water flow rate is 3.4ltrs/ m
2
/hr

A water flow rate of 3.4ltrs/ m
2
/ hr is required, although the
lower rate of 2ltrs/m
2
/hr as per EN standards can be used but
the spray frame must be set up as to spray above the top of
the test specimen, instead of level with the top this ensures a
greater flow of water across the sample as CWCT feel that the
lower flow rate of EN standards in their unmodified method are
not sufficient for UK conditions

CWCT performance requirements state that There shall be no
leakage onto the internal face of the building envelope system
at any time during the test At the completion of the test there
shall be no standing water in locations intended to remain dry

It also advises that: - To avoid difficulty in interpreting the results
it is good practice to agree which materials and zones within
the building envelope may be allowed to get wet


The ASTM standard defines Water penetration as:
Penetration of water beyond a plane parallel to the glazing
(the vertical plane) intersecting the innermost projection of the
test specimen, not including interior trim and hardware, under
the specified conditions of air pressure difference across the
specimen. For products with non-planer glazing surfaces
(domes, vaults, pyramids etc.) the plane defining water
penetration is the plane defined by the innermost edges of the
unit frame

AAMA 501-05 states that there shall be no water leakage, as
defined in AAMA 501.1 paragraph 5.5 which states:
Any water leakage occurring during the period of testing shall
be noted and reported, stating both the location and the
quantity of leakage. Water leakage is defined as any
uncontrolled water that appears on any normally exposed
interior surfaces, that is not contained or drained back to the
exterior, or that can cause damage to adjacent materials or
finishes. Water contained within drained flashings, gutters, and
sills is not considered water leakage. The collection of up to 15
ml (1/ 2 oz) of water in a 15-minute test period on top of an
interior stop or stool integral with the system shall not be
considered water leakage.

The definition of interior stop or stool is as follows:

Stop - A moulding used to hold, position or separate window
parts.

Stool - An interior trim piece on a window which extends the sill
and acts as a narrow shelf.


Wind Resistance
For Serviceability testing, CWCTtest methods are the same as
EN Standards testing is required at both Positive and
Negative pressures - Preparation pulses are 50% of design wind
load or 500 Pa whichever is greater, and these pulses should
be held for at least 3 secs.

After the preparation pulse has been conducted, all
deflection sensors are zeroed Measurements are required to
be recorded for the deflection of Framing members, transoms,
mullions etc there is also a requirement for measuring the
displacement of framing members at their point of support to
the building structure

Positive test pressure pulses are applied in 4 stages, for a
minimum period of 15 secs +/ - 5 secs at each stage and the
pressure stages are at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of design wind
load deflection measurements are recorded at each
pressure stage.

Upon returning to 0 Pa deflection measurements are recorded
again as there are requirements for the system to return within
defined limits.

The test is then repeated at negative pressure preparation
pulses are applied after which, sensors are zeroed, however
any sensors used to measure the displacement of framing
members at their point of support to the building structure
should not be zeroed as there is a requirement for the total
movement which occurs between the peak positive and
negative pressures

Allowable CWCTdeflection details are as follows
ASTM E 330-02 specifies 2 types of test, Procedure A and
Procedure B and either can be used, but the choice will be left
with the specifier and will be decided well before any testing
takes place

Procedure A is used when there is no load-deflection curve
required and after opening and closing 5 times etc a pre-load
of 50% of the Positive Test Load is applied and held for 10
seconds. The pressure is then released and after a period of
not less than 1 minute or greater than 5 minutes the deflection
sensors are zeroed. The Positive Test Load is then applied and
sustained for not less than 10 seconds and the deflections are
then recorded. The test pressure is then reduced to zero and
after a period of not less than 1 minute or greater than 5
minutes, any permanent deformation shall be recorded. This
procedure shall then be fully repeated at Negative pressure

The test will then be repeated exactly as described above but
at a Proof Load, this is the test load multiplied by a factor of
safety, for example x 1.5, however the actual factor is not
quoted in the standard but it would be provided by the
specifier well in advance of any testing

If glass breakage occurs at any test load, carefully examine
the test specimen to determine the cause of the breakage. If
the breakage was caused by the deformation or failure of the
supporting frame of the glass, by loosening or failure of any
fasteners, or by damage to the glass caused by interaction
between the glass and its supporting elements, record the
findings and discontinue the test. If the breakage was not
caused by the above named structural problems, replace the
glass using the original fasteners and continue the test at the
load where glass breakage occurred. If new structural
elements or fasteners are used instead of the original ones,

Residual deformation of Framing Members

After loading to the peak test pressure and unloading, residual
deformation to framing members shall nowhere be more than
5% of the maximum measured deformation or 1 mm,
whichever the grater, with 1 hour being allowed for recovery
this applies to both positive and negative tests

Displacement of Supports

The displacement of framing members at their point of support
shall be less than 2mm taken as the difference between the
positions under peak positive and negative loads

The air infiltration of the sample shall not exceed that
measured before the application of the design wind load by
more that 0.3 m
3
/hr/m
2
at the peak test pressure


For Wind Resistance Safety testing this is a mandatory test in
the CWCT standard although an optional test in EN Standards

The sample is subject to one pulse of 150% of the design wind
load, having first being subject to Preparation pulse - 50% of
design wind load or 500 Pa whichever is greater, and these
pulses should be held for at least 3 secs and the sensors are
then zeroed exactly as per the serviceability test the test
pressure is held for a minimum period of 15 secs +/ - 5 secs

When the pressure is removed the whole sequence is the
repeated at Negative pressure

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS- AT1.5 X DESIGN WIND LOAD (SAFETY)

Integrity of building envelope system

At both positive and negative applications of the peak test
pressure, there shall be no permanent damage to framing
members, panels or anchors. Framing members shall not be
buckled. Panels, glazing beads and decorative capping
pieces shall remain securely held and gaskets shall not be
displaced.

FRAMING MEMBERSGENERALLY
LENGTH ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION
Less than or equal to
3000 mm
Equal to or less than H/ 200
Greater than 3000 or less
than 7500 mm
Equal to or less than
H/ 300 +5mm
Equal to or greater than
7500 mm
Equal to or less than H/ 250
DESCRIPTION ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION
FRAMING MEMBERSWITH
SINGLE GLAZING
L/125 of their length
measured along pane
edge
FRAMING MEMBERSWITH
DOUBLE GLAZING
L/175 of their length
measured along pane
edge, or 15 mm, whichever
the lesser
Aluminium, Glass or Steel =
L/90 measured between
points of attachment
RAINSCREEN PANELS
Stone or similar brittle matl.
=L/360 or 3mm whichever
the lesser, measured
between points of
attachment
repeat the entire test. There is a note in the standard which
should be remembered to the effect that The probability of
glass breakage is directly related to the duration of the load
on the glass so any overloading or over timing of the test
loads must be avoided

Procedure B is used when there is a load-deflection curve
required and after opening and closing 5 times etc a pre-load
of 50% of the Positive Test Load is applied and held for 10
seconds, unless otherwise specified. The pressure is then
released and after a period of not less than 1 minute or
greater than 5 minutes the deflection sensors are zeroed. The
Positive Test Load is then applied in the number of increments
specified up to the specified maximum test load. The specifier
shall determine the number of increments to be used in the
test, not to be less than 4 approximately equal increments,
(25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), to the maximum test load. At each
increment, unless otherwise specified, apply and maintain the
full test load for 10 seconds, unless otherwise specified and
record pertinent deflection readings. The test pressure is then
reduced to zero and after a period of not less than 1 minute or
greater than 5 minutes, any permanent deformation shall be
recorded. There is no requirement for this procedure to be
repeated at Negative pressure

ASTM E 330-02 does not specify any allowable deflections, but
AAMA 510-05 states the Deflection shall not exceed L/175 of
the clear span at a uniform load equal to the specified design
wind pressure it also recommends that maximum deflections
normal to the plane of the wall shall be limited to L/175 for
spans up to 4115 mm. For spans greater than 4115 mm but less
than 12.2m, deflections at design loads shall be limited to
L/240 +1/ 4, (6.4mm)

AAMA also requires that a Safety test is conducted following
the repeat water tightness test and shall be at 150% of Positive
and Negative design pressures. It requires that at that load, no
glass breakage or permanent damage to panels, fasteners or
anchors shall occur and permanent deformation to wall
framing members shall not exceed 0.2% of their clear spans

Residual deformation

After loading to the positive and negative peak test pressure,
residual deformation of framing members shall not exceed
L/500 of the span, measured between points of attachment, 1
hour after the loading has been removed

Displacement of Supports

Displacement of framing members at their point of support
which shall be less than 3mm taken as the difference between
the positions under peak positive and negative loads

Opening Lights

Opening lights shall remain closed